Articulators- Prosthodontics and crown and bridge

Articulators
- DR.SANA KHWAJA
II MDS
DEPT OF PROSTHODONTICS AND CROWN AND
BRIDGE

CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Definition
• History and Development
• Classification of an Articulator
• Requirements, Uses and Limitations
• Parts of an Articulator
EVOLUTION OF ARTICULATORS - Part II 75-140
2

3
• Individual Articulators
Mean Value Articulator
Hanau Articulator
Whipmix Articulator
Denar Articulator
Other types of articluators
• Programming an Articulator
 Care and Maintenance of Articulators
 Recent advances
 Conclusion
 References

INTRODUCTION
4

5
Definition
Definition of Articulator: Glossary Of
Prosthodontics Terms - 9: JPD May 2017
“It is a mechanical instrument that represents
the temporomandibular joints and jaws, to
which maxillary and mandibular casts may be
attached to simulate some or all of the
mandibular movements”.

6
PURPOSE OF AN ARTICULATOR
 To hold the maxillary and mandibular casts in a determined
fixed relationship.
 To simulate the jaw movements, like opening and closing
 To produce border movements (extreme lateral and
protrusive movements) and intraborder movements (within
the border movement) of the teeth similar to those in the
mouth

7
USES OF AN ARTICULATOR
 To diagnose the state of occlusion in both the natural and artificial
dentitions.
 To plan dental procedures based on the relationship between opposing
natural and artificial teeth, e.g. evaluation of the possibility of balanced
occlusion.
 To aid in the fabrication of restorations and prosthodontic replacements.
 To correct and modify completed restorations.
 To arrange artificial teeth.

8
REQUIREMENTS OF AN ARTICULATOR
 Minimal Requirements :
 It should hold casts in the correct horizontal relationship.
 It should hold casts in the correct vertical relationship.
 The casts should be easily removable and reattachable.
 It should provide a positive anterior vertical stop (incisal pin).
 It should accept face-bow transfer record using an anterior
reference point.

9
 It should open and close in a hinge movement.
 It should be made of noncorrosive and rigid materials that
resist wear and tear.
 It should not be bulky or heavy.
 There should be adequate space present between the upper
and lower members.
 The moving parts should move freely without any friction.
 The nonmoving parts should be of a rigid construction.

10
 Additional Requirements
 The condylar guides should allow protrusive and lateral jaw
motion.
 The condylar guides should be adjustable in a
horizontal direction.
 The articulator should be adjustable to accept and alter the
Bennett movement.
 The incisal guide table should be customizable (allow
modification).

11
LIMITATIONS OF ARTICULATORS
 An articulator may be made of metal or plastic. Metal articulators show
errors in tooling (manufacture) or errors resulting from metal fatigue.
 The articulator may not exactly simulate the intraborder and functional
movements of the mandible.
 Errors in jaw relation procedures are reproduced as errors in the denture
occlusion. Articulators do not have any provision to indicate or correct
these errors.

12
HISTORY
AND
DEVELOPMENT

ARTICULATORS FROM 1700 to 1800
13
YEAR NAME INVENTION
1756 Philip Pfaff Slab articulator /
plaster articulator
Jain AR. Articulators through the Years Revisited: From 1700 to 1900—Part I. World J Dent. 2015
Oct;6(4):222-5.

ARTICULATORS FROM 1801 to 1900
14
YEAR NAME INVENTION
Barn Door
Hinge
articulator
adaptable Barn
Door
Hinge / Dayton
Dunbar
Campbell
instrument.

YEAR NAME INVENTION
1805 JB
Garriott
HINGE JOINT
ARTICULATOR
1st mechanical
articulator
1830 Howarth
and
Ladmore
Howarth Plaster
Articulator
15

YEAR NAME INVENTION
1840 Thomas W
Evans
Plane Line
Articulator
1840 james
Cameron
James
Cameron’s
Articulator
1840 Daniel T
Evens
Daniel T Evens
Articulator /
‘Dentist’s Guide’.
US PATENTED ARTICULATORS
16

YEAR NAME INVENTION
1858 Bonwill The Bonwill
Articulator
1868 ET Starr ET Starr
Articulator
1895
–
1900
Antes-lewis Antes-Lewis
Articulator
FIXED CONDYLAR GUIDE ARTICULATORS
17

YEAR NAME INVENTION
1889 Richmond
hayes
Richmond
Hayes
Articulator
FIRST FIXED DESCENDING CONDYLAR PATH
18

YEAR NAME INVENTION
1896–
1899
Gysi and
muller
Gysi E Muller
Articulator
1896 WE walker William
Earnest
Walker-
Clinometer
19

YEAR NAME INVENTION
1894 CE Bixby The Bixby
Attachment
1899 George B
Snow and
AD Gritman
Gritman’s
Articulator
20

ARTICULATORS : FROM 1900 TO 1950
YEAR NAME INVENTION
1901 Huberty
Articulator
1902 Kerr brothers Kerr articulator
1905 Christensen Christensen’s
Articulator
Jain AR. Articulators through the Years Revisited: From 1900 to 1950—Part II. World J Dent. 2016
Jan;7(1):23-31.
21

YEAR NAME INVENTION
1906–
1907
George Snow New Century and
Modified New
Century
Articulator
1906 George B
Snow
The Acme
Articulator
1908–
1910
Gysi The Gysi
Adaptable
Articulator
22

YEAR NAME INVENTION
1914 Alfred Gysi Gysi Simplex
Articulator
1911 CE Luce Luce Articulator
1912 Ernest Eltner Eltner Articulator
23

YEAR NAME INVENTION
1915 Hall Hall’s Anatomic
Articulator
1918 George
Monson
Maxillomandibular
Instrument
(Monson’s
Articulator)
24

YEAR NAME INVENTION
1920 HC hagman Hagman Balancer
1921 The Stephan
Articulator
1926 Hanau Hanau Model
H110
25

YEAR NAME INVENTION
1923 Rudolph L
Hanau
The Hanau Model
M Kinescope
1923 Joseph homer Homer Relator
1924 Frank
wadsworth
Wadsworth
Articulator
26

YEAR NAME INVENTION
1926 Gysi Gysi Trubyte or
Trubyte Simplex
1926 George P
phillips
Phillips Student
Articulator
(Model C) Or
Pantographic
Articulator
1927 Hanau Hanau Model
H110 Modified
27

YEAR NAME INVENTION
1927 MM House The House
Articulator
1929 CJ
Stansberry
The Stansberry
Tripod
Instrument
1930 WH Terrell Terrell’s Precision
Coordinator
28

YEAR NAME INVENTION
1934 Hanau Crown
and Bridge
Articulator
- posterior pin and
cam guided
mechanism
1938 George P
phillips
The Phillips
Occlusoscope
1939 Mccollum The McCollum
Gnathoscope
29

Stephan articulator modified (1940) Fixed condylar path, upper and lower mounting arms on this
model are longer. Adjustable set screw
The Fournet articulator (1940) Maxillary cast is positioned – by the two max central incisors
which are oriented by esthetics and which in turn rests on a
curve of spee anteriorly and the cook mounting jig
Dentatus articulator ARH model (1944) Original dentatus articulator, adjustable condylar indicator from
–60º to +60º and has a sideshift adjustable from 0º to 40º.
Johnson-Oglesby articulator (1950) Limited use
Coble articulator (1950) Maintain the CR and VD but doesn’t allow for functional
movements.
The Galetti articulator (1950–1960) Each cast is held mechanically without plaster by two fixed
posts anteriorly and one adjustable post posteriorly on each
member.
30

31
ARTICULATORS : FROM 1971-1990
• Teledyne Hanau model-194 (1970-1971)
• Dentatus ARO Articulator (1971)
• Denar Mark II (1975)
• Hanau H2 Arcon model-158 (1977)
• Hanau model-165 Hanaumate (1977)
• Hanau Radial Shift model-166 (1981)
Jain AR. Articulators through the years revisited: from 1971-1990 —Part III International Journal of
Pharma and Bio Sciences 2016 oct;7(4)

• Hanau Wide Vue183 and 184 (1981)
• Hanau Modular Articulator system
• The Panadent Articulator- By Lee SL,PSL,PCL
Model (1978-1983)
• Omni Articulator (1984)
• SAM Articulator (1990)
32

• Girrbach-artex articulators (1995)
• Cyberhoby fully adjustable articulator (1983)
• SAM 3 articulators (1990-2003)
• Virtual articulators (1999-2009)
• Kavoprotor articulators
33

NAME ACHVIEMENT
GARIET 1805 - Develop a hinge articulator made of the metal.
Evans 1840 - Develop the first anatomical articulator.
Bonwill
1854- Propose a Bonwill's triangle.
1859-Propose a Three points contact occlusion
• Developed the anatomical articulator
Balkwill 1886-Propose a Balkwill angle.
Spee 1890-Propose the theory of the Spee's curve.
Walker 1896-Measure a human mandibular movement for the first
time, and recognize the need which gives an Articulator a
Sagittal condylar path.
• Develop the first adjustment Articulator of the arcon type.
Snow 1899-Develop a face bow
34

Gysi
1901 -Release a gothic arch tracing method.
1908-Develop Adaptable Articulator .An incisal guide table
can adjust it by installing an exclusive adapter.
1929-Release that a inclination of Sagittal condylar path is an
average 33degrees when its based on the Camper's line.
1958-Propose that there is a difference in Sagittal condylar
element of the protrusive movement and the lateral movement.
35

Christensen 1901- Release a Christensen phenomenon.
Angle 1907-Release the classification of Angle ( Angle's Key to occlusion)
Bennett 1907-Release Bennett movement.
Zsigmondy 1912-Measure a path of masticatory movement.
Release the 3 phase theory of the mastication.
Hanau 1921-Develop a Hanau-model H articulator.
1926-Release synthetic mandibular movement theory to name as
"HanauQuint".
1958-Develop a Hanau H2-O Articulator.
36

McCollm,
Stallard
1921-Develop how to measure a Hinge axis.
1931-Develop the Gnathograph (the archetype of the
Pantograph).
1934-Develop the Gnathoscope Articulator.
1955-Propose a balanced occlusion as an ideal occlusion
of the Oral rehabilitation.
Release the 12 decision elements of the occlusion.
Yazaki 1929-Propose mastication movement theory.
Beyron 1944-Develop the Dentatus Articulator.
37

Payne 1941-Release a modified set-up method.
1962-Release the Cusp to ridge waxing method.
Stallard,Stuart 1949- Release the general idea of Mutually protected occlusion.
1955-Develop a Stuart computer.
1961-Develop a Whip-Mix Articulator.
Thomas 1950-Release the Cusp fossa waxing (wax corn technique) and
Tripodism which aimed at giving it an Organic occlusion.
D amico 1958-Discover that a canine tooth is a "stress breaker" from the
research of the anthropology.
Schuyler 1961-Propose group functioned occlusion.
Posselt 1962-Publish the figure (Posselt's banana) which the limit
movement way of the lower incisal tooth was drawn in three-
dimensionally.
38

Swanson 1968-Develop a TMJ Articulator.
Granger 1968- Develop a Simulator Articulator.
Hobo 1971-Release a Principle of overcompensation.
Lundeen 1973-Release that the angle of lateral condyle path
39

40
CLASSIFICATION
OF
ARTICULATORS

41
 GILLIS CLSSIFICATION in (1926) :
 The adaptable (or) Adjustable
 The Average (or) Fixed type
 BOUCHER’S CLASSIFICATION in (1934) :
 Nonadjustable
 Adjustable : two-dimensional instrument
three-dimensional instrument
 KINGERY’S CLASSIFICATION (1934) :
 Simple articulators
 Adaptable (or) adjustable articulators

42
 BECK’S CLASSIFICATION (1962) :
 Suspension instrument
 Axis instrument
 Tripod instrument
 WEINBERG’S CLASSIFICATION (1963) :
 Arbitrary [Monsoon spherical theory]
 Positional [Stanberry tripod concept]
 Semi adjustable [Hanau H concept]
 Fully adjustable [Hanau kinescope concept]
[Gysi trubyte concept]
[McCollum concept]

43
 POSSELT (1968) :
a) Plain line or simple hinge.
b) Mean value types
c) Adjustable types:
Semi adjustable : e.g. Hanau, Dentatus.
Fully adjustable : e.g. Denar.
 THOMAS CLASSIFICATION (1968) :
a) Arbitrary [non adjustable]
b) Positional [Axis & Non axis type; static type]
c) Functional [Axis & Non axis type; functional records]

44
 SHARRY’S CLASSIFICATION (1974) :
a) Simple Hinge type
b) Fixed guided type
c) Adjustable instruments
 BOUCHER’S CLASSIFICATION
A] Based on theories of occlusion
B] The type of record used for their adjustment
-Those utilizing the Inter occlusal records
-Those using the Graphic record adjustment
-Those utilizing hinge-axis location for adjusting the articulator.

Articulators based on Geometric theories of
Mandibular movements
Bonwill’s
Equilateral
theory
Monson’s
spherical
theory
Hall’s
conical
theory
45

46
Bonwill theory of occlusion
 4 inch distance between condyles and each condyle
and the incisor point
 Allows lateral movement and movements only in
horizontal plane

47
Conical theory: (R E HALL)
 Lower teeth move over surfaces of upper teeth as over
surface of a cone generating an angle of 45° with the
central axis of the cone tipped 45° to the occlusal plane.
 Hall’s automatic articulator
Alligator
Hall articulator

48
 G.S.Monson
 Surface of a sphere with diameter of 8 inches
 Monson’s maxilla mandibular articulator
Spherical theory of occlusion

Articulators based on the type of record
used for the adjustment
 Interocclusal record adjustment - one positional
relationship of the lower jaw to upper jaw.
 Graphic record adjustment - records of the extreme
border positions of mandibular movement
 Hinge axis location for adjusting articulators -
correct location of the opening and closing axis of the
mandible should be made
49

50
 Based on the instrument's capability, intent, recording
procedure and record acceptance.
 Class I
 Single static registration
 Slab articulators
 Hinge-joint articulator-Gariot
 Barn- door hinge
The Corelator
(Denar Corp.)
The Verticulator
(Jelenko)
International Prosthodontic Workshop on Complete
Denture Occlusion at the University of Michigan -1972

51
 Class II
Permit horizontal as well as vertical movement
Type A:
Eccentric motion permitted is
based on average or arbitrary values
Gysi Simplex Articulator

52
Type B:
Eccentric motion permitted is based
on theories of arbitrary motion.
Type C:
Eccentric motion permitted is determined
by the patient using engraving methods.
The Monson Maxillo-mandibular
articulator
The Gnathic Relator

o Instruments that simulate condylar pathways by using
averages or mechanical equivalents for all or part of
the motion.
o May be arcon or nonarcon instruments, accept
facebows, and have mounting plates for unlimited
case load.
Class III. Articulator
53

Type A: Instruments that accept static protrusive
registrations and use equivalents for the rest of the
motion.
Dentatus articulator
54

Type B: Instruments that accept static lateral
protrusive registrations and use equivalents for the
rest of the motion.
55

Class IV. Articulator
o Instruments that will accept three dimensional dynamic
registrations.
o These instruments allow for orientation of the casts to the
temporomandibular joints and replication of all mandibular
movements.
Type A: Condylar paths is recorded by
engraved registration by the patient.
Non modifiable
Denar Combi
articulator
56

Denar D5AArticulator Stuart Articulator
Type B: This is similar to type A but they allow
angulation and customization of condylar path.
57

58
 BASED ON CONDYLAR ELEMEMT ATTACHMENT-
BERGSTORM
 Arcon : whipmix articulator
 Non Arcon : hanau H series and dentatus articulator
 HALPERIN et al
 Simple or Hinge articulators(Acron)
 Fully adjustable articulators(Non-arcon)
 Semi adjustable articulators

59
CHARLES M. HEARTWELL
 Emphasized role of pantograph in record registration
 Class I(Will receive and reproduce 3d graphic tracings)
eg : TMJ stenographic articulator, Denar DSA.
 Class II(Will not receive pantograph)
Type 1 (Hinge) ex : Bonwill, Gysi,
Type 2 (Arbitrary) ex : Monson, Transgraph
Types 3 (Average) ex : Dentatus, Hanau
Type 4 (Special) ex : Stansbery tripod,

60
 HOWAT et al classified the articulators into three types
based on their abilities in copying mandibular movements.
 Average value
 Semi adjustable
 Fully adjustable
 TAMURA classified the articulators into three types
 Fully adjustable articulators
 Semi adjustable articulators
 Non adjustable articulators

Rihani A. Classification of articulators. The Journal of prosthetic dentistry. 1980 Mar 1;43(3):344-7.
61

62
 Another important classification is tracking or non tracking
i. Tracking - these instruments have a rigid, totally boxed - in slot in which the
condylar ball moves.
ii. Non-tracking - these instruments are not totally boxed in so that the
maxillary member of that articulator can be removed from the mandibular
member.

63
SOME COMMONLY USED ARTICULATOR
 MEAN-VALUE ARTICULATOR
 HANAU WIDE VUE ARTICULATOR
 WHIP – MIX ARTICULATOR
 DENAR ARTICULATOR
 PANADENT ARTICULATOR
 TMJ ARTICULATOR

64
MEAN VALUE ARTICULATOR
Parts:
 Upper member
 Lower member
 Incisal table
 Vertical rod or Incisal pin
 Condylar guide pin

UPPER MEMBER
 Triangular frame
 The apex of the triangle - vertical rod (incisal pin).
 Two condylar elements - They articulate with the condylar guidance of the lower
member.
 The maxillary cast is attached to the upper member during articulation
65

LOWER MEMBER
 'L'- shaped frame with a horizontal and a vertical arm.
 The horizontal arm - triangular
 The apex of the triangle - the incisal guide table.
 The vertical arm - rectangular
66

CONDYLAR GUIDANCE
 Represented by a slot ( condylar track)
 It guides the movement of the condyle in the mean value
articulator
• Condylar element of upper member passes through this track.
 A spring is mounted within this track to establish the condylar
element
67

VERTICAL ROD OR INCISAL PIN
 The pointed tip of vertical rod should rest on the center of incisal guide
during articulation.
 It helps to keep a fixed distance between the upper and lower members at
the anterior end.
 The tip of the incisal guide pin is the anterior reference point in this
articulator.
68

INCISAL GUIDE PIN &
GUIDE TABLE
 Incisal guide table is defined as "that part of the articulator which
maintains the incisal guide angle".
 Very short cylinder whose upper surface is concave.
 Depth of the concavity is designed to have a slope equal to the average
incisal guide.
69

Advantages:
1. Simple to use.
2. Can be used for individual posterior restorations and short span
(three to four units) posterior bridges with a minimal vertical
and horizontal overlap
Disadvantages:
1. Most of these articulators do not accept face-bow record.
2. The condylar path moves to a fixed angle and it is successful
only in patients whose condylar angle approximates that of the
articulator.
3. No lateral movements
70

To be continued
71

72
HANAU WIDE VUE
 Semi adjustable
 ARCON type
 Accept a Face-bow transfer
 Capable of hinge & lateral movements

It consist of following parts
– Upper member
– Lower member
– Mounting plates
– Condylar analogues
– Condylar guidance
– Incisal guide pin and table
73

UPPER MEMBER
 T shaped with vertical & horizontal arm
 Condylar guidance attached to this.
 Mounting dowels present the center of under surface
 Orbital indicator present near dowel.
 Incisal pin is at the anterior end.
74

LOWER MEMBER
L-Shaped with horizontal & vertical arm.
Horizontal arm is rectangular metal strap.
Dowel present center of the lower member for
mounting ring & also a stand of pivot
75

76

77
CONDYLAR GUIDANCE

78

79

80
INCISAL GUIDE TABLE

81
INCISAL PIN

Represents the
patient’s infra-orbitale
notch
82
Used for mounting
the casts

INDIVIDUAL
ARTICULATORS
83

DENTATUS
84

Models Features
ARS • The horizontal condylar guidance is fixed at 30 degrees
• They have a fixed Bennett angle at 15 degrees
• They have incisal guide tables which are flat or inclined
at an angle of 10 degrees
ARD • They are similar to ARS except that they have an
adjustable horizontal condylar guidance from 0-60
degrees and an adjustable Bennett angle ranging from
0-40 degrees
ARA • They are similar to the above-mentioned series except
that they are arcon type
• They have HCG adjustments from -70 to +70 degrees
and Bennett angle from 0 to 40 degrees
85

DENTATUS BALANCE
86
• They are 75% that of regular series in size
• They have 4 interchangeable slot assemblies with
HCG - 20, 25, 30 and 40 degrees respectively
• They have Bennett angle adjustments about 10-15
degrees
• They have fixed Incisal Guidance at 0, 5, 10 and 15
degrees respectively

HANAU ARTICULATORS
Hanau H (Non-Arcon) :
Rudolf L. Hanau in 1923.
Non-Arcon
Intercondylar distance - 110 mm
Horizontal condylar guidance - 40 to +800
Lateral condylar guidance 0 to 200
Hanau formula : L =H/8 + 12
87

Hanau H2 (Model 96) ( Non Arcon):
Has all features of original Hanau and additions as
auditory pins have been added to the condylar
mechanism.
Lateral condylar guidance increased to 0 to 300
Hanau H2 (Model 158) (Arcon) (1977)
Retained all the features of H2 model 96 but it is of arcon type.
The remarkable feature of this articulator is that it can be inverted to attach the
mandibular cast without mounting stand
88

Some other models of the H2 series are:
(1) Model H2-0, with orbital indicator attachment;
(2) Model H2-X, with extendable condylar shafts; and
(3) Model H2-PR, with calibrated adjustments to protrude
or retrude the condylar balls up to 3 mm.
The Model H2-XPR is a combination of the models listed.
89

Hanau kinoscope
90

ANAU MATE / HANAU 165
 Fixed averages articulator.
 The condylar element is at 110 mm and has average horizontal
condylar guidance of 30 degrees and average Bennett angle of 15 degrees
The upper frame can be separated easily by loosing two locks.
Casts are mounted using quick release pins instead of mounting plates.
 Excellent lingual visibility.
91

Vue 1 has close condylar track.
Vue 2 has open condylar track. Also has condylar retainers
to avoid accidental separation.
Has micrometer protrusive, retrusive condylar adjustments.
92
Hanau wide vue (models183 & 184)

Hanau Radial shift (Model 166) : 1981
Arcon type
Upper member can be removed for waxing
A curved immediate side shift ( Radial shift) with adjustable
progressive Bennet angle of 0 to 600
Radial shift of 3mm is provided.
Has a curved superior wall with 0.75”
radius.
93

WHIPMIX ARTICULATORS
Introduced by Dr Charles Stewart in 1963.
His main objective was
 Aid in teaching the principles of occlusion for better diagnosis of the
occlusion
 To provide simplified instrument for fabrication of prosthodontic
restorations.
94

Features
Horizontal and lateral condylar inclinations are set by
interocclusal records. (Horizontal 0 to 700. Lateral 0 to 450.)
The upper and lower member are
attached by means of spring latch
assembly.
95

Model 8300 :
Retains all normal features and
Has 3/4th inch curved superior and medial wall.
Immediate side shift from 0 to 4mm with progressive angle
of 60
Model 8340 :
Has been modified so that the casts are interchangeable
through a special fixture called as “accumount” (precise
special mounting plate)
96

Model 8800:
 This provides a additional 1/2inch space to mount the maxillary
cast.
Model 9000 :
 This provides a additional ½ inch space to mount the mandibular
cast.
Model 9800 :
 This provides ½ inch space for both maxillary
and mandibular casts
97

DENAR ARTICULATORS
 In 1968 Dr Niles Guichet introduced the Denar 4A articulator.
 The current model is D5A.
• With denar reference plane locator anatomic points can be
relocated precisely.
• An adjustable metal incisal table and a custom incisal platform
are available.
• A digital recorder is also currently available.
98

DENAR D5A
Adjustment to the guidance surfaces are possible in all three
planes of space.
The side shift adjustment is in the medial wall and has
provisions for both immediate and progressive settings.
Precurrent insert is available for the medial wall.
99

Denar mark II :
Introduced in 1975 and developed to satisfy the undergraduate
needs of education for a simpler arcon articulator.
Has adjustable horizontal inclinations of 0 to 600.
Has immediate side shift of 0 to 4mm + progressive shift of 0 to
15mm
 Posterior wall shows a 25 degree inclination to allow laterotrusion
of the working side
100

USES OF DENAR MARK II
 For mounting of diagnostic casts
 Ear piece type can be converted to facia by removing the ear
- pieces
 Duplication of all mandibular movements with significant
dimension using average values
 Mark II allows interchange of relations with an error
tolerance of “0.001”
101

THE OMNI ARTICULATOR
 When open fossa is attached, it resembles Mark II with a protrusive centric
latch, hence it is also called Omni Mark
 When closed track fossa is attached, it is called Omni Track with a Centric
Lock Screw
 The incisal pin/table variations observed are similar to Mark II
 Casts are nontransferable because field inspection gauge cannot be
attached here
102

TMJ ARTICULATORS
KENNETH H SWANSON(I965)
 Fully adjustable articulator
 Scribbing type of articulator
 Custom analog fossa are formed from intraoral sterographic
tracings.
 The manufacturer calls the technique sterographix.
103

 It has hinge locking hooks to hold the upper and lower
frames together.
 The locking device will permit a hinge opening of 115
degree.
 There is a curved incisal guide pin with both a plastic and
adjustable mechanical incisal table
104

• The mechanical fossa allows condylar inclination
adjustment from 10 to 55 degree and progressive shift
adjustment of 0 to 35 degrees.
• A series of premade fossa analogs are also available .
105

PANADENT ARTICULATORS
1978 by Robert Lee
• Interchangeable preformed curved analog fossae for
condylar pathway
• The progressive side shift varied from 5-7 degrees
• Lateral interocclusal records or the Axi-path recorder
are utilized to determine the amount of side shift and the
steepness of the horizontal condylar inclination.
106

MOUNTING
PROCEDURE
&
PROGRAMMING OF
HANAU ARTICULATOR
107

108
ZEROING AN ARTICULATOR

• Maxillary cast is attached to the articulator using the
orientation jaw relation record.
• Procedure of transferring the orientation jaw relation to
the articulator is called Face-bow transfer.
MOUNTING PROCEDURE
109

110
FACE-BOW TRANSFER

111

112

113

Obtaining Protrusive Record for adjusting
HORIZONTAL CONDYLAR GUIDANCE
114

115

• Before teeth can be arranged, the articulator must be
programmed or customized to the individual patient.
• The programmed articulator is vital to plan an occlusion
which is both efficient and at the same time reduces
stresses transmitted to the underlying tissues and
temporomandibular joints
116
PROGRAMMING HANAU ARTICULATOR

117
Adjusting HORIZONTAL CONDYLAR
GUIDANCE

Adjusting LATERAL CONDYLAR GUIDANCE
( Bennet angle )
118

Adjusting INCISAL GUIDANCE
119

Custom Anterior guidance
Acts as template for
recording lingual
curvature for both
anterior teeth and
incisal edge position
120

• Aim : to determine the correlation between the
angle of horizontal condylar inclination obtained
on a semi-adjustable articulator and the corresponding
angle traced on a temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
• Result : The radiographic outline of the articular fossa and
articular eminence provided an accurate representation of the
equivalent outlines in 21 subjects with a mean difference in
inclination of 5
• more reliable, repeatable, ease of use with minimal
drawbacks.
Venkateshwaran R, Karthigeyan S, Manoharan PS, Konchada J, Ramaswamy M. A newer
technique to program a semi adjustable articulator. Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences. 2014
Jul;6(Suppl 1):S135.
121

Kwon OK et al. (2017) correlated sagittal condylar angle values
obtained using radiographs and protrusive interocclusal records. Sagittal
condylar angle is measured between Frankfort horizontal reference plane
and mean curvature line.The interocclusal record is measured using alu
wax. They concluded that panoramic values are 8-9 degrees high and
CBCT values are 5-6 degrees high than protrusive interocclusal records, so
the interocclusal values are very close to CBCT values than panoramic
values because of overlapping of panoramic images.
Kwon OK, Yang SW, Kim JH. Correlation between sagittal condylar guidance angles obtained
using radiographic and protrusive occlusal record methods. The journal of advanced
prosthodontics. 2017 Aug 1;9(4):302-7.
122

Mawani D etal in 2019 conducted a
comparative evaluation on condylar inclination in
dentulous subjects i.e., both males and females to one determined by
radiographs (CBCT and orthopantomograph) and they stated that sagittal
condylar guidance values are slightly higher in males compared to females
and the values obtained from both the radiographs are comparable and
correlated. OPG values are slightly higher than CBCT so CBCT can be a
better radiographic technique for obtaining the condylar inclination
values for programming the semi adjustable and fully adjustable
articulators.
Mawani D, Muddugangadhar BC, Das A, Mukhopadhyay A. Comparative evaluation of condylar
inclination in dentulous subjects as determined by two radiographic methods:
Orthopantomograph and cone-beam computed tomography–An in vivo study. The Journal of the
Indian Prosthodontic Society. 2019 Apr;19(2):113.
123

124
VIRTUALARTICULATOR
 The Virtual articulator can be defined as a software tool for
improved clinical outcome based on virtual reality
technology. There are two types of virtual articulators namely –
- Completely adjustable
- Mathematically simulated
Koralakunte PR, Aljanakh M. The role of virtual articulator in prosthetic and restorative
dentistry. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2014 Jul;8(7):ZE25.

125
Completely Adjustable Virtual
Articulator
 It records /reproduces exact movement paths of the mandible
using an electronic jaw registration system called Jaw motion
analyser (JMA).
 The digitised dental arches then moves along these movement
paths that can be viewed in the computer screen
 The software calculates and visualises both static and
kinematic occlusal collisions and is used in designing and
correction of occlusal surfaces in computer aided designing
(CAD) systems. Eg: Kordass and Gartner virtual articulators.

126
Mathematically Simulated Virtual Articulator
 It records/reproduces movements of the articulator based on
mathematical simulation of articulator movements.
 These virtual articulators allow for additional settings such as
curved bennett movement or other movements for adjustment in
ideal settings.
 The main disadvantage is that it behaves as an average value
articulator and it is not possible to obtain individualised
movement paths of each patient.
 Eg: Stratos 200, Szentpetery’s virtual articulators

The development of 3D virtual articulator system (Zebris Company,
D-Isny) requires three main unit devices namely:
 An input device in form of a 3D scanner.
 3D virtual articulator software for prosthesis modeling with
collision detection.
 An output device in the form of “rapid prototyping system” with
stereoscopic inkjet technology.
127

Plaster models of upper and lower parts of the jaw are
scanned
The real geometry of the mouth and its relation
location are reconstructed in a CAD system using
face bow.
Articulator is selected depending on the
required accuracy
Cuspal interferences are automatically detected
and removed during the excursive movements
Dental prosthesis is milled
4/14/2024 ARTICULATORS - part I - 89
128

Advantages of Virtual Articulator
• Provides best quality of communication between the dentist
and dental technician
• Simulating real patient specific data
• Analyses both static and dynamic occlusions
• Analyses ganathic and joint conditions
• Acts as a 3D navigator
129

Limitations of Virtual Articulator
• Cost effective as it requires a lot of digital devices.
• Knowledge about the CAD/CAM technology,
mechanical articulators, designing and modeling of
virtual articulators etc
• Technical skills regarding the interpretation of data
recorded from scanners, sensors, minor adjustments,
incorporating motion parameters etc
130

CARE
AND
MAINTENANCE OF
ARTICULATORS
131

LUBRICATION
 Lubricate the working and bearing components with a
thin film of sewing machine or high speed handpiece type
oil.
 Wipe off excess oil to prevent accumulations of dust or
grit.
 A thin coating of petroleum jelly must be applied to all
articulator surfaces that will be contacted by the gypsum
mounting material.
132

CLEANING
 Use a mild soap and water solution with the help of a brush
to dissolve accumulations of wax and to wash away
carborundum grit.
 Then air dry and lubricate.
 DO NOT use strong detergents, alkalies, gasoline or naphtha
as cleaning agents.
133

STORAGE
 When not in use ,store in clean, dry atmosphere-free of
plaster and abrasive dust
 NOT near acids, alkalies or medicaments-Fumes may be of
corrosive nature.
 DO NOT CONFINE THE ARTICULATOR in a instrument
case
134

CONCLUSION
 Carl .O. Boucher summed up the articulator
controversy by stating,
“It must be recognized that the person operating the
instrument is more important than the instrument. If
dentists understand articulators and their deficiencies,
they can compensate for their inherent inadequacies.”
135

 Teledyne (Hanau) Industries: Illustrated Instruction Manual for the Hanau Wide Vue
Arcon Articulator and Wide Vue II Articulator.
 Thomas C. J. “A Classification of Articulators”. J.Prosthet Dent 1993 ; 30 : 11-14.
 Walker PM: Discrepancies between arbitrary and true hinge axes, J Prosthet Dent
43:279-285, 1980.
 Winkler Sheldon: Essentials of complete Denture Prosthodontics, 2nd edition, U.S.A.
JEA, 1996, p 142-182.
 Gross M, Nissan J, Ormianer Z et al: The effect of increasing occlusal vertical
dimension on face height, Int J Prosthodont 15:353-357, 2002.
 Heartwell Cm Jr, Rahn AO : Textbook of complete dentures, 5th edition,
Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger, 1993, p-59.
 J Prosthodont 2000 (9) ;1 : 51
 Keshvad A, Winstanley RB: An appraisal of the literature on centric relation, part III,
J Oral Rehabil 28:55-63, 2001.
 Morneburg TR, Proschel PA: Predicted incidence of occlusal errors in centric closing
around arbitrary axes, Int J Prosthodont 15:358-364, 2002
136
REFERENCES:

 Noel D. Wilkie, Donald L. Mitchell : Articulators through the years. Part – I J Prosthet
dent 1978 ; 39 :140-141.
 Rosenstiel s., Land M.F. And Fujimoto “Contemporary fixed prosthodontics”. 3rd
Edition, Mosby, St. Louis, USA, 2001.
 Sharry J.J. : Complete denture Prosthodontics, 1st edition, New York, McGrew–Hiel,
1962, p-196.
 Shillingburg H. T. “Fundamentals of fixed prosthodontics”. 3rd Edition,
Quintessence Publishing Co., Chicago, 1997.
 Beck Ho, Morrison We : Investigation of an Arcon Articulator, J Prosthet dent 1956 ;
6 : 359 – 372.
 Boucher’s : Prosthetic Treatment for edentulous patients, 11th edition, 1997, p.220.
 Weinberg, L. A. An evaluation of basic articulators and their concepts. Part II:
Arbitrary, positional, semiadjustable articulators. J Prosthet Dent 13:645-663, 1963
 Noel D.W., Donald L. Mitchell: Articulators through the years. Part – II J Prosthet
dent 1978 ; 39 :168-181.
 Rihani A. “Classification of Articulators”. J.Prosthet Dent 1980 ; 43:344-47.
137

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