This document discusses several key genetics concepts: - Heredity is the passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring through chromosomes. - Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype describes observable traits influenced by both genes and environment. - Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to establish the basic principles of heredity, including dominant and recessive traits and the 3:1 ratio in the F2 generation. His work formed the foundation of classical genetics.

2. Derive a quality or
characteristic from
one's parents is
known as inheritance

3. The passing down
characteristics genetically
from one generation to
another is called heredity.
Heredity .

4. The observablecharacteristics
of an individual resulting from
the interaction of its genotype
with the environment.
Phenotype

5. The genetic constitution of
an individual organism.
Genotype

6.  Skin colour (Brown / tan )
 Hair colour (Black/Brown)
 Colour of the Eyes (Black/Brown)
 Nature of hair (Curly/Strait)
 Nature of the ear lobes(Free or not)
 Right-handedness
 Inability to roll the tongue
 Nature of hands are folded,
 Height
Inherited characters

7.  Syndactyly - Two adjacent fingers are
bound together to some distance by a fold
of skin.
 Polydactyly - Possession of 6 fingers or
toes.
 Albinism - Possession of a very white skin,
blonde hair, and white eye lashes
 Brown or blue eyes -
Hereditary features that are rarely
met

8.  Characters that are dependent on
 Climatic differences,
 Environmental conditions
 Nutrition
 Exercise or activities
 Explore to harmful rays
 Diseases are not inherited characters.
 They are called Non-inherited characters
Non-inherited characters

9. How are characters
inherited from
generation to generation?

10. When a black child
was born to white
parents what will
happen?...

11. A hidden character

12. through

13. Chromosomes
are
which are carried by
.
(

15. Mendel used
garden pea plants
Pisum sativum
for his experiment.

16. He carried out his experiments
according to the scientific method
giving special attention to the
following points

17. Selecting a suitable organism
Hybridization of only one character at a time
(mono hybridization)
Planning simple experiments and recording all
the observations continuously and regularly
Developing hypothesis based on the
observations and rechecking the hypothesis

18. Special characters
selecting
Garden pea

19. Having
contrasting
characters

20. Pure line of characters
Natural reproduction
by self pollination
due to occurrence of

21. seeds
It was possible
to produce
by cross pollination

22. They had
a short

23. offspring
Hybridized plants
produced
fertile

24. easily
wer
egerminate
d
Seeds

25. Experiment
Done by Mendel

30. In the ratio

31. Based on his
observations,
Mendel disclosed

32. There are two factors
controlling
each contrasting trait
of an organism

33. When gametes from
these factors separate
and only one factor
enters a gamete

34. In a monohybrid,
of the morphological ratio
between
the dominant and recessive traits is
3:1 in the F2 generation

35. In this F2 generation
the ratio among
homozygous dominant pairs
heterozygous pairs:
homozygous recessive pairs
is 1:2:1 and
is also known as
the genotype ratio

39. Gene linkage occurs
when two or more
genes are linked
on the same
chromosome,
they are called
linked genes.

40. on X or Y
Chromosomes
are known as
Sex linked genes

41. Haemophilia and
colour blindness
are sex linked genes
on X chromosomes.

42. The heterozygous
genotype XCXc
acts as carries of the

43. The genotype
Haemophilia XhY
The heterozygous genotype XHXh
is a carrier female

44. Incomplete
dominance

45. coloured
The four ‘O’ clock flowers
( Mirabilis jalapa)
bear
flowers

46. flowers
produce

47. flowers
produce

48. Because the dominant gene (R)
is incapable of
completely overriding
the recessive gene(r).
Heterozygous genotype
Rr produces magenta
Coloured flowers.

49. This phenomena
is known as
incomplete dominance