What is Hepatic Encephalopathy.
What is the Grading of Hepatic Encephalopathy.
How to Diagnose Hepatic Encephalopathy .
How to Treat Hepatic Encephalopathy.
What is Hepatic Encephalopathy.
What is the Grading of Hepatic Encephalopathy.
How to Diagnose Hepatic Encephalopathy .
How to Treat Hepatic Encephalopathy.
Hepatic encephalopathy is one of the deadly complication of liver diseases, occurs due to profound liver failure and from accumulation of ammonia and other toxic metabolites in blood.
Hepatic coma is advanced stage of hepatic encephalopathy.
Hepatic encephalopathy is a brain dysfunction caused by liver insufficiency, and/or portosystemic shunt; it manifests as a wide spectrum of neurological or psychiatric abnormalities ranging from subclinical alterations to coma.
Its a common disorder in liver cirrhosis
dr Mohammed Hussien ( assistant Lecturer of Gastroenterologist and Hepatology at Kaferelsheik University Egypy) illusterating one of Major complication of Cirrhosis --H.E
basics about chronic liver disease for a pediatrician. fast and easy guide to common causes of chronic liver diseases in children
Please leave a comment if you like it..
Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach
lining—known as the mucosa—is inflamed. The stomach lining contains special
cells that produce acid and enzymes, which help break down food for digestion,
and mucus, which protects the stomach lining from acid. When the stomach lining
is inflamed, it produces less acid, enzymes, and mucus.
Gastritis may be acute or chronic. Sudden,
severe inflammation of the stomach lining is called acute gastritis. Inflammation
that lasts for a long time is called chronic gastritis. If chronic gastritis is
not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime.
Erosive gastritis is a type of gastritis that
often does not cause significant inflammation but can wear away the stomach
lining. Erosive gastritis can cause bleeding, erosions, or ulcers. Erosive
gastritis may be acute or chronic.
The relationship between gastritis and
symptoms is not clear. The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal
inflammation in the stomach lining. People who have gastritis may experience
pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, but many people with gastritis do not
have any symptoms.
The term gastritis is sometimes mistakenly
used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Many
diseases and disorders can cause these symptoms. Most people who have upper
abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis.
Hepatic encephalopathy is one of the deadly complication of liver diseases, occurs due to profound liver failure and from accumulation of ammonia and other toxic metabolites in blood.
Hepatic coma is advanced stage of hepatic encephalopathy.
Hepatic encephalopathy is a brain dysfunction caused by liver insufficiency, and/or portosystemic shunt; it manifests as a wide spectrum of neurological or psychiatric abnormalities ranging from subclinical alterations to coma.
Its a common disorder in liver cirrhosis
dr Mohammed Hussien ( assistant Lecturer of Gastroenterologist and Hepatology at Kaferelsheik University Egypy) illusterating one of Major complication of Cirrhosis --H.E
basics about chronic liver disease for a pediatrician. fast and easy guide to common causes of chronic liver diseases in children
Please leave a comment if you like it..
Gastritis is a condition in which the stomach
lining—known as the mucosa—is inflamed. The stomach lining contains special
cells that produce acid and enzymes, which help break down food for digestion,
and mucus, which protects the stomach lining from acid. When the stomach lining
is inflamed, it produces less acid, enzymes, and mucus.
Gastritis may be acute or chronic. Sudden,
severe inflammation of the stomach lining is called acute gastritis. Inflammation
that lasts for a long time is called chronic gastritis. If chronic gastritis is
not treated, it may last for years or even a lifetime.
Erosive gastritis is a type of gastritis that
often does not cause significant inflammation but can wear away the stomach
lining. Erosive gastritis can cause bleeding, erosions, or ulcers. Erosive
gastritis may be acute or chronic.
The relationship between gastritis and
symptoms is not clear. The term gastritis refers specifically to abnormal
inflammation in the stomach lining. People who have gastritis may experience
pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen, but many people with gastritis do not
have any symptoms.
The term gastritis is sometimes mistakenly
used to describe any symptoms of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen. Many
diseases and disorders can cause these symptoms. Most people who have upper
abdominal symptoms do not have gastritis.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a potentially life-threatening
syndrome that occurs primarily in hospitalized patients
and frequently complicates the course of critically ill
patient.
Acute Kidney Injury is is (abrupt) reduction in kidney functions as evidence by changed in laboratory values; serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen(BUN)and urine output
Presentation on Antacids and antiulcer drugs. Introduction to ulcers, classification of antiulcer drugs, their pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Definition
It is a state of disordered CNS function, resulting
from failure of liver to detoxify toxic agents because
of hepatic insufficiency and Porto-systemic shunt.
It represents a reversible decrease in neurologic
function.
It occurs most often in patients with cirrhosis but
also occur in acute hepatic failure.
3. PATHOGENESIS
Ammonia formed by protein breakdown in GIT
Liver dysfunction (abnormal) NH3 Passes BBB
Hepatic encephalopathy.
Other factors:
Increase sensitivity to glutamine & GABA
(inhibitory neurotransmitter)
Increase circulating levels of endogenous
benzodiazepines.
4. PATHOGENESIS – ACUTE AND CHRONIC
The basic cause is same in both forms but the mechanism is
somewhat different
Diminished detoxification of toxic intestinal nitrogenous
compounds
Increased in blood NH3 etc
Toxic effect on brain
Appearance of abnormal
amines in systemic circulation
Interference with
neurotransmission
10. CLINICAL FEATURES
A. Disturbance in consciousness
• Disturbances in sleep rhythm.
• Impaired memory/ apraxia.
• Mental confusion.
• Apathy.
• Drowsiness / Somnolence.
• Coma.
11. CLINICAL FEATURES
B. Changes Personality
• Childish behaviour.
• May be aggressive out burst.
• Euphoric.
• Foetor hepaticus – Foul–smelling breath associated
with liver disease due to mercaptans.
12. CLINICAL FEATURES
C. Neurological signs:
• Flapping tremor / Asterixis (in pre coma).
• Exaggerated tendon reflex.
• Extensor plantar reflex.
18. TREATMENT
Hospitalize the patient.
Maintain ABC.
Identify and remove the precipitating factors.
Iv fluid dextrose ,saline. Stop Diuretic Therapy.
Correct any electrolyte imbalance.
Ryle tube feeding & bladder catheterization.
Reduce the ammonia (NH3) Load.
Diet – Restriction of protein diet. High glucose diet.
Treat Constipation by Laxatives.
19. LACTULOSE
Lactulose 15-30ml X 3 – 4 times a day- result aims
at 2-4 stools/day.
Rectal use is indicated when patient is unable to take
orally.
300ml of lactulose in 700ml of saline or sorbitol as a
retention enema for 30 – 60 min.
May be repeated 4 – 6 hours.
20.
21. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF LACTULOSE
A non-absorbable disaccharide.
It produces osmosis of water- Diarrhoea.
It reduces pH of colonic content & thereby prevents
absorption of NH3.
It converts NH3- NH4 that can be excreted.
22. TREAT THE GIT INFECTIONS
Antibiotics:
Rifaximin
Broad spectrum antibiotic, recently approved in
humans for HE.
Negligible systemic absorption.
Shown to decrease hospitalizations and length of
stay as compared to lactulose in humans.
DOSE: 550 mg orally B.I.D
23. Metronidazole : 250mg orally T.D.S
Neomycin : 0.5 – 1 g orally 6 or 12 hours for 7 days.
Side effects: Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity.
Vancomycin : 1 g orally B.I.D
24. DIET
With held dietary protein during acute episode if
patient cannot eat.
Oral intake should be 60 – 80 g/day as tolerated.
Vegetable protein is better tolerated than meat
protein.
G.I.T bleeding should be controlled
120ml of magnesium citrate by mouth or NG tube
every 3 – 4 hours until stool free of blood.
25. Stimulation of metabolic ammonia metabolism
Sodium benzoate • 5 g orally twice a day.
L-ornithine-L-aspartate • 9 g orally thrice a day.
L-acyl-carnitine aspartate • 4 g orally daily.
Zinc sulphate • 600mg/day in divided doses.
26. CORRECT AMINO ACID METABOLIC
IMBALANCE
Correct amino acid metabolic imbalance
Infusion or oral administration of BCAA (branched-
chain amino acid)
Its use is unnecessary except in patient who are
intolerant of standard protein supplements.
27. GABA/BZ complex antagonist:
Flumazenil ( particularly if patient has been given
benzodiazepines )
Opiods & sedatives should be avoided.
28. Acarbose
α – glucosidase inhibitor.
Under study.
Other Therapies:
Prebiotics & probiotics.
Extracorporeal albumin dialysis ( MARS)
Liver transplant.
29. PROGNOSIS
Acute hepatic encephalopathy may be treatable.
Chronic forms of the disorder often keep getting
worse or continue to come back.
Both forms may result in irreversible coma and
death.
Approximately 80% (8 out of 10 patients) die if they
go into a coma.
Recovery & the risk of the condition returning vary
from patient to patient
30. REFERENCES
Davidson’s Principles & Practice of Medicine- 21st
edition.
Harrison’s Principles of internal Medicine-10th &
17th edition.