RNA to Protein The building blocks of protein are amino acids. Cells assemble different amino acids into polypeptide chains through the process of translation. Translation involves mRNA carrying the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome where transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are used to link amino acids in the correct order specified by the mRNA codons. Translation begins with initiation, followed by elongation to assemble the amino acid chain, and ends with termination when a stop codon is reached.

1. RNA to Protein
The building blocks of protein are called Amino acids.
The cells in the body can manufacture or
synthesize different kinds of amino acids
that are assembled into long chains
called polypeptides..

2. Every three nucleobases
correspond to a specific
amino acid. Each triple
nucleobases is called a
codon.
Translation is the synthesis of protein by linking amino acids
into polypeptide chains. This is accomplished by mRNA,
rRNA and TRNA

3. Initiation – the first stage of translation.
- this is when an mRNA and tRNA bind to a small
ribosomal subunit.
- at this stage, the start codon of the mRNA aligns with a tRNA part
called anticodon.
elongation – the second stage.
- it is the assembly of amino acids into polypeptide chains.

5. Termination – the last part of translation.
- this happens when the codon at the length of
mRna strand is any of the stop codons that does
not correspond to an amino acid.

7. Mutation
- The change in DNA sequencing.
- Mutations are brought by exposure to mutagens.
Causes
Strong magnetic wavelengths, such as ultraviolet
light, can alter DNA sequencing and are considered
mutagens. More over some chemical substances
called free radicals such as those in tobacco smoke.
Mutagens – it is a physical or chemical cause of genetic
mutation.

8. Cancer
Uncontrolled cell division may lead to growth of cells into a
lump or mass of tissue that does not serve any purpose in
the body, normally called a tumor.
Benign tumor – means that the
cells only grow very slowly. And
the cells forming them do not
migrate to the other parts of the
body.
Malignant tumor – is composed
of cells that divide rapidly. Some
may even take off and travel via
the blood vessel and lymph
nodes to spread and invade
different parts of the body
(metastasis. This is called a cancer.

9. Carcinogens - are agents that may cause changes in DNA
that could lead to cancer.
Example:
ultraviolet radiation, s-rays, radioactive substances
and certain components of tobacco smoke.

10. Thank you