7 key advancement made by the invention and advancement in them to reach bhuj khalifa.

1. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT IN ARCHITECTURE DESIGN THEORY
AR 0514 DIVYANG
AR 1014 JAYANT
AR 1614 HIREN
AR 1814 PRAVIN
AR 2214 DIPAL
AR 3814 HARNISHA
AR 3914 NIRALI
SH NO.
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
VADODARA DESIGN ACADEMY
7 KEY ADVANCEMENT
ELEVATOR MATERIAL HEAT SPEED WIND EARTHQUAKE EVACUATION
1893 FULLER FLATIRON
1947 UNITED NATIONS HQ 1970 WORLD TRADE CENTER
1917 SEARS TOWER
1999 TAIPEI 101
1870 EQUITABLE LIFE BUILDING
2010 BURJ KHALIFA
THE FIRST BIG OBSTACLE TO SKYSCRAPERS IS
THE STAIR, OBVIOUS SOLUTION TO THE
PROBLEM ‘THE ELEVATOR’. EARLY ELEVATORS
HAVE ONE DEADLY FAULT NOTHING STOPS
THEM FROM FALLING, IF THE ROPE BREAKS.
MECHANIC FROM VERMONT INVENTED A
DEVICE THAT CAN STOP A FALLING ELEVATOR
ALMOST INSTANTLY.
IN 1854,ELISHA GRAVE OTIS DEMONSTRATED
HIS INVENTION AT THE WORLD’S FAIR IN NY.
THE WORLD’S FIRST FULLY AUTOMATED
SAFETY ELEVATOR.
THE CRITICAL ELEMENT THE ELEVATOR WROTE
IS SECURED WITH A POWER FULL WAGON
SPRING MOUNTED ON TOP OF THE CAB.
THIS SPRING CONNECTS TO A SET OF METAL
PRONGS ON EACH SIDE OF ELEVATOR.
THE PRAWNS RUN ALONG GUIDE RAILS FITTED
WITH ROLLED TEETH.
WHEN THE ROPE BREAKS, THE SPRING
RELAXES AND FORCES THE METAL PRONE INTO
THE TEETH LOCKING THE CAB IN PLACE.
EQUITABLE LIFE
INSURANCE COMPANY
HEADQUARTERS
BUILDING WAS THE FIRST
OFFICE BUILDING WITH
AN ELEVATOR AND
WITHOUT AN ELEVATOR
THE SKYSCRAPER WOULD
BE IMPOSSIBLE
THE ELEVATOR COMPLETELY TRANSFORMS
THE URBAN LANDSCAPE.
48M
2 M
87M
1893 MONADNOCK BUILDING,
CHICAGO
LIVING FOSSIL IN THE SKYSCRAPER WORLD.
WORLDS LARGEST OFFICE BLOCK.
16 STORIES STRETCH STONE TO THE LIMIT.
BOTTOM WALL – 2 M THICK TO BEAR THE WEIGHT.
AR DANIEL
BURNHAM
DESIGNED
TRIANGULAR FORM
DUE TO EXTREMELY
NARROW PLOT FOR
22 STORY
SKYSCRAPER.
STEEL COLUMNS AND
BEAMS LOCKED TOGETHER
INTO A STEEL SKELETON.
STEEL IS STRONG SO
SKELETON CAN BE THIN
AND LIGHT.
TO KEEP WEATHER OUT, HE
SIMPLY HANG IN MASONRY
WALLS OF THE STEEL
FRAME LIKE CURTAINS
NEW BREED OF BUILDING
USING
STONE AS
MATERIAL,
WILL
WASTE ITS
VALUABLE
SPACE.
THE SKELETON IS MADE OF 30000 TONS OF STEEL
EMBEDDED IN ARTIFICIAL STONE CONCRETE.
THIS REINFORCED CONCRETE BACKBONE WILL BE
CLAD IN A HIGH-TECH CURTAIN WALL GLASS AND
STEEL.
EXTREMELY HEAVY STRUCTURE BEGUN TO SINK
INTO THE SOFT SOIL.
CONVENTION HALF A METER OF BRICK AND
MORTAR DISAPPEARED UNDERGROUND
STONE WAS NOT SKYSCRAPER MATERIAL
168M
CARRIERS
INVENTION WAS
THE PER FACT
SOLUTION FOR
THE HEAT IN THE
UN BUILDING.
IN 1947 UN HEADQUARTERS IN NY FACED A
DILEMMA.
THEY WANTED TO COVER THE BUILDING WITH GLASS
TO MAKE THE INTERIOR AS BRIGHT AS POSSIBLE BUT
DIDN’T WANT WAS 39 STORIES GREEN HOUSE.
AN AMERICAN ENGINEER
CALLED WILLIS CARRIER
CRACKED THE COOLING
PROBLEM.
AS THE HOT AIR HIT THE SURFACE OF
THE COLD WATER.
THE AIR COOLED DOWN AND
RELEASED ITS MOISTURE IN TO THE
DROPLETS.
THUS THE AIR WAS COOLED AND
DRIED IN A SINGLE STEP.
HE INVENTED A MACHINE
THAT COULD COOL AND DRY
HOT MOIST AIR BY MAKING IT
WET. FIRST HE INJECTED A
FINE MIST OF COLD WATER
INTO A CHAMBER. NEXT IT
SUCKED HOT SOGGY AIR INTO THIS COLD MIST.
THE KEY TO SHIELDING THE BURJ
DUBAI FROM THE BRUTAL DESERT
SUN IS BUILT IN TO ITS GLASS SKIN.
30000 GLASS
PANELS USED TO
PROTECT BURJ
FROM THE
SCORCHING HEAT
OUTSIDE FACE
COATED WITH THIN LAYER OF METAL – DEFLECTS
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
INSIDE FACE - COATED WITH THIN LAYER OF SILVER
160 STORIES
ACCOMMODATE 35000
PEOPLE
53 DIFFERENT ELEVATORS
35 KILO METERS/HOUR
CLIMBS 120 FLOORS IN
UNDER 50SECONDS
THE BIGGEST LIFTS CARRY
UP TO 46 PASSENGERS
BREAK SYSTEM - STOPPING 30-40-50 TONS OF
MOVING MASS. AS SOON AS THE ELEVATOR
EXCEEDS ITS SPEED LIMIT EMERGENCY BREAKS
SPRING INTO ACTION, METAL BREAKS BITE
DOWN ON THE GUIDE RAILS AND GENERATE
ENOUGH BRAKING POWER TO STOP THE
ELEVATOR WITHIN A FEW METERS
TO REDUCE THE CONSTRUCTION
TIME,
PREFABRICATE SECTIONS ARE
ASSEMBLED.
SECTIONS WERE BUILT OFF SITE
AND SHIPPED THEM TO THE
CONSTRUCTION SITE
THE BOTTOM OF THE CRANE RELEASED THAT SLID UP
3 STORIES AND LOCKED BACK INTO PLACE AND THEN
THE WHOLE CRANE JUMPED ITSELF UP TO THE NEXT
LEVEL..
THAT’S WHY IT WAS CALLED THE KANGAROO CRANE.
REVOLUTIONARY CRANE IN AUSTRALIA, IT COULD LIFT
50 TONS AND 4 OF THEM COULD REACH INTO EVERY
CORNER OF THE TWIN TOWER .
WITH THE HELP OF
PREFABRICATED
SECTIONS AND THEE
JUMPING KANGAROO
CRANE THE TWIN
TOWERS TOOK SHAPE
RAPIDLY.
FINISH TWO FLOORS
EVERY WEEK .
FROM KANGAROO CRANE
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT TO
JUMP FORMING.STEEL CAGES THAT
WILL BECOME THE BACKBONE FOR
THE FLOORS AND WALLS OF THE
BURJ DUBAI.THE KANGAROO CRANE
HOISTS THE STEEL CAGES UP IN JUMP
FORM, IN GOES THE CONCRETE AND
12 HOURS LATER WHEN THE
CONCRETE HARDENS THE FORM
GETS READY FOR THE JUMP.
HYDRAULIC PISTONS PUSH THE FORM
UP. TAKES TWO HOURS FOR FORM TO
MOVE UP TO THE NEXT LEVEL.
630 HP PUMP TO COPE WITH 25 TONS OF CONCRETE
CONTAINED IN EACH PIPE.
TO PUMP CONCRETE HIGHER THAN EVER BEFORE.
IT TAKES 40 MIN FOR THE CONCRETE TO TRAVEL UP THE
PIPES FROM THE BOTTOM TO THE 155TH FLOOR.
THE SYSTEM HAS A NEW FLOOR GOES ON EVERY 3 DAYS.
100 FLOORS TALL – A
HEIGHT THAT EXPOSED
IT TO HUGE WIND
FORCES.
THE ARCHITECTS
SHIFTED THE STEEL
FRAME WORK FROM
INSIDE OF THE BUILDING
TO THE OUTSIDE.
THIS SO-CALLED
EXOSKELETON MADE IT
VERY HARD FOR WIND
TO BEND THE BUILDING.
AS SKYSCRAPERS SWORD EVER HIGHER INTO THE
CLOUDS THEY BECAME EXPOSED TO A NEW ENEMY,
ONE THAT EXPLOITED EVERY WEAKNESS THE WIND.
IN THE SEARS TOWER 9
SUCH TUBES LOCKED
TOGETHER TO MAKE THE
BUILDING ROCK SOLID.
THE EXOSKELETON WAS
THE BEST WAY OF
RESISTING WIND EVER
INVENTED EVEN AT WIND
SPEEDS OF OVER 90
KM/H.
THE TOP FLOOR OF SEARS
TOWER ONLY MOVES 15
CENTIMETRES.
442M
BURJ DUBAI IS
TWICE AS TALL AS
SEARS TOWER.
ARCHITECTS
TURNED TO HIGHLY
ADVANCED
AERODYNAMICS.
FORCES ARE ACTUALLY
PERPENDICULAR TO THE
DIRECTION OF THE WIND BUT
TALL BUILDING FALLS DOWN
SIDEWAYS THROUGH AND
NOT IN THE DIRECTION OF
WIND.
EACH SECTION OF THE
TOWER IS DESIGNED
TO DEFLECT THE WIND
IN A DIFFERENT WAY.
THIS DISRUPTS THE
POWER OF THE
VORTICES AND
BREAKS THE HOLD OF
THE WIND IN THE
BUILDING.
AIR RUSHES AROUND THE BUILDING AND FORMS MINI
TORNADOES CALLED VORTICES.
THE TAIPEI 101 NEEDED A DASH
OF ELASTICITY SO THE DESIGN
HAS MADE THERE BUILDING
RIGID WHERE IT HAS TO BE BUT
FLEXIBLE WHERE IT COULD
AFFORD TO BE.
509M
AT THE HEART OF THE
TAIPEI 101 THEY PUT 36
RIGID STEEL CHIPS FILLED
WITH CONCRETE THAT
GAVE THE BUILDING
STRENGTH WHILE THE
COLUMN STAND FIRM
DURING A QUAKE THE REST
OF THE STRUCTURE IS
ELASTIC.
IT CAN FLEX AND ROLL
WITH THE PUNCHES.
BY MAKING BUILDING
MORE FLEXIBLE YOU’VE
MADE THE BUILDING
STRONGER TO SURVIVE IN
FAST AND VIOLENT
QUAKES.
THE ROCK UNDER
BURJ DUBAI IS
FRAGILE AND
SATURATED WITH
GROUNDWATER.
ANY BIG HOLE CAN
CAVE WATER IN
IMMEDIATELY.
TO STOP THIS, FILL
THE BORE HOLES
WITH A VISCOUS
POLYMER SLURRY
WHICH PUSHES THE
GROUNDWATER
AND ROCK
FRAGMENTS TO THE
EDGE OF THE
BOREHOLE AND
KEEPS IT OPEN.
200 OF THIS PILE
WORK TOGETHER TO
STOP HALF A
MILLION TONS OF
REAL ESTATE FROM
SINKING INTO THE
GROUND.
THE POLYMER IS DENSER THAN WATER BUT LIGHTER
THAN CONCRETE.
THE CONCRETE DISPLACES THE SLURRY AND
EVENTUALLY HARDENS TO FORM A FOUNDATION PILE.
IN JUST A 140-YEAR SKYSCRAPER CONQUERED ALL THE FORCES OF NATURE USING THE TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT.
NOW THE FEAR OF TERRORISM
THREATENED THEIR EXISTENCE.
A CHILLING DAY IN SEPTEMBER 2001
SEEMED TO SPELL THE END OF THE
SKYSCRAPER.
NOBODY FORESEE THOSE EVENTS OF 911
WHERE PLANES WOULD BE USED AS
MISSILES TO FLY INTO THE BUILDING.
ONCE THAT OCCURRED IT BECAME A FIRE
SAFETY ISSUE.
THE BURJ DUBAI HAS BUILT
IN FIRE PROTECTION AS ITS
CONCRETE BACKBONE IS
NATURALLY FIRE RESISTANT.
CONTAINS 9 VERY SPECIAL
ROOMS, REFUGE ROOMS
BUILT FROM LAYERS OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE
AND FIREPROOF SHEETING.
WALLS WITHSTAND THE
HEAT OF FIRE FOR 2 HOURS.
EACH ROOM HAS A SPECIAL
SUPPLY OF AIR PUMPED
THROUGH FIRE RESISTANT
PIPES.
SEALED FIREPROOF DOORS
STOP SMOKE FROM
LEAKING IN.
THERE IS 1 OF THESE
ROOMS ABOUT EVERY 30
FLOORS.
REFUGE ROOMS ARE A RADICAL IDEA BUT EVEN
THE SAFEST PLACE IN THE WORLD IS NO GOOD IF
THE ACCESS ROUTE IS BLOCKED BY SMOKE.
THE BURJ DUBAI HAS AN EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
THAT GUARDS IT ROUND THE CLOCK.
IF FIRE ACTIVATES A SMOKE DETECTOR, A HEAT
SENSOR OR WATER SPRINKLER.
A NETWORK OF HIGH POWERED FANS KICKS IN,
THE FANS FORCE CLEAN COOL AIR THROUGH FIRE
RESISTANT DUCTS INTO THE BUILDING.
THE FRESH AIR PUSHES
THE SMOKE OUT OF
THE STAIRWELL AND
KEEPS THE
EVACUATION ROUTE
CLEAR.
ITS FIRE SAFETY FIT FOR
A 21ST CENTURY
SKYSCRAPER.