Civil engineering deals with the design, construction and maintenance of physical infrastructure in the built environment. Some key points from the document: - Civil engineering has its roots in ancient societies like Egypt and Mesopotamia that developed irrigation systems, roads and bridges. - Important ancient structures included the pyramids of Egypt, the Colosseum in Rome, and the Great Wall of China. - The Romans were expert road builders, constructing techniques like drainage trenches and layered foundations. - Modern civil engineering specializations developed include construction, geotechnical, environmental, structural, transportation and water resources engineering.

2. CIVIL ENGINEERING
• CIVIL ENGINEERING IS A PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING DISCIPLINE THAT DEALS
WITH THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE OF THE PHYSICAL AND
NATURALLY BUILT ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDING PUBLIC WORKS SUCH AS ROADS,
BRIDGES, CANALS, DAMS, AIRPORTS, SEWERAGE SYSTEMS, PIPELINES,
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF BUILDINGS, AND RAILWAYS.
History and Heritage of Civil Engineering. ASCE Archive

3. ANCIENT ROADS built by romans
Modern Highways

4. ANCIENT BRIDGE OF SHADRAVAN; OLDEST BRIDGE IN WORLD
The ancient bridge is
located 300 metres
south-west
of Shushtar in
southern Khuzestan
province.
It is built on the
main branch of
Karun River, and now
its ruins are seen
beside Azadegan
Bridge.
Iran Front Page (IFP). IFP Editorial Staff. March 16, 2019

5. The world's longest bridge
is the Danyang–Kunshan
Grand Bridge in China,
part of the Beijing-
Shanghai High-Speed
Railway. The bridge, which
opened in June 2011,
spans 102.4 miles (165
kilometers).
By Katharine Gammon - OurAmazingPlanet Contributor February 28, 2013

6. Maranaw Photo Colorization History
PANTAR BRDIGE
Pantar Bridge is a half-century-old
American-built truss bridge.

8. • THROUGHOUT ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY MOST ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION WAS CARRIED OUT BY ARTISANS, SUCH
AS STONEMASONS AND CARPENTERS, RISING TO THE ROLE OF MASTER
BUILDER. KNOWLEDGE WAS RETAINED IN GUILDS AND SELDOM SUPPLANTED
BY ADVANCES. STRUCTURES, ROADS, AND INFRASTRUCTURE THAT EXISTED
WERE REPETITIVE, AND INCREASES IN SCALE WERE INCREMENTAL.
Victor E. Saouma. “Lecture Notes in Structural Engineering”

9. • 4000 – 2000 BC EARLIEST PRACTICES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING IN ANCIENT
EGYPT AND ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA (ANCIENT IRAQ) WHEN HUMAN
ABANDONED THE NOMADIC WAY OF LIVING. IT IS SAID THAT IT IS WHEN
HUMAN FIRST BUILT A ROOF FOR ITS SHELTER.
• NOMADIC MEANS ROAMING ABOUT FROM PLACE TO PLACE
AIMLESSLY, FREQUENTLY OR WITHOUT A FIXED PATTERN OF
MOVEMENT.
• DURING THIS TIME, TRANSPORTATION HAVE BECOME INCREASINGLY
IMPORTANT LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WHEELS AND
SAILING.

10. • THE CONSTRUCTION OF PYRAMIDS IN EGYPT (2700-2500 BC) WERE SOME OF
THE FIRST INSTANCES OF LARGE STRUCTURES CONSTRUCTIONS.
• COLOSSEUM (ROME)
• GREAT WALL OF CHINA
• KINGS HISTORIC AND HUGE PALACES ALL OVER THE WORLD
• TAJ MAHAL OF INDIA

11. Roads were the key to Rome’s
military might.
Reduced travel time and
marching fatigue allowed the
fleet-footed legions to move
as quickly as 20 miles a day
to respond to outside threats
and internal uprisings.
The first major Roman road—the famed Appian Way, or “queen of the roads”—was
constructed in 312 B.C. to serve as a supply route between republican Rome and its allies in
Capua during the Second Samnite War.
HISTORY CHANNEL. Evan Andrews

12. Roads were expertly engineered.
Crews began by digging shallow, three-foot
trenches and erecting small retaining walls along
either side of the proposed route.
-bottom section of the road was usually made of
leveled earth and mortar or sand topped with
small stones.
-foundation layers of crushed rocks or gravel
cemented with lime mortar.
-surface layer was constructed using neatly
arranged blocks made from gravel, pebbles, iron
ore or hardened volcanic lava.
HISTORY CHANNEL. Evan Andrews

13. Inventions We Owe to the Ancients:
Concrete
Colosseum, Rome. (Credit: Art Media/Getty Images)
Opus caementicium, or Roman
concrete, first emerged some 2,100
years ago, and would make possible
the architectural frenzy that began with
Augustus, the first Roman emperor, in
27 B.C.
The Romans mixed limestone with volcanic ash to form a mortar, then packed this thick substance together
with chunks of brick or volcanic tuff to form the basic material for roads, bridges, aqueducts, buildings and other
Today’s scientists have concluded that Roman concrete, though weaker than modern cement, is
astonishingly long lasting, remaining relatively intact even after centuries of exposure to seawater and other
damaging elements.
HISTORY CHANNEL. Evan Andrews

14. ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT
• UNTIL MODERN TIME, ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT OFTEN REFERRED TO AS THE
SAME PERSON UNTIL 18TH CENTURY.
• ARCHITECTURE IS MORE CONCERNED WITH FLOOR PLANS, SPATIAL
CONCERN, SHAPES AND DESIGN OF THE STRUCTURES. IN SHORT,
ARCHITECTURE IS MORE CONCERNED WITH THE ARTISTIC ASPECT.
• THEY HAVE SOME QUITE UNDERSTANDING OF STRUCTURES AND OF
PHYSICS BUT NOT AS MUCH AS A CIVIL ENGINEER.

15. ENGINEER AND ARCHITECT
• ARCHITECTS WOULD HAND THEIR DESIGNS TO THE ENGINEER AND THE
ENGINEER WOULD MAKE SURE THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE COULD SUPPORT
ITSELF.
• FOR LAYMAN’S TERM, IF YOU ASK AN ENGINEER A DESIGN FOR YOUR
HOUSE HE WILL GIVE YOU SIMPLIFIED DESIGN THAT WILL SATISFY SAFETY
AND ECONOMY OF THE STRUCTURE. IF YOU REFER TO AN ARCHITECT YOU
WILL SEE ARTISTIC DESIGNS THAT MIGHT BE DIFFICULT TO MAKE AND
BUILD AND MAY TAKE SOME TIME TO MATERIALIZE AND ITS UP AGAIN TO
THE ENGINEER TO MAKE SURE THAT THE DESIGN CAN SUPPORT ITSELF.

16. Both Civil Engineering and
Architecture are involved in planning
and designing structures. However,
Architecture focuses more on the
spatial functionality and aesthetics of
the development work and is more
concerned with the artistry, look, feel
and functionality of the design, while
Civil Engineering concentrates on the
structural elements of the design,
making certain that the structure can
endure normal and extreme conditions.

17. HOW THE TERM CIVIL ENGINEERING WAS FIRST USED?
• IN 18TH CENTURY, THE TERM “CIVIL ENGINEERING” CAME INTO USE TO
DESCRIBE ENGINEERING WORK THAT WAS PERFORMED BY CIVILIANS FOR
NONMILITARY PURPOSES.
• THAT IS WHY CIVIL ENGINEERING HAS A VERY BROAD COVERAGE,
DEFINITION AND SUB-DISCIPLINES.

18. ÉCOLE DES PONTS PARISTECH
• (ORIGINALLY CALLED ÉCOLE NATIONALE DES PONTS ET
CHAUSSÉES OR ENPC, ALSO NICKNAMED PONTS) IS A
UNIVERSITY-LEVEL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
AND RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY. FOUNDED IN 1747 BY DANIEL-CHARLES
TRUDAINE, IT IS ONE OF THE OLDEST AND ONE OF THE
MOST PRESTIGIOUS FRENCH GRANDES ÉCOLES.
• THE SCHOOL IS UNDER THE MINISTRY OF ECOLOGY,
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENERGY OF FRANCE.
In 1747, the first institution for the teaching of civil engineering, the École Nationale des Ponts
et Chaussées was stablished in France
"Ecole des Ponts ParisTech". usinenouvelle.com. 10 March 2015.

19. NORWICH UNIVERSITY
• THE FIRST PRIVATE COLLEGE TO TEACH CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE UNITED STATES
WAS NORWICH UNIVERSITY, FOUNDED IN 1819 BY CAPTAIN ALDEN PARTRIDGE.
NORWICH UNIVERSITY – THE MILITARY
COLLEGE OF VERMONT IS A PRIVATE
UNIVERSITY IN NORTHFIELD, VERMONT.
IT IS THE OLDEST PRIVATE MILITARY
COLLEGE IN THE UNITED STATES. THE
UNIVERSITY WAS FOUNDED IN 1819
AT NORWICH, VERMONT, AS
THE AMERICAN LITERARY, SCIENTIFIC
AND MILITARY ACADEMY. IT IS THE
OLDEST OF SIX SENIOR MILITARY
COLLEGES AND IS RECOGNIZED BY
THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
DEFENSE AS THE "BIRTHPLACE OF
ROTC" (RESERVE OFFICERS' TRAINING
CORPS).
"Images of Its Past". History of Norwich University. Norwich University. 2018.

20. FATHER OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton, who
constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse
"What is Civil Engineering?". The Canadian Society for Civil Engineering. .
In 1771 Smeaton and some of his
colleagues formed the Smeatonian
Society of Civil Engineers, a group of
leaders of the profession who met
informally over dinner.
He pioneered 'hydraulic lime', a concrete that cured under water,
and developed a technique of securing the blocks using dovetail
joints and marble dowels.

21. CIVIL ENGINEERS HAVE SAVED MORE LIVES MORE THAN ALL DOCTORS IN
HISTORY, BY DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION.
• BASED ON PHILADELPHIA STATISTICS, NUMBER OF TYPHOID
FEVER CASES PER 100,000 POPULATION HAVE REACHED TO
NEARLY 700 CASES BETWEEN 1890 TO 1900. BUT AS THE SLOW
SAND FILTERS WAS COMPLETED IN 1906 THE CASES DROPPED
TO LESS THAN A HUNDRED PER 100,000 POPULATION.
Steel.McGhee. Water Supply and Sewerage. 5th Edition

22. • THE FIRST DEGREE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING IN THE U.S. WAS AWARDED BY
RENSSELAER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE IN 1835.
• JOHN WESLEY GUNN OF LEXINGTON RECEIVED FIRST CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEGREE FROM A & M COLLEGE (U.K.) IN 1890.
• THE FIRST CIVIL ENGINEERING DEGREE TO BE AWARDED TO A WOMAN WAS
GRANTED BY CORNELL UNIVERSITY TO NORA STANTON BLACTH IN 1905.

23. SUB-DISCIPLINES
•THERE ARE A NUMBER OF SUB-DISCIPLINES WITHIN THE BROAD
FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.
• CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
• EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
• ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
• GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
• MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
• STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
• SURVEYING
• TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
• WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

24. CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
• CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING INVOLVES PLANNING AND EXECUTION,
TRANSPORTATION OF MATERIALS, SITE DEVELOPMENT BASED ON HYDRAULIC,
ENVIRONMENTAL, STRUCTURAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING. AS
CONSTRUCTION FIRMS TEND TO HAVE HIGHER BUSINESS RISK THAN OTHER
TYPES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FIRMS DO, CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERS OFTEN
ENGAGE IN MORE BUSINESS-LIKE TRANSACTIONS, FOR EXAMPLE, DRAFTING
AND REVIEWING CONTRACTS, EVALUATING LOGISTICAL OPERATIONS, AND
MONITORING PRICES OF SUPPLIES.
Key words: engineering management, PERT CPM, Bidding Documents, Quantity Surveying, etc.

25. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
• CONTEMPORARY TERM FOR SANITARY ENGINEERING,
• ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING DEALS WITH TREATMENT OF CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL,
OR THERMAL WASTES, PURIFICATION OF WATER AND AIR, AND REMEDIATION OF
CONTAMINATED SITES AFTER WASTE DISPOSAL OR ACCIDENTAL CONTAMINATION.
AMONG THE TOPICS COVERED BY ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ARE POLLUTANT
TRANSPORT, WATER PURIFICATION, WASTE WATER TREATMENT, AIR
POLLUTION, SOLID WASTE TREATMENT, RECYCLING, AND HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS ADMINISTER POLLUTION
REDUCTION, GREEN ENGINEERING, AND INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY. ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERS ALSO COMPILE INFORMATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF
PROPOSED ACTIONS.

26. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
• GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING STUDIES ROCK AND SOIL SUPPORTING CIVIL
ENGINEERING SYSTEMS. KNOWLEDGE FROM THE FIELD OF SOIL SCIENCE,
MATERIALS SCIENCE, MECHANICS, AND HYDRAULICS IS APPLIED TO SAFELY
AND ECONOMICALLY DESIGN FOUNDATIONS, RETAINING WALLS, AND OTHER
STRUCTURES.
• GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERS FREQUENTLY WORK WITH
PROFESSIONAL GEOLOGISTS AND SOIL SCIENTISTS.

27. MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
• MATERIALS SCIENCE IS CLOSELY RELATED TO CIVIL ENGINEERING. IT STUDIES
FUNDAMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS, AND DEALS WITH CERAMICS SUCH AS
CONCRETE AND MIX ASPHALT CONCRETE, STRONG METALS SUCH AS ALUMINUM AND
STEEL, AND THERMOSETTING
POLYMERS INCLUDING POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE (PMMA) AND CARBON FIBERS.
• MATERIALS ENGINEERING INVOLVES PROTECTION AND PREVENTION (PAINTS AND
FINISHES). ALLOYING COMBINES TWO TYPES OF METALS TO PRODUCE ANOTHER METAL
WITH DESIRED PROPERTIES. IT INCORPORATES ELEMENTS OF APPLIED
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY. WITH RECENT MEDIA ATTENTION
ON NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY, MATERIALS ENGINEERING HAS BEEN AT THE
FOREFRONT OF ACADEMIC RESEARCH. IT IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT PART OF FORENSIC
ENGINEERING AND FAILURE ANALYSIS.

28. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
• STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING IS CONCERNED WITH THE STRUCTURAL
DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS,
BRIDGES, TOWERS, FLYOVERS (OVERPASSES), AND OTHER STRUCTURES.
• THIS INVOLVES IDENTIFYING THE LOADS WHICH ACT UPON A STRUCTURE AND THE
FORCES AND STRESSES WHICH ARISE WITHIN THAT STRUCTURE DUE TO THOSE
LOADS,
• AND THEN DESIGNING THE STRUCTURE TO SUCCESSFULLY SUPPORT AND RESIST
THOSE LOADS.
• THE STRUCTURAL ENGINEER MUST DESIGN STRUCTURES TO BE SAFE FOR THEIR
USERS AND TO SUCCESSFULLY FULFILL THE FUNCTION THEY ARE DESIGNED FOR (TO
BE SERVICEABLE).

29. SURVEYING
• SURVEYING IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH A SURVEYOR MEASURES CERTAIN
DIMENSIONS THAT OCCUR ON OR NEAR THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. SURVEYING
EQUIPMENT SUCH AS LEVELS AND THEODOLITES ARE USED FOR ACCURATE
MEASUREMENT OF ANGULAR DEVIATION, HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL AND SLOPE
DISTANCES.
• ALTHOUGH SURVEYING IS A DISTINCT PROFESSION WITH SEPARATE QUALIFICATIONS
AND LICENSING ARRANGEMENTS, CIVIL ENGINEERS ARE TRAINED IN THE BASICS OF
SURVEYING AND MAPPING, AS WELL AS GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS.
SURVEYORS ALSO LAY OUT THE ROUTES OF RAILWAYS, TRAMWAY TRACKS,
HIGHWAYS, ROADS, PIPELINES AND STREETS AS WELL AS POSITION OTHER
INFRASTRUCTURE, SUCH AS HARBORS, BEFORE CONSTRUCTION.

30. TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
• TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING IS CONCERNED WITH MOVING PEOPLE AND GOODS
EFFICIENTLY, SAFELY, AND IN A MANNER CONDUCIVE TO A VIBRANT COMMUNITY. THIS
INVOLVES SPECIFYING, DESIGNING, CONSTRUCTING, AND MAINTAINING
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE WHICH INCLUDES STREETS, CANALS,
HIGHWAYS, RAIL SYSTEMS, AIRPORTS, PORTS, AND MASS TRANSIT. IT INCLUDES
AREAS SUCH AS TRANSPORTATION DESIGN, TRANSPORTATION PLANNING, TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING, SOME ASPECTS OF URBAN ENGINEERING, QUEUEING
THEORY, PAVEMENT ENGINEERING, INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM (ITS),
AND INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT.

31. WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
• WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING IS CONCERNED WITH THE COLLECTION AND
MANAGEMENT OF WATER (AS A NATURAL RESOURCE). AS A DISCIPLINE IT THEREFORE
COMBINES ELEMENTS OF HYDROLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE, METEOROLOGY, CONSERVATION, AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT. THIS
AREA OF CIVIL ENGINEERING RELATES TO THE PREDICTION AND MANAGEMENT OF
BOTH THE QUALITY AND THE QUANTITY OF WATER IN BOTH UNDERGROUND
(AQUIFERS) AND ABOVE GROUND (LAKES, RIVERS, AND STREAMS) RESOURCES.
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERS ANALYZE AND MODEL VERY SMALL TO VERY LARGE
AREAS OF THE EARTH TO PREDICT THE AMOUNT AND CONTENT OF WATER AS IT
FLOWS INTO, THROUGH, OR OUT OF A FACILITY. ALTHOUGH THE ACTUAL DESIGN OF
THE FACILITY MAY BE LEFT TO OTHER ENGINEERS.