Introduction to Skyscrapers Structural Design. Height versus Slenderness

1. HEIGHT versus SLENDERNESS
Skyscrapers bones design strategies
Fuente: Le RIcolais
cperez.eps@ceu.es

2. The context matters
Fuente: CTBUH
Which one is a skyscraper?
Fuente: CTBUH

3. Which one is a skyscraper?
Fuente: CTBUH
Height vesus Slenderness
The proportion matters
Fuente: CTBUH

4. Fuente: CTBUH
How to measure a skyscraper height?
Fuente: CTBUH
Architectural top

5. Fuente: CTBUH
How to measure a skyscraper height?
Fuente: CTBUH
Highest occupied floor

6. Fuente: CTBUH
How to measure a skyscraper height?
Fuente: CTBUH

7. 1.- STABILITY, STRENGTH and STIFFNESS
2.- GRAVITY, WIND, EARTHQUAKES
3.- AXIAL FORCE, SHEAR FORCE, BENDING MOMENTS
4.- HIGHRISES STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY.
5.- SKYSCRAPERS STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. SIZE.

8. STABILITY
To prevent falling over
STRENGTH
To prevent from breaking
STIFFNESS
To prevent excessive deformation
1.- STABILITY, STRENGTH and STIFFNESS
A STRUCTURAL SYSTEM REQUIRES...

9. STABILITY
To prevent falling over
STRENGTH
To prevent from breaking
STIFFNESS
To prevent excessive deformation
1.- STABILITY, STRENGTH and STIFFNESS
WHEN WE BUILD A STRUCTURE, PREVENTING COLLAPSE IS NOT ENOUGH

10. 1.- STABILITY, STRENGTH and STIFFNESS
2.- GRAVITY, WIND, EARTHQUAKES
3.- AXIAL FORCE, SHEAR FORCE, BENDING MOMENTS
4.- HIGHRISES STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY.
5.- SKYSCRAPERS STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. SIZE.

11. WHY DO BUILDINGS FALL OVER, COLLAPSE OR DEFORMED TOO MUCH?
GRAVITY WIND EARTHQUAKES
2.- GRAVITY, WIND, EARTHQUAKES = EXTERNAL FORCES

12. GRAVITY = VERTICAL LOAD
2.- GRAVITY, WIND, EARTHQUAKES = EXTERNAL FORCES
WIND + EARTHQUAKE = LATERAL LOAD
LOAD SHOULD ALWAYS
REACH THE GROUND

13. 1.- STABILITY, STRENGTH and STIFFNESS
2.- GRAVITY, WIND, EARTHQUAKES
3.- AXIAL FORCE, SHEAR FORCE, BENDING MOMENTS
4.- HIGHRISES STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY.
5.- SKYSCRAPERS STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. SIZE.

14. HOW DO THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS BEHAVE WHEN LOADED?
AXIAL FORCE SHEAR FORCE BENDING MOMENT
3.- AXIAL FORCES, SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS = INTERNAL FORCES

15. AXIAL FORCE= THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT GETS LONGER OR SHORTER
El elemento comprimido se acorta
TENSION = THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT GEST LONGER
COMPRESSION = THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT GEST SHORTER
HOW DO THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS BEHAVE WHEN LOADED?
THEY CHANGE THEIR SHAPE
3.- AXIAL FORCES, SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS = INTERNAL FORCES

16. SHEAR FORCE = STRUCTURAL ELEMENT SIDES GET APPART
HOW DO THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS BEHAVE WHEN LOADED?
THEY CHANGE THEIR SHAPE
3.- AXIAL FORCES, SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS = INTERNAL FORCES

17. El elemento se curva
BENDING MOMENT = THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT BENDS
HOW DO THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS BEHAVE WHEN LOADED?
THEY CHANGE THEIR SHAPE
3.- AXIAL FORCES, SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS = INTERNAL FORCES

18. El elemento se curva
BENDING MOMENT = THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT BENDS
HOW DO THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS BEHAVE WHEN LOADED?
THEY CHANGE THEIR SHAPE
3.- AXIAL FORCES, SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS = INTERNAL FORCES

19. El elemento se curva
BENDING MOMENT = THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT BENDS
HOW DO THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS BEHAVE WHEN LOADED?
THEY CHANGE THEIR SHAPE
3.- AXIAL FORCES, SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS = INTERNAL FORCES

20. El elemento se curva
BENDING MOMENT = THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT BENDS
HOW DO THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS BEHAVE WHEN LOADED?
THEY CHANGE THEIR SHAPE
3.- AXIAL FORCES, SHEAR FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS = INTERNAL FORCES

21. GRAVITY = VERTICAL LOAD
WIND + EARTHQUAKE = LATERAL LOAD
LOAD SHOULD ALWAYS
REACH THE GROUND
4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
EASY TO DRIVE TO THE GROUND
NOT AS EASY TO DRIVE TO THE GROUND

22. 1.- STABILITY, STRENGTH and STIFFNESS
2.- GRAVITY, WIND, EARTHQUAKES
3.- AXIAL FORCE, SHEAR FORCE, BENDING MOMENTS
4.- HIGHRISES STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY.
5.- SKYSCRAPERS STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. SIZE.

23. CHICAGO FIRE
BESSEMER
PROCCESS
SECURE LIFT
INVENTION
4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY

24. 4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY
1880 – 1914 FROM CHICAGO TO NEW YORK
1915 – 1929 THE EFFECT OF THE ZONING LAWS
1930 – 1960 THE EFFECT OF THE WORLD WARS
1961 – 1980 STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY RESEARCH
1981 – 2000 ASIA STARTS WAKING UP
2001 – 2014 AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH
2015 – ...... BEYOND HEIGHT

25. 4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY
1880 – 1914 FROM CHICAGO TO NEW YORK
1915 – 1929 THE EFFECT OF THE ZONING LAWS
1930 – 1960 THE EFFECT OF THE WORLD WARS
1961 – 1980 STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY RESEARCH
1981 – 2000 ASIA STARTS WAKING UP
2001 – 2014 AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH
2015 – ...... BEYOND HEIGHT

26. 2.1. PERIODO INICIAL 1880-1900
MONADNOCK BUILDING. Chicago
1889-1991 // 1991-1993, 60 m
4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY. 1880 – 1914

27. WAINWRIGHT BUILDING
St Louis 1890-1891 // 45 m

28. MASONIC TEMPLE
Chicago 1892, 92 m

29. NEW YORK WORLD BUILDING
New York, 1870, 94 m
Edificio más alto del mundo desde 1890 a 1894
Demolido en 1955

30. MANHATTAN LIFE INSURANCE
New York, 1894, 106 m
Edificio más alto del mundo desde 1894 a 1895
Demolido en 1964

31. PARK ROW BUILDING
New York, 1899, 119 m
Edificio más alto del mundo desde 1899 a 1901

32. PARK ROW BUILDING
New York, 1899, 119 m
Edificio más alto del mundo desde 1899 a 1901
4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY. 1880 – 1914

33. FLATIRON
Nueva York,1902, 87 m

34. WOOLWORTH BUILDING
Nueva York,1909, 213 m
Más alto del mundo entre 1913 y 1930

35. TORRE EIFFEL
París 1889, 300 m

37. NUEVA YORK
1924

38. 40 WALL STREET (actualmente TRUMP BUILDING)
Nueva York,1930, 283 m
Más alto del mundo entre abril y mayo de 1930

39. CHRYSLER BUILDING
Nueva York, 1930, 319 m
Más alto del mundo entre mayo de 1930 y abril de 1931

40. CHRYSLER BUILDING
Nueva York, 1930, 319 m
Más alto del mundo entre mayo de 1930 y abril de 1931

41. CHRYSLER BUILDING
Nueva York, 1930, 319 m
Más alto del mundo entre mayo de 1930 y abril de 1931

42. EMPIRE STATE BUILDING
Nueva York, 1929-1931, 381 m
Más alto del mundo entre 1931 y 1972

44. EMPIRE STATE BUILDING
Nueva York, 1929-1931, 381 m

45. NUEVA YORK 1932

46. October 21st 1929

47. ROCKEFELLER CENTER
Nueva York 1939. 259 m

48. LAKESHOREDRIVE APARTMENTS
Chicago 1952, 83 m

50. SEAGRAM BUILDING
Nueva York, 1954-1958, 157 m
FIRST SKYSCRAPER IN NY AFTER SECOND WORLD WAR

51. SEAGRAM BUILDING
Nueva York 1954-958, 157 m

52. Slenderness?
almost 6

53. You must double it
Slenderness around 12
Height around 300

54. 4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY
1880 – 1914 FROM CHICAGO TO NEW YORK
1915 – 1929 THE EFFECT OF THE ZONING LAWS
1930 – 1960 THE EFFECT OF THE WORLD WARS
1961 – 1980 STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY RESEARCH
1981 – 2000 ASIA STARTS WAKING UP
2001 – 2014 AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH
2015 – ...... BEYOND HEIGHT

55. Fuente: Fazlur Khan
4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY 1961-1980

56. 4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY 1961-1980
Fuente: Fazlur Khan

57. I.- RIGID FRAMES
II.- SHEAR WALLS and
INTERNAL CORES
III.- EXTERNAL CORE
+ internal supports
IV.- EXTERNAL CORE
+ witout internal
supports Fuente: Fazlur Khant
4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY 1961-1980

58. 5.- SKYSCRAPERS STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. SIZE

59. 5.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

61. 4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY

64. TYPE 2 SHEAR WALLS and INTERNAL CORES
Efficient up to about 40 floors
Fuente: Fazlur Khant
4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY 1961-1980

65. TORRES BLANCAS
Madrid 1969, 70 m
4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY 1961-1980

66. BALI III
Benidorm, 1988-2002, 186 m

67. BALI III
Benidorm, 1988-2002, 186 m
19,4
m
40,83 m
Slenderness around 9
Height around 200

68. TYPE 2 SHEAR WALLS and INTERNAL CORES
Efficient up to about 40 floors

69. TORRES DE COLÓN
Madrid 1967-1976, 105 m
Slenderness 10
Height 75 m

70. TORRES PUERTA EUROPA
Madrid 1989-1996, 115 m

71. TORRES PUERTA EUROPA
Madrid 1989-1996, 115 m
Slenderness 5
Height 115 m

72. TORRES PUERTA EUROPA
Madrid 1989-1996, 115 m

74. EDIFICIO BBVA
Madrid 1979-1981, 102 m
Slenderness 5
Height 115 m

75. EDIFICIO BBVA
Madrid 1979-1981, 102 m

76. FOSTER’s TOWER
Madrid 2004-2008, 250 m
Slenderness 11
Height 250 m

77. FOSTER’s TOWER
Madrid 2004-2008, 250 m

78. FOSTER’s TOWER
Madrid 2004-2008, 250 m

79. TYPE 3 EXTERNAL TUBES + INTERNAL SUPPORTS
efficient up to 100 floors (about 450 m)
EXTERNAL TUBES + INTERNAL SUPPORTS
EXTERNAL TUBES + INTERNAL TUBE
BUNDLED TUBES

80. TWIN TOWERS
Nueva York 1973, 417 m
Slenderness 7
Height 417 m

81. TWIN TOWERS
Nueva York, 1966-1973, 417 m
TWIN TOWERS
Nueva York 1973, 417 m

82. TWIN TOWERS
NUEVA YORK 19¿?
TWIN TOWERS
Nueva York, 1966-1973, 417 m
TWIN TOWERS
Nueva York 1973, 417 m

83. JOHN HANCOCK
Chicago 1965-1970, 344 m
Slenderness 7
Height 344 m

84. TIPO IV TUBOS EXTERIORES RIGIDIZADOS
MÁS DE 80 PLANTAS
JOHN HANCOCK
Chicago 1965-1970, 344 m
JOHN HANCOCK
Chicago 1965-1970, 344 m

85. TIPO IV TUBOS EXTERIORES RIGIDIZADOS
MÁS DE 80 PLANTAS
JOHN HANCOCK
Chicago 1965-1970, 344 m
JOHN HANCOCK
Chicago 1965-1970, 344 m

86. JOHN HANCOCK
Chicago 1965-1970, 344 m

87. WILLIS TOWER
Chicago, 1973-1974, 442 m
Slenderness 6
Height 442 m

88. WILLIS TOWER (antes SEARS)
Chicago, 1973-1974, 442 m

89. WILLIS TOWER (antes SEARS)
Chicago, 1973-1974, 442 m

90. 4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY
1880 – 1914 FROM CHICAGO TO NEW YORK
1915 – 1929 THE EFFECT OF THE ZONING LAWS
1930 – 1960 THE EFFECT OF THE WORLD WARS
1961 – 1980 STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY RESEARCH
1981 – 2000 ASIA STARTS WAKING UP
2001 – 2014 AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH
2015 – ...... BEYOND HEIGHT

91. BENDING RIGIDITY INDEX
Le Messurier

92. CHICAGO WORLD TRADE CENTER
Unbuilt. SOM

93. 860
m
95 m
EREWHON CENTER
Theoretical project, 860 m, esbeltez 9
Slenderness 9
Height 860 m

94. CITYCORP CENTER
Nueva York 1972-1977, 279 m

95. CITYCORP CENTER
Nueva York 1972-1977, 279 m
FIRS SKYSCREPER TO INCLUDE TUNED MASS DAMPER

96. CITYCORP CENTER
Nueva York 1972-1977, 279 m
FIRS SKYSCREPER TO INCLUDE TUNED MASS DAMPER

97. CITYCORP CENTER
Nueva York 1972-1977, 279 m

98. HONG KONG

99. HONG KONG

100. HONG KONG HIGHCLIFF
Hong Kong, 2003, 252 m
Slenderness 20
Height 252 m

101. BANK OF CHINA
Hong Kong, 1982-1990, 369 m

102. PETRONAS TOWERS
Kuala Lumpur, 1998, 452 m

103. HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
Benidorm, 1997

104. PETRONAS TOWERS
Kuala Lumpur, 1998, 452 m

106. TWIN TOWERS
Nueva York, 1971, 417 m
Más alto del mundo entre 1971 y 1973

107. TELEFONICA TOWER
Madrid, 2001

108. 4.- HIGHRISE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY
1880 – 1914 FROM CHICAGO TO NEW YORK
1915 – 1929 THE EFFECT OF THE ZONING LAWS
1930 – 1960 THE EFFECT OF THE WORLD WARS
1961 – 1980 STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY RESEARCH
1981 – 2000 ASIA STARTS WAKING UP
2001 – 2014 AFTER SEPTEMBER 11TH
2015 – ...... BEYOND HEIGHT

109. COMMERZBANK
Frankfurt 1997, 259 m

110. HEARST TOWER
Nueva York, 2006, 182 m
FIRST NY SKYSCRAPER AFTER S11

111. TAIPEI 101
Taiwan, 1997-2004, 509 m

112. TAIPEI 101
Taiwan, 1997-2004, 509 m
Slenderness 10
Height 509 m

113. TAIPEI 101
Taiwan, 1997-2004, 509 m

114. TAIPEI 101
Taiwan, 1997-2004, 509 m

115. EDDIT TOWER
Proyecto Singapur, 1998

116. VERTICAL HYBRIDS

117. BURJ KHALIFA
Dubai, 2009, 818 m

118. TAIPEI 101
Taiwan, 1997-2004, 509 m
BURJ DUBAI
Dubai, 2009, 818 m

119. TAIPEI 101
Taiwan, 1997-2004, 509 m
BURJ DUBAI
Dubai, 2009, 818 m

120. BURJ KHALIFA
Dubai, 2009, 818 m

122. JEDDAH TOWER
Arabia Saudita, +1000 m
EN CONSTRUCCIÓN

123. JEDDAH TOWER
Saudi Arabia+1000 m
UNDER CONSTRUCTION

124. JEDDAH TOWER
Arabia Saudita, +1000 m
UNDER CONSTRUCTION

125. ONE WORLD TRADE CENTER
Nueva York, 2014, 543 m
Última planta ocupada 386,5 m

126. 56 LEONARD STREET ‘JENGA TOWER’
Nueva York, 2016, 245 m

127. New York, the Slimmest
Slenderness 15, 24

128. 111 WEST 57th STREET
New York, 438 m
Slenderness 23

129. 111 WEST 57th STREET
Alminar Tower, Project 2013
Sevilla, slenderness 10

130. NEW YORK SKYSCRAPERS
the HIGHEST, the PROUDEST, the SLIMMEST

131. the NY skyscrapers compared with the World skyscrapers
https://skyscraper.org/supertall/intro/

132. the HIGHEST, the PROUDEST, the SLIMMEST

133. the HIGHEST, the PROUDEST, the SLIMMEST

134. 1.- STABILITY, STRENGTH and STIFFNESS
2.- GRAVITY, WIND, EARTHQUAKES
3.- AXIAL FORCE, SHEAR FORCE, BENDING MOMENTS
4.- HIGHRISES STRUCTURAL SYSTEM HISTORY.
5.- SKYSCRAPERS STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. SIZE.

135. 432 PARK AVENUE’
Nueva York, 2018, 425 m
Slenderness 15
Height 425 m

136. 432 PARK AVENUE’
Nueva York, 2018, 425 m
TUBE in TUBE system

137. 432 PARK AVENUE’
Nueva York, 2018, 425 m
OUTRIGGERS to link the external and internal TUBES

138. 432 PARK AVENUE’
Nueva York, 2018, 425 m
TUNED MASS DAMPERS

139. HEIGHT versus SLENDERNESS
Skyscrapers bones design strategies
Fuente: Le RIcolais
cperez.eps@ceu.es
CONCLUSIONS?

140. IT’S NOT ONLY ABOUT HEIGHT
BUT ALSO ABOUT
SLENDERNESS
REMEMBER YOUR NUMBERS:
ABOUT 300 m TALL
ABOUT SLENDERNESS 12

141. INTERIOR STRUCTURES
Fuente: Buildings
Review MDPI

142. Fuente: Buildings
Review MDPI
EXTERIOR STRUCTURES

143. Your PLAN DISTRIBUTION is crucial
to decide the structural type
IT’S NOT ONLY ABOUT NUMBERS
BUT ALSO ABOUT
YOUR BUILDING IDEA

144. HEIGHT versus SLENDERNESS
Skyscrapers bones design strategies
Fuente: Le RIcolais
AND YOU?
HOW ARE YOU GOING TO DOUBLE
SEAGRAM’S BUILDING HEIGHT?
cperez.eps@ceu.es