Report on high rise (2020) leading university

HIGH-RISE
Report On
Group: 3
Submitted To:
Ar. Shawkat Jahan Chowdhury
Ar. Tanjima Siddika Chandni
Ar. Salina Akhter
Submitted by:
ID NO:1812040005 ( Sadia sultana)
1812040009 (Asif ibne azir )
1812040011 (Nayma sultana)
1812040016 (T m jubel )

CONTENTS
1. Introduction 01-03
1.1 Definition
1.2 Why High-rise
2. History 04-11
2.1 Ancient age
2.2 Medieval age
2.3 Industrial age
2.4 International style
2.5 Neo modernism
2.6 Post modernism
2.7 High-Tech
3. Classification Of High-rise
3.1 Monumental 12-14
3.2 Residential
3.2 Commercial
4. Structural Load 15-24
4.1 Classification of Load
4.2 Vertical load
4.3 Environmental load
4.4 Load distribution system
5. Structural Classification 25-54
5.1 Beam & column structure
5.2 Flat plate & flat slab Structure
5.3 Frame structure
5.4 Shear wall structure
5.5Tube Structure
5.6 Steel structure
5.7 Outrigger Structure
5.8 Exo-skeleton structure
5.9 Composite structure
6. Fundamental Components Of High-Rise
6.1 Core 55-59
7. Circulation: 60-68
7.1 Stair
7.2 Elevator
7.3 Escalators
8. Parking 69-75
8.1 Types of parking
8.2 Ramp
8.3 Driveway exits
8.4 Parking Stalls
8.5 Parking layouts
8.6 Carriageway ramps
8.7 Multi-storied car parking
8.8 Minimum requirement for off-street parking
9. Fire Safety 76-79
12.BNBC rules 80-83
11. Advantage & Disadvantage 84
11. Case Study 85-167
1.National Study
2.International Study

INTRODUCTION
A high rise is an output of mechanical, technical and
aesthetical combination. The high rise of present day is
the expression of mechanical development with creative
idea.
Although the exact definition is immaterial, various bodies
have tried to define what 'high-rise' means:
Emperies Standards defines:
 "A multi-story structure between 35–100 meters tall, or a
building of unknown height from 12–39 floors.―
Massachusetts United States General Laws:
 A high-rise is being higher than 70 feet (21 m).
Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC-15)
 A high-rise which considering the buildings with 11
storeys (33 meters).
1.1 DEFINITIONS
PAGE: 01
Aziz Court Imperial,
Chittagong, Bangladesh
32 storeys , 112 metres (367 ft)

According to the building code of Hyderabad, India:
 A high-rise building is one with four floors or more, or 15
to 18 meters or more in height.
The National Fire Protection Association U.S.:
 A high-rise as being higher than 75 feet (23 meters), or
about 7 stories.
INTRODUCTION
1.1 DEFINITIONS
The term Skyscraper, originally applied to buildings of 10
to 20 stories, but by the late 20th century the term was
used to describe high-rise buildings of unusual height,
generally greater than 40 or 50 stories.
Encyclopedia Britannica Kohinoor Square, Mumbai, India.
52-story , 203-metre (666 ft.) height
PAGE: 02

1.2 WHY HIGH-RISE
At the early 20th century man began to get success of
science and technology. Technology creates the speed in
economy, commerce, art and architecture. The speed of
human movements change the architectural mode. The
power of civilization became essential to provide the space
of industry, commercial office for international corporation
etc. Those function will need to provide in together. But the
limitation of land and to show the power of
industrialization they prefer to achieve the verticality built
high-rise.
Some other fact which also reason for built high-rise are-
 Human aspiration to build higher
 Desire for aesthetics in urban setting
INTRODUCTION
’The interesting question is why does
man want to build to the sky. What is
there about the desire for domination, or
to reach God, or for private pride the
Pyramids are an example of that, but the
tall building is certainly another.
Philip Johnson
PAGE: 03

HISTORY
TIMELINE
Ancient age
(3000 B.C. to 476 A.C.)
Medieval age
( 476 A.C. TO 1492 A.C.)
Industrial Age
( 1750 A.D. to 1920 A.D.)
International Style
(1920 A.D to Present)
Neo Modernism
(1950 A.D. to 1985 A.D.)
Post-Modernism
(1960 A.D. to 1990 A.D.)
High-tech
(1970 A.D. to Present)
PAGE: 04

HISTORY
2.1 Ancient age
(3000 B.C. to 476 A.C.)
STONEHENGE, England
Year: 3100B.C.
Materials: Stone.
Style: monumental,
Temple
Height: 76 feet tall.
Year: 2500B.C.
Materials: Limestone,
granite
Style: Monumental,
Temple
Height: 481 feet tall.
PYRAMID, EGYPT
 Sky, a semantic symbol of faith
and clearness to God.
 Reaching the sky signified and
glorified religion.
 Showing of power and supreme.
PAGE: 05

Notable advancement that aide
construction in post dark age or lured
people to raise-
 Roman engineering
 Extensive use of concrete
 Religious sponsorship and
dominance
 Luxury and affluence of Dark age
Year: 1092 A.D.
Materials: stone, white
marble.
Style: church complex.
Height: 55.86 meters
(183.27 feet)
2.2 Medieval age
( 476 A.C. TO 1492 A.C.)
CATHEDRAL OF PISA, ITALY
HISTORY
TOWER OF LONDON,ENGLAND
Year: 1066 A.D.
Materials: Kentish rag-
stone, mud-stone
Style: Castle
Height: 27 meters (89
ft.)
PAGE: 06

2.3 Industrial Age
( 1750 A.D. to 1920 A.D.)
Industrial revolution aided construction in a
grand scale which allowed :
 Invention of steam
 Iron and glass construction
 Large indoor open spaces
Two major points for High-rise construction
in the Late 19th centuries :
 In 1853 safety elevator was invented
 In 1870 steel frame section were invented
Year: 1885 A.D.
Type: Office Building
Height: 10 storied
(138 feet height.)
Year: 1870 A.D.
Height: 130 feet (7
storied)
Type: Office
Building
HISTORYY
The Equitable Life Building, New York
Home insurance building, Chicago.
PAGE: 07

2.4 International Style
(1920 A.D to Present)
 It was the dominant architectural style
until the 1970s.
 Rejection of all ornament and colour.
 repetitive modular forms
 Identified three principles :
-Expression of volume
- Emphasis on balance
-symmetry
Year: 1936
Height: 120 m (390 ft.)
Structure:
Reinforced concrete
structure.
YEAR: 1960
Height: 228 feet (69.60 meters)
Structure: Reinforced concrete
frame structure
HISTORY
Kavanagh building, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
SAS Royal Hotel, Copenhagen, Denmark.
PAGE: 08

Year: 1980
Height: 218 meters
(715 ft.) or 51 stores
Structure: composite
structure
Year: 1983
Height: 780 feet (240 m)
or 56 stories
structure
 ― From follows function‘‘
 Simplicity and clarity of forms
 Elimination of unnecessary detail
 Visual expression of structure
 Adoption of machine aesthetics
 A visual emphasize on horizontal and
vertical lines
HISTORY
Bay Adelaide Centre,
Toronto, Canada.
TC Energy Center,U.S.A
2.5 Neo Modernism
(1950 A.D. to 1985 A.D.)
PAGE: 09

2.6 Post-Modernism
(1960 A.D. to 1990 A.D.)
 Began as an international style
 Return of ―wit, ornament and
reference‘‘ to architecture
 Sculptural forms.
 Symmetricity and symbolism.
Year: 1984,
Height: 193.55 m
(635 ft.) or 40 stories
structure
Year: 1990
HEIGHT: 57 stories, 910 ft.(280 m).
Structure: composite structure
HISTORY
Capella Tower, Minneapolis.
PPG Place, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania,
PAGE: 10

2.7 High-tech
(1970 A.D. to Present)
 Also known as Late
modernism or structural
expressionism.
 Accentuated technical
elements.
 Prominent display of the
buildings technical and
functional components
 Glass walls and steel frames
were also immensely popular.
Year: 2010
Height: 829.8 m (2,722 ft.)
Structure: Reinforced concrete,
steel, glass and aluminum.
HISTORY
Burj Khalifa, Dubai Telekom Tower, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Year: 2001
Height: 310 m (1,017 ft.) 55
floors
Structure: composite structure
PAGE: 11

CLASSIFICATION
High-rise buildings are classify by its using purpose
: MONUMENTAL HIGH-RISE
 This type of high-rise is made only
for monumental purpose.
 These are built only for landmark.
National Martyrs' Memorial,
Savar, Bangladesh (1982)
150ft. In height.
COMMERCIAL HIGH-RISE
HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL HIGH-RISE
3.1 MONUMENTAL HIGH-RISE
The Washington Monument,
U.S.A. (1854)
Height; 555 ft.(169 m)
PAGE: 12

 Residential high-rise is made for
residential purpose.
 These are multi functional buildings
too.
 In a same building it has different
activities like apartment,
hotel,resturent, mosque, roof top
garden, gym, club, playground,
swimming pool etc.
3.2 RESIDENTIAL HIGH-RISE
CLASSIFICATION
Mercury Tower, Malta.(2016)
112 meter-high, 31 storied
Shangri-La at the Fort, Manila,
Philippines (2016)
250 meters (820 ft.)in height
61 storied
PAGE: 13

CLASSIFICATION
3.3 COMMERCIAL HIGH-RISE
 This type of high-rise is made for
commercial purpose. These are multi
functional buildings.
 In a same building it has different
activities like office, factory,
restaurant, gym, club etc.
The Ruby, Mumbai,(2011)
191 meters (627 ft.) in height,
40 storied
Wisma 46, Jakarta,
Indonesia(1996)
262 m(860 ft.) 51 storied
PAGE: 14

4.1 Classification of Load
VERTICAL LOAD LATERAL LOAD
LIVE LOAD
ENVIRONMENTAL LOAD
SEISMIC LOAD
TYPES OF LOAD
Structural Load is the external force acting on a very small area on a particular point on supporting.
STRUCTURAL LOAD
THERMAL LOAD RAIN LOADWATER LOAD WIND LOADSNOW LOAD
DEAD LOAD
PAGE: 15

STRUCTURAL LOAD
Live load: Live loads are
moveable loads which may not be
present all of the time . They
include the weight of a building
occupants and furnishing.
4.2 Vertical load
Dead load: Dead loads are
relatively fixed and include the
weight of the building structure
itself as well as the weight of any
permanent elements.
Vertical load
PAGE: 16

STRUCTURAL LOAD
4.3 Environmental Load
Wind load: The term ‗Wind Load‘ is used
to refer to any pressures or forces that the
wind exerts on a building or structure.
This will depend on:
 The angle at which the wind strikes the
structure
 The shape of the structure (height,
width, etc.)
Environmental loads may act on a structure as a result of topographic region and weather conditions.
PAGE: 17

STRUCTURAL LOAD
STRUCTURAL LOAD
Wind velocity increases with the increase of
height:
Variation of wind velocity with height
PAGE: 18

STRUCTURAL LOAD
STRUCTURAL LOAD
Wind pressure The wind
pressure originates from two
components previously defined :
mean velocity and gust velocity.
Wind pressure can become
greater either by an increase in
the wind velocity or by an
increase in the area of the
obstructing surface
PAGE: 19

STRUCTURAL LOAD
WIND TURBULENCE
When any moving air mass meets an obstruction, such as building, it responds like any fluids by moving to each
side, then rejoining the major airflow.
The Venture effect is one type of turbulent wind action. Turbulence develops as the moving air mass is funneled
through the narrow space between two tall buildings. The corresponding wind velocity in this space exceeds the
wind velocity of the major airflow.
PAGE: 20

STRUCTURAL LOAD
STRUCTURAL LOAD
Variation of wind load with the variation of forms
Round shape
Minimum wind
pressure
Irregular shape
Maximum wind
pressure
Square shape
view
PAGE: 21

STRUCTURAL LOAD
Seismic load
 Buildings undergoes dynamic motion during earthquake.
 Building is subjected to inertia forces that act in opposite direction to the acceleration of earthquake
excitations.
 These inertia forces, called seismic loads, are usually dealt with by assuming forces external to the building.
PAGE: 22

STRUCTURAL LOAD
Water load: Water has it‘s
own weight and can create
pressure in building.
Snow load: This is the load
that can be imposed by the
accumulation of snow and is
more of a concern in geographic
regions where snowfalls can be
heavy and frequent
Rain load: It is the
weight of rainwater that
effects on a roof.
Thermal load: All materials expand or contract with temperature change and this can exert significant loads
on a structure.
PAGE: 23

STRUCTURAL LOAD
5.4 Load distribution system
• Vertical loads transfer through:
 Bearing wall
 Column
 Core
 Diagonal frame
• Lateral loads transfer through:
 Shear wall
 Slab Core
 Beam Core/Column
 Diagonal Frame
Lateral loadsGravity loads
PAGE: 24

1.Beam &
column
structure
3. Frame
structure
2.Flat plate
& flat slab
Structure
4. Shear wall
structure
5.Tube
Structure
6. Steel
structure
7.Outrigger
Structure
8.Exo skeleton
structure
9.Composite
structure
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF HIGH- RISE
Types of Structural System
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION
Can be classified based on the structural material used such as concrete or steel.
THE BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENT
SURFACE ELEMENTSLINEAR ELEMENTS
COLUMN BEAM SLAB WALL
PAGE: 25

5.1 BEAM & COLUMN STRUCTURE
 Simplify layout.
 Increases repetitive elements.
 Load bearing system is good.
Beam :
Beam is a rigid structural member designed to carry and
transfer loads across spaces to supporting elements.
Column :
A rigid relativity slender structural member designed primarily
to support axial compressive loads applied at the member
ends.
In high rise buildings it can be use as mega column,
concrete filled tubular(CFT) etc.
ADVANTAGE:
Beam & column structure
column
beam
beam
PAGE: 26

IDB Bhaban, Dhaka, Bangladesh
5.1 BEAM & COLUMN STRUCTURE
PAGE: 27

5.2 FLAT PLATE AND FLAT SLAB STRUCTURE
Flat plate: Flat plate is a slab of uniform thickness while in flat
slab there is thickened slab region in the vicinity of the column
that includes either drop panel or column capitals.
Flat slab: Flat slab are also known as beamless slab, is a type
of slab in which the flooring slab is directly supported on
columns without the agency of beam of girders.
Bel Tower, Dhanmondi, Dhaka.
AR. Nahas Ahmed Khalid
Flat plateFlat slab
PAGE: 28

Flat plate
 Simple construction.
 Flat ceiling. (reduced finishing
cost).
 Increases the power to resist the
gravity and lateral load.
Flat slab
 Reduced slab displacements.
 Increases the power to resist slab
shear.
 Relativity flat ceilings. (reduced
finishing cost).
Plan Elevation
Plan Elevation
5.2 FLAT PLATE AND FLAT SLAB STRUCTURE
ADVANTAGE:
PAGE: 29

5.3 FRAME STRUCTURE
Frame structures are the structures having the combination of beam,
column and slab to resist the lateral and gravity loads.
Frame Structure
ii. Wall frame
structure
iii. Braced
frame structure
iv. Infilled
frame structure
i. Rigid frame
structure
Types of frame structure
The San Diego Innovation Center
San Diego, United States
PAGE: 30

5.3 FRAME STRUCTURE
i. RIGID FRAME
• The moment-resisting frame (MRF) consists of
horizontal (girder) and vertical (column) members
rigidly connected together in a planar grid form. Its
members can take bending moment, shear, and axial
loads.
• The size of the columns is mainly controlled by
the gravity loads.
• Can build up to 20 to 30 floors.
Seagram Building (New York)
Architect: Mies Van Der Rohe,
Philip Johnson
ADVANTAGES
 It may be place in around the core, on the exterior, or whole the
interior of the building.
 The frame may be architecturally exposed to express the grid like
nature of the structure.
PAGE: 31

Ingalls Building (Cincinnati, USA)
Material : concrete
Story: 16
Lake Shore Drive Apartments (Chicago,
USA, 26 stories, 82 m)
Material : steel
5.3 FRAME STRUCTURE
i. RIGID FRAME
PAGE: 32

5.3 FRAME STRUCTURE
II. WALL FRAME STRUCTURE
When shear walls are combined with rigid frames the walls, the
interacting wall frame combination is appropriate for buildings in
the 40-60 story range, well beyond that of rigid frames of shear
walls alone.
 Very high lateral stiffness and lateral
load resistance.
 The dimension of walls and floors are
highly uniform.
 Greatly expedite the construction
progress.
Transco Tower, Houston, USA
AR. John Burgee, Philip Johnson
ADVANTAGES
PAGE: 33

5.3 FRAME STRUCTURE
III. BRACED FRAME STRUCTURE
Braced frames resist gravity load in bending and axial
compression and lateral load in axial compression and
tension by triangulation, much like trusses. It can also have an
advantage to resist wind load, but increases seismic forces
is a disadvantage to resist earthquakes.
ADVANTAGES
1)Girders/Beams only participate minimally in the lateral
bracing action.
2)Can be repetitive up the height of the building with
obvious economy in design.
Swiss Re Tower, London
Ar. Norman Foster
PAGE: 34

TYPES OF BRACING
ii. Double Diagonal
Bracing
iv. V-bracing
iii. K Bracing
i. Single Diagonal
Bracing
5.3 FRAME STRUCTURE
v. Eccentric bracing
PAGE: 35

5.3 FRAME STRUCTURE
Single diagonals Double diagonals
i. Single Diagonal Bracing
Swiss Re Tower, London
ii. Double Diagonal Bracing
PAGE: 36

5.3 FRAME STRUCTURE
V-bracing
iii. K Bracing
K Bracing
iv. V-bracing
Leadenhall Building, London
Tornado Tower, Doha, Qatar
PAGE: 37

5.3 FRAME STRUCTURE
v. Eccentric bracing
Eccentric bracing Century Tower, Tokyo, Japan (1987-1991)
Sir Norman Foster
PAGE: 38

5.3 FRAME STRUCTURE
iv. INFILLED FRAME STRUCTURE
It consists of a steel or reinforces column and girder frame
with infills of brickworks or concrete block work.
The out of the earthquake regions where the wind forces are
not severe, the masonry infilled concrete frame is one of the
most common structural forms for high rise construction.
Infilled frame structure
ADVANTAGES
Infills which normally serves as external or
internal walls, serves increasing lateral
stiffness to resist lateral loads
DISADVANTAGES:
Higher cost for placement of concrete
blocks.
Empire State Building, New York , USA
Ar. Shreve, Lamb & Harmon
PAGE: 39

5.4 SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE
 Concrete or masonry continuous
vertical walls may serve both
architecturally partitions and structurally
to carry gravity and lateral loading.
Very high in plane stiffness and strength
make them ideally suited for bracing tall
building.
 Usually built as the core of the building.
 Can build up to 35 floors.
PAGE: 40

Service core
Shear wall
National Commercial Bank, Saudi Arabia
AR. Gordon Bunshaft
Project: National Commercial Bank
Location: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
ADVANTAGES
 A type of rigid frame construction.
 The shear wall is in steel or concrete to provide greater lateral rigidity.
 It is a wall where the entire material of the walls can resist both horizontal and vertical loads.
5.4 SHEAR WALL STRUCTURE
PAGE: 41

5.5 TUBE STRUCTURE
The tube is a structural engineering system that is used in high-
rise buildings, enabling them to resist lateral loads from wind,
seismic pressures and so on. It acts like a hollow cylinder,
cantilevered perpendicular to the ground.
This structural system was introduced by Fazlur Rahman Khan.
The Jin Mao Tower in 2005,
Shanghai, China
Types of tube structure
2.Frame tube
4.Bundle
tube
3.Tube in tube1.Braced tube
PAGE: 42

5.5 TUBE STRUCTURE
01. BRACED TUBE
Braced tubes, which carry lateral loads by axial actions
of the perimeter columns and bracings, are very efficient
structural systems for tall buildings.
Braced tube, diagrid & hexagrid Jonh Hancock Centre, USA
PAGE: 43

5.5 TUBE STRUCTURE
02.FRAME TUBE
 In a framed tube system, which is the basic tubular form,
the building has closely spaced columns and deep
spandrel beams rigidly connected together throughout
the exterior frames.
 Exterior column spacing should be from 5 to 15ft (1.5 to
4.5m) on centers. Practical spandrel beam depths
should vary from 24 to 48in (600 to 1200mm)
Aon Center (USA, 83 stories, 346 m)
PAGE: 44

5.5 TUBE STRUCTURE
02.FRAME TUBE
 Allows greater flexibility in planning of interior space.
 Identical framing for all floors.
 When well designed, tubular forms uses same amount of
material as in a half large structure.
Lower Manhattan, New York City
World Trade Center (1973–2001)
ADVANTAGES
PAGE: 45

Tube in tube
An outer framed tube together with an internal elevator
and service core.
The outer and inner tubes act jointly in resisting both
gravity and lateral loading in steel-framed buildings.
Millennium tower, 301 Mission Street,
San Francisco, California, Ar. Norman Foster
Floor plan
Tube in tube structure
5.5 TUBE STRUCTURE
3.TUBE IN TUBE
PAGE: 46

5.5 TUBE STRUCTURE
4. BUNDLED TUBE
One Magnificent Mile
North Michigan Avenue, United States
Height: 673.01 ft (205 m), 57 storys
 Instead of one tube, a building consists of several
tubes tied together to resist lateral forces.
 The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no
longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could
become sculpture.
 It is possible to add diagonals to them to increase
the efficient height limit.
PAGE: 47

5.5 TUBE STRUCTURE
4. BUNDLED TUBE
Sears Tower (Chicago, USA,
108 stories, 442 m)
Material /Configuration : STEEL
Section A-A Section B-B
Section C-C
Two additional
tube omitted
PAGE: 48

5.6 STEEL STRUCTURE
Steel structure is a metal structure which is made of
structural steel components connect with each other to
carry loads and provide full rigidity.
Steel Structure CyberTecture Egg Building,
Mumbai, India
PAGE: 49

 Steel has a high strength to weight
ratio which means it has high
strength per unit mass.
 Steel can be easily fabricated and
produced massively.
 This structure saves time and
increases the efficiency of the
overall construction process.
 It is very flexible structure.
 Structural steel is relatively cheap
compared to other building
materials.
 Steel is an alloy of iron. This makes it
susceptible to corrosion.
 It has high maintenance costs as it
has to be painted to make it
corrosion-resistant.
 There are extensive fireproofing
costs involved as steel is not
fireproof.
 In high temperatures, steel loses its
properties.
5.6 STEEL STRUCTURE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
PAGE: 50

5.7 OUTRIGGER STRUCTURE
In these structures a single core serves to carry the entire gravity and
horizontal loading. The slabs are supported at each level by
cantilevers from the core. In others, the slabs are supported between
the core and perimeter columns, which terminated either on major
cantilever a few stories above the ground.
 Enhanced air stability.
 Wide windows can
provide easily.
ADVANTAGES
Millennium Tower, Tokyo, Japan
AR. Norman Foster
PAGE: 51

5.8 EXO-SKELETON STRUCTURE
• In exoskeleton structures, lateral load-resisting systems are placed outside the building lines away from
their facades.
• Due to the system‘s compositional characteristics, it acts as a primary building identifier – one of the
major roles of building facades in general cases.
• However, thermal expansion of the system, exposed to the ever-changing outdoor weather, and the
systemic thermal bridges should be carefully considered during design.
Hotel de las Artes
(Barcelona, Spain, 43 stories, 137 m)
Exterior skeleton
Hotel de las Artes
(Barcelona, Spain, 43 stories, 137 m)
PAGE: 52

5.9 COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
 It is the combination of two or more of basic
structural forms either by direct combination or by
adopting different forms in different parts of the
structure.
 It can be used for the buildings of as high as
300m.
 According to chines code (JGJ3-2002), hybrid
system can be used for the construction of
buildings with maximum 150m height in seismic
regions.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
PAGE: 53

 Combine two or more
materials.
AR. OWINGS & MERRILL SKIDMORE, ADRIAN SMITH
Lujiazui, Pudong, Shanghai, China
 Common between
steel,concrete and
masonry.
Plan of Lujiazui Pudong
5.9 COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
PAGE: 54

Fundamental components of high-rise
Most often high rises generally consists of four main parts:
 Podium
 Tower
 Core
 Structure
 Sub-structure
Podium: podium is platform. in high-rise it is used for as a base of the building and
works to keep the balance with tower. Like visual stability.
Tower: tower is multi story space that rises vertically with circulation.
Core: vertical circulation of the tower which holds and sticks the tower to the base.
Structure: it is high rise building‘s backbone. That helps the total mass to be strong
to stand.
Sub-structure: The substructure of a building transfers the load of the building to
the ground and isolates it horizontally from the ground. This includes foundations and
basement retaining walls.
 Structure
 Podium
 Core
 Tower
 Sub-structure
PAGE: 55

6.1 Core
The core of a multistory building that integrates
functions and service needs for established
occupants. Such areas are normally composed
of toilet facilities, elevator banks, janitors‘ closet,
utilities, mechanical facilities, smoke shafts and
stair.
Types of core:
1. Central core
2. Split core
3. End core
4. Atrium core
Central core split core End core Atrium core
PAGE: 56

6.1 Core
Split core
Hangri la hotel, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
Central core
Shanghai tower, china
PAGE: 57

6.1 Core
End core
Pima luce hotel, Florida
Atrium core
Leeza soho tower, Beijing, china
PAGE: 58

6.1 Core
1.Lift
2.Lobby
3.Fire stair
4.Toilet zone
5.Duct
6.Mechanical room
Function of Core
TOILET
Each floor must contain minimum one toilet or
maximum 5% of the total area.
1.5m X 1.5m or 5ft X 5ft clear space required in
the toilet.
LIFT
TOILET ZONE
FIRE EXITINGUISHER
FIRE SCAPE
AHU ROOM
PRESSURISED AIR DUCT
LIFT LOBBY
PAGE: 59

CIRCULATION
Horizontal circulation:
Corridor, pave etc.
Vertical circulation is the means by which building occupants access
specific areas of a building, including: internal stairs. internal ramps. elevators.
1. Ramp.
2. Stair
3. Elevators
4. Escalator.
PAGE: 60

CIRCULATION
Stairs are sloping passage ways for movement of the people. The stairs should be softly finished; easy going with
comfortable handrails. Should be easily seen and sensibly located.
Staircase: The minimum width of the staircase for various occupancies shall be as specified in following table
BNBC rules for the stairs:
Riser + Trade = 400mm
Riser = 185mm
Trade = 215mm
Number of steps in one flight = 20
Railing height = .9m
7.1 Stair
PAGE: 61

An elevator is a hoisting and lowering mechanism
equipped with a car or platform that moves along
guides in a shaft, or hoist way, in a substantially
vertical direction and that transports passengers or
goods, or both, between two or more floors of a
building.
There are four main types of elevators
1. Geared and Gearless Traction Elevator.
2. Hydraulic Elevator. ...
3. Machine-Room-Less (MRL) Elevator. ...
4. Vacuum Elevator.
CIRCULATION
7.2 Elevator
PAGE: 62
Elevator

CIRCULATION
7.2 Elevator
Hydraulic elevator
Geared elevator Vacuum elevatorMachine room elevator
PAGE: 63

CIRCULATION
7.2 Elevator
PAGE: 64

CIRCULATION
Two car groupings
Three car groupings
Four car groupings
Two car groupings:
 Side-by-side arrangement is best.
 Passenger face both cars and can react immediately.
 Avoid separation of elevators.
 Excessive separation destroy advantages of group operation.
Three car groupings:
 3 cars in a row is Preferable.
 2 cars opposite 1 is acceptable.
Four car groupings:
 commonly in large, busier buildings.
 2-opposite-2 arrangement is the most efficient.
7.2 Elevator
PAGE: 65

Powered stair a sequence of continuously moving step that
transport passengers working between two floors of a
multistory building. Escalator shall be located in the main
line of circulation and inn such a way that most persons
entering the building can see it.
Escalator are generally available in two widths, measured
between two balustrade, 32‘‘ with a passengers capacity of
5000 person/hour and 48‘‘ with a capacity of 8000
person/hour.
Types of Escalator :
 crisscrossed escalator
 Parallel escalator
CIRCULATION
7.3 Escalator
PAGE: 66

Escalators typically rise at an angle of about 30 degrees from the ground. They move at 0.3–0.6 meters (1–
2 ft) per second (like moving walkways) and may traverse vertical distances in excess of 15 meters (49 ft).
Dimensions for Escalators
• Minimum depth of tread in direction of travel—153⁄4 in
• Maximum rise between treads—81⁄2 in
• Minimum width of tread—24 in
• Maximum width of tread—40 in
• Maximum distance between handrail centerlines—width
between balustrades plus 6 in
with not more than 3 in on either side of the escalator
CIRCULATION
7.3 Escalator
PAGE: 67

CIRCULATION
7.3 Escalator
PAGE: 68

PARKING
8.1 TYPES OF PARKING
TYPES OF PARKING
2.Basement parking1.Surface parking 3.Semi-Basement parking
Surface parking refers to
parking which is not enclosed
or created by a structure and
is allocated an area 'at grade'
on ground level.
Surface parking
Basement or ‗Underground’
parking is structured parking
built below ground level,
either as a basement to a
building or covered with
structure above.
‗Semi-basement‘ parking is
structured parking built partly
below ground level, either as a
partial basement to a building or
covered with structure above.
Basement parking Semi-Basement parking
PAGE: 69

8.2 RAMP
PARKING
a sloping surface joining two different
levels, as at the entrance or between
floors of a building.
 Standard ramp ratio of vehicle is 1:8
 Minimum ramp ratio of human is 1:12
8.3 DRIVEWAY EXITS
Minimum head clearance
should be 2.25m or 7’5’’
One-way exit
Distance between road
and ramp entry should be
minimum 4.49m or 14’8’’
Two-way exit
PAGE: 70

PARKING
8.4 PARKING STALLS
Standard vehicular dimension
 For perpendicular or angular parking,
the minimum dimensions required of a
car parking stall shall be:
Stall width: 2400 mm
Stall length: 4800 mm
 For parallel parking minimum
dimensions required of a car parking
stall shall be:
Stall width: 2000 mm
Stall length: 6000 mm
Fig: Parking stall requirements Fig: Parking stall size variation due to
obstructions
Minimum 3000 mm or 9‘10‘‘
Maximum 3600mm or 12‘
Two-way driveway:
Minimum 6000 mm or 19‘8‘‘
Maximum 7200 mm or 24‘
One-way driveway:
PAGE: 71

PARKING
8.5 PARKING LAYOUTS
up
DN
24‘
up
DN
24‘
Two offset sets of two waysFour Rows Four Rows
PAGE: 72

PARKING
8.5 PARKING LAYOUTS
Right-angled layout
ramps in direction of
traffic
Six rows
8.6 CARRIAGEWAY RAMPS
Carriageway ramps are sloped driveway
connecting and providing access between two
levels for vehicles.
PAGE: 73

PARKING
8.7 MULTI-STORIED CAR PARKING
In multi-storied parking, there are a
number of floors or level on which
parking takes a place.
Movement of vehicles between floors
can be accomplish by:
• Interior ramp
• Exterior ramp
• Vehicle lifts
A circular ramp parking A ramp and deck parking
A ramped floor parking
A split level parking
PAGE: 74

PARKING
8.8 MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR OFF-STREET PARKING
Occupancy Parking requirement
a. Residential 1car for every 3633 sq. ft.
b. Educational 1car for every 2422 sq. ft.
c. Institutional 1car for every 3633 sq. ft.
d. Health center 1car for every 3633 sq. ft.
e. Assembly 1car for every 1211 sq. ft.
f. Business& mercantile 1car for every 2422 sq. ft.
g. Industrial 1car for every 3633 sq. ft.
Occupancy
Market
Minimum parking Requirement
Restaurant
1 car for every 2151.68sq ft
1 car for every 1076sq ft
Office 1 car for every 2151sq ft
Residential 1 car for every 3633sq ft
For commercial building
PAGE: 75

FIRE SAFETY
DOORWAY :
• The width of a doorway shall not less than 1 m or 3.2 feet and height not less than 2m or 6.4
feet.
• Exit doors shall not open directly at the flight of a stair.
• Doors should having a fire resistance of at least 20 minutes.
• It should be located outside of core.
CORRIDORS :
• Minimum clear height of the corridors should be 2.4m or 7.8 feet.
PAGE: 76

Materials of fire exist door-
Fire doors are given a fire-
resistance rating, and are
usually made of a
combination
of glass, gypsum, steel,
and aluminum. They are
designed to be kept
closed, and any gaps
between the wall and the
door must be filled with a
fire resistant sealant.
FIRE SAFETY
PAGE: 77

FIRE SAFETY
Fire Detector :
An automatic fire detector is designed detect unwanted presence of fire by
monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion.
Fire Alarm :
A fire alarm notification appliance is an active fire protection component.
Horn Loudspeakers :
Are a very effective way to broadcast messages using a low powered
amplifier.
Fire Bucket :
A fire bucket is a bucket filled with water or sand which is used to prevent or
extinguish fires.
Fire Extinguisher :
A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to control small fires,
often in emergency situations.
PAGE: 78

FIRE SAFETY
Automatic sprinkler system
The system consists of an array of pipe works fitted with fusible
solder or glass bulb in a predetermined temperature fed from
town main, elevated private reservoir, gravity tank or automatic
pump supply and other connecting system which operate
automatically by sensing the heat of fire and discharge water to
extinguish it. These devices also actuate an audible alarm
automatically.
Automatic high velocity water spray
This system applies water in the form o f a conical spray
consisting of droplets of water discharged at high velocity
through specially designed projectors to extinguish fire by
emulsification, cooling, smothering. High velocity system is used
for the protection of medium and heavy oils or similar flammable
liquids.
PAGE: 79

BNBC RULES
SET BACK OF LAND: (B.G.page-3031)
When building height 33 m or above 10 storied:
Front: 1.5 m / 4.92 ft
Side: 3.0 m / 9.84 ft
Back: 3.0 m / 9.84 ft
GROUND COVERAGE: (B.G.page-3032)
The distance of building from the road will be not less
than 4.5m from center of the road or 1.5m distance from
the plot layout area.
Paved area maximum 50% of uncovered space.
Green area will be 50% of uncovered space.
SET BACK OF BASEMENT: (B.G.page-3034)
Basement can extant to the 50% mandatory open space.
Roof of the basement – 1.5m from road level.
STAIR:
Width of stair
Commercial building:
Office -----------------------------1.50m
Small shop and market----------1.50m
Large shop and market----------2.00m
Others -----------------------------1.50m
Trade & riser:
Riser ----------------------175mm (max)
Trade ---------------------225mm. (min)
Head room------------------------2.15m
Hand rail -------------------------0.90m
Retail Shop(Building Planning & Design
Standard-Page 121. )
50 Stores of 21‘x21‘
PAGE: 80

BNBC RULES
PARKING: (B.G. page- 3046-47-48)
 Minimum width of 10‘6‘‘ for 1 car.
 Parking Ramp ratio 1:8
 Driver waiting space 5%
 If the entry and exist is same the wide of the
entry will more than 3m.
 Area for normal car parking 2.4m X 4.6m
 Area for Motor Bick 1m X 2m
 Shop- 1 car parking for 200sq.m.
 Office- 1 car parking for 200sq.m.
 Bus & Truck: 11‘8‘‘x30‘2‘‘
Turning radius(inner): 28‘5‘‘
Turning radius(Outer):41‘9‘‘
For Semi-Basement: 50% area of the
site+ Other Basements 75% area of the site
FIRE ESCAPE: (B.G. page- 3067)
Stair width: 1.5m
CORRIDOR & PASSAGE WIDTH:
For more than 50p 1.1m
For less than 50p 0.9m
Exit access corridor minimum fire rating
1hour.
Exit corridor door minimum fire rating ½
hour.
Corridor & passage height 2.4m.
EXIT DOOR: (B.G. page- 3067)
Maximum users no-50 then circulation distance 23m.
Minimum door width 1m and height 2m.
Can not be use sliding and hanging door
Exit door must be open the running way.
PAGE: 81

BNBC RULES
LIFT: (B.G. page- 3075)
Lift lobby 1.5m X 1.5m
Lift control switch height 890mm-1200mm
Door width min 800mm
SET BACK:
When building height 33m or above 10 storied:
Front: 1.5 m / 4.92 ft
Side: 3.0 m / 9.84 ft
Back: 3.0 m / 9.84 ft
1. According to rules we can provide 50% paved area from
uncovered spaces of the site.
2. Shades on this paved area can be provided where the
minimum height should be 4m from ground level or 3m from
plinth level.
3. The uncovered ground of the site must used for guard room
& parking.
PODIUM:
The height of the podium will be maximum 12m with parapet.
MGC of the podium 75%
GUARD ROOM:
Guard room height will be 2.5m from finished ground level &
the maximum floor area will be 5sqm.
Toilet (Dhaka Imarat Nirman
Bidhimala- 3075.s)
Every floor must have 1 washroom
or 5% of total toilets including
physically challenged people.
Size min:5‘x5‘
PAGE: 82

BNBC RULES
RAMP:
 Slope of ramp should be 1:8
 Preparation length of the ramp should be
minimum 2.25m clear height.
STAIR:
 Minimum width of stair 5‘ (1.5m)
 Railing height of stair is minimum 3‘ (0.9m)
 Clear height of stair is minimum 7‘ (2.10m)
FIRE ESCAPE:
Lift, escalators etc will not count as fire escape elements.
Fire escape should be located on the exterior facade of
the building.
Fire escape must not route people to basement.
The area of fire escape will count 10 sq.m for per person.
Minimum width of exit door is 1m & height 2m.
 CORE(30% of the tower)
 PODIUM(75% of the site)
 TOWER(50% of the site)
PAGE: 83

ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
ADVANTAGE
1. Accommodates large number of families
and houses.
2. They reduce the distance to be travelled by
saving their time.
3. Permit more open space around the
building.
4. Provide more sunlight and pure air.
5. Vertical expression results in curtailment of
cost of various services such as water
supply electrification.
6. Saves lands which can be used further.
7. Pressure coefficients should need little
adjustment for different upwind terrain
types.
8. Existing meteorological data on wind gusts
is used directly.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Construction cost increases.
2. Difficult for children and old people to go up
when elevators fails.
3. Enjoying the charm of private garden cannot
be obtained.
4. The approach is not suitable for very large
structures, or for those with significant
dynamic response.
5. The response characteristics of the gust
anemometers and the natural variability of the
peak gusts tend to be incorporated into the
wind load estimates.
PAGE: 84

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
Location: Agargaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Type: Commercial, office building.
Client: Committee of mutualism Islamic solidarity
educational wake
Architect: M.M. Khan & R. Chowdhury
Consultants: Stapati sangshad ltd.
Floor: 20- Storied high rise
20 storied office tower & 4 storied computer market
Property line: 86400 sq.ft.
Built area: 54020 sq.ft.
Orientation: East-west
Height: 263 feet Area:12,736 sqm, 91,314,815 sq.ft.
Location
PAGE: 85

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
Entry:
1. Office entry
2. Market entry: i) main entry ii) service entry
Entry of market
Entry of office
Office entry market entry
PAGE: 86

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
 It is a post lintel with fare face concrete.
 The building structure is composed of RCC Beam columns. Grid spans 20'-0".
 The low-rise shopping plazas are structured on 1'-6" square columns while the
high- rise office complex is structured on 2'-6" square columns.
 Another structural member, a shear wall measuring approximately 32'-0" by
1'-6" is situating diagonally at the entrance of the shopping complex.
 This wall, reaching 20 stories, takes the load of the roof of the entire structure
and also helps curb wind and any other external lateral load.
structural partsteel truss
STRUCTURE
PAGE: 87

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
FUNCTIONAL ZONING
 Two major function. No additional function was include.
 Both function, office and shopping are distributed in away
no functional mix up a possible
 Function are also characterized by their distinguished form.
PAGE: 88

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
Liftcoreofoffice
Double layer parking garage, with
mechanicaland electrical facilities at
the upper level.
Basement car parking : 110 cars
Surface car parking: 80 cars
Ramp ratio: 1:7
Traffic pattern: way
BASEMENT CAR PARKING
PARKING
PAGE: 89

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
PARKING
Surface Parking of Market Surface Parking of Office
PAGE: 90

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
PARKING
Basement Parking Ramp
PAGE: 91

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
CIRCULATION
 20-25% of the total high-rise complex and
40% in the market space
 Floor to floor high-rise 15‘.
 In all this high-rise is running successfully
with its all types of functional facilities and
arrangements.
 Systematic maintenance is also helping to
run the project.
Pedestrian Circulation
Internal, External
Vertical Circulation
Horizontal Circulation
PAGE: 92

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
CIRCULATION
Ground Floor Plan of Market
Service core Service corePodium
4th FloorPlan
Main core
Atrium ServiceLift & stairTerrace
PAGE: 93

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
FENESTRATION AND CLIMATIC CONSIDERATIONS
 The western facade is completely avoided of opening.
 The large glass panels on the northern facade encourage the natural light into the building.
 The shopping complex is also lit by natural light with the aid of circular glass skylights measuring 3'-0"
in diameter.
 Natural light also enters the building through the semi permeable truss structure which spans 60'-0"
along the entrance to the shopping.
Interior & Lighting of Office
Sky light
Sky light passing in Atrium Well Natural Light Coming
PAGE: 94

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
SECURITY:
 Enough security guard
 Entry checking system
1 fire stair in the main tower,
which is not sufficient enough
for the total complex.
Fire Escape Smoke Detector
FIRE SAFETY
Fire Protection Box
Security in Basement Entry
PAGE: 95

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
Core
Core type: End core
 The service core is located in the western part of the building, where
the climatic factors are most in appropriate for other functions.
 The service core consists of 4 elevators of 1000kg(13persons)
capacity each.
 Northern side of the elevator core is the central stair wall, which also
serves the function of a fire escape.
 On the basement level, below the surface service core, the elevator
machine room, plug room, generator room, water reservoir, fire fighting
equipment room, etc. are situated.
SERVICE CORE
Lift Core in Office
PAGE: 96

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
MECHANICAL SERVICES
 The machine services are located on the basement level.
 The main power of the 1600 ton central a/c.
 4 Chillers of 400 t.r. capacity
 8 Chilled water pumps which connect to 3 cooling towers on
the roof floor
 3 Water treatment pumps and cooling condensers.
 2 Water reservoirs of a capacity more than 85,000
gallons per day. The overhead water reservoir on the
roof top also has a similar capacity.
 2 Water pumps, one of 37kw and the other of 15kw pump
water from
the reservoirs for use in the building.
 A generator room 440v generator.
 4 Step-down transformers which supply 1.5 M.w. power
per day to the building.
Generator Room
3 Cooling Tower on Top of Roof
PAGE: 97

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
MECHANICAL SERVICES
Water Pump Chiller Room
PAGE: 98

CASE STUDY
IDB Bhaban
IMAGES
IDB Bhaban IDB Bhaban
PAGE: 99

CASE STUDY
BASHUNDHARA CITY COMPLEX
Project name: Basundhara City.
Location: Panthapath, Dhaka-1215.
Builder: Basundhara Group.
Construction Time: 1999-2003.
Construction cast: TK 400 Crore approx.
Floor Area: 18,64,368 Sq.ft.
Tower Area- 1,73,500 Sq.ft
Podium Area- 16,90,860 Sq. ft.
Architectural Design: Architectural Consulting
Firm Thailand, Vistara Architects Ltd.-
Bangladesh.
Structural design: Arun Chaiesri Consulting
Engineers Co, Ltd. Thailand
Plumbing & Electrical Eng.: Environmental
Engineering Consultants Ltd. Thailand.
Glass: Jamil Glass Industries, Saudi Arab. BASHUNDHARA CITY COMPLEX, Dhaka, 30 story.
PAGE: 100

CASE STUDY
Basundhara
City
Basement Podium Tower
BASHUNDHARA CITY COMPLEX BASHUNDHARA CITY COMPLEX
PAGE: 101

CASE STUDY
 Car Parking.
 Management Office.
 Kaler Kontha Office.
 Security Guard Room.
 Water reservoir.
 Fire Fighter room.
BASEMENT
Basement-2
Basement-1
Parking entry
PAGE: 102

CASE STUDY
2. PODIUM:
 10 Storied Building.
 Level 1 to Level 7
Shopping Mall,
 Level 8 Multi Screen cinema
Hall, Theme Park, Food
Court, Cyber café, CC TV
room, PABX system, etc.
 Level 9 & Level 10
Projection Room, Generator
Room, Chiller Room, Fire
fighting system, Building
Auto-machine system,
Sanitation System, Electrical
System.
PAGE: 103

3. TOWER
 20 storied building.
 Level 11 to Level 17 China Town,
 Level 18 Office Space.
 Level 19 to 20 Gym & Swimming
Pool.
 Level 21 to 29 Office building.
 Level 30 for Building Auto-matching
system, Sanitation system, Electrical
system, Chiller room, Substation
room, Generator room.
CASE STUDY
TOWER
PAGE: 104

CASE STUDY
PLAN OF LEVEL 01
 The Floor plan divided in to 4
parts - A, B, C, D.
 All parts carrying separate
facilities.
 Electricity line
 Plumbing line
 Fire fitting system
 AC Utilities
 Securities system.
CD
A B
FLOOR PLANS
PAGE: 105

CASE STUDY
SECTION 1
KALER
KONTHA
OFFICE
GOLD GYM
MACHINE ROOM
LEVEL 08-MULTI-
FUNCTIONAL
SPACE
PARKING SPACE
MACHINE ROOM
SHOPPING CENTER
OFFICE SPACE
PAGE: 106

FLOOR PLANS: BASEMENT
PLAN OF 1st BASEMENT PARKING
 2 basement parking.
 Car parking capacity-1000
nos.
 Approx. 1200 cars passing
through it.
 Each cars stay time 2 hours.
 Water reservoir.
 septic tank.
 Fire service room,
 Security guard room.
KALER KONTHA
OFFICE
WATER
RESERVOIR
SEPTIC
TANK
RAMP
CASE STUDY
PAGE: 107

CASE STUDY
DATA OF BASEMENT 01
SL.
NO.
DESCRIPTION OF AREAS SQUARE IN METER
01 EXTERIOR WALL AREA 148.43 Sq. m.
02 17- NOS LIFT AREA 155.24 Sq. m.
03 4- NOS CAPSULE LIFT AREA 34.62 Sq. m.
04 7- NOS STAIR AREA 163.30 Sq. m.
05 2 NOS RAMP AREA 154.42 Sq. m.
06 M & E FACILITIES AREA 179.78 Sq. m.
07 KALER KONTHA OFFICE B-01 850.95 Sq. m.
08 3 NOS TOILET AREA 51.09 Sq. m.
09 410- NOS CAR PARKING AREA
PERMANENT BLOCKED- 10
TEMPORARY BLOCKED-64
FREE SPACE FOR PARKING- 336
11742.36 Sq. m.
COVERED AREA 13480.19 Sq. m.
 TOTAL AREA OF BASEMENT 01
= 16227.17 Sq. m.
 LESS VOID AREA
= 1819.94 Sq. m.
 WATER RESERVOIR & PUMP
ROOF AREA
= 802.07 Sq. m.
PAGE: 108

FLOOR PLANS: PODIUM
PLAN OF LEVEL 01
 There is a wide
passage to go to the
Atrium.
 In atrium there are 3
axial passage.
 There are lines of
corridor & shops from
axial passages.
ATRIUM
LIFT & STAIR
AHU
SKY LIGHT
TOILET CORE
RAMP
SHOPS
CASE STUDY
PAGE: 109

CASE STUDY
SL.
NO.
01 MAIN STAIR & ENTRANCE
PLAZA
519.62 Sq. m.
02 SUB ENTRANCE & SITTING
PLAZA
349.59 Sq. m.
03 ATRIUM AREA 624.72 Sq. m.
04 MAIN CORRIDOR 1975.32 Sq. m.
05 SUB CORRIDOR 3087.15 Sq. m.
06 TOWER PART 617.33 Sq. m.
07 6-NOS TOILET AREA (LADIES
& GENTS)
183.12 Sq. m.
09 17-NOS LIFT AREA 155.24 Sq. m.
10 4-NOS CAPSUL LIFT AREA 34.62 Sq. m.
11 7-NOS STAIR AREA 163.30 Sq. m.
12 368-NOS SHOP AREA 62.32.16 Sq. m.
 TOTAL AREA OF LEVEL 01
= 16322.41 Sq. m.
 LESS VOID AREA
= 179.40 Sq. m.
 COVERED AREA
= 14290.17 Sq. m.
DATA of LEVEL 01
PAGE: 110

CASE STUDY
PLAN OF LEVEL-07
 SUPER MARKET
 AUDITORIUM
 FOOD AREA
 OFFICE AREA. FOOD AREA
AUDITORIUM
OFFICE SPACE
MARKET BLOCK
FLOOR PLANS: PODIUM
PAGE: 111

SL.
NO
.
01 BLOCK- A 2150.11 Sq. m.
02 BLOCK- B 1629.50 Sq. m.
03 BLOCK- C 2175.60 Sq. m.
04 BLOCK- D 2534.57 Sq. m.
05 AUDITORIUM 213.05 Sq. m.
06 FOOD AREA 112.16 Sq. m.
07 OFFICE AREA 123.77 Sq. m.
07 6-NOS TOILET AREA
(LADIES & GENTS)
183.12 Sq. m.
CASE STUDY
DATA OF LEVEL 07
PAGE: 112

CASE STUDY
PLAN OF LEVEL-08
 FOOD COURT
 ATN STUDIO
 CINEMA HALL 3 NOS
 THEME PARK
 CYBER CAFE
 01 NO CC TV ROOM
 PABX SYSTEM
 FIRE FITTING SYSTEM
FOOD COURT
ATN STUDIO
THEME PARK INDOOR PLAY
AREA
CYBER
CAFE
STAR
CINEPLEX
OFFICE
OFFICE
CHINESE
RESTURANT
TICKET
COUNTER
FLOOR PLANS: PODIUM
PAGE: 113

CASE STUDY
STARE CENEPLEX CORRIDOR TOGGY WORLD FOOD COURT
LEVEL 8
PAGE: 114

CASE STUDY
 TOTAL AREA OF
LEVEL 08
= 14247.47 Sq. m.
 LESS VOID AREA
= 1335.03 Sq. m.
 COVERED AREA
= 12912.44 Sq. m.
SL.
NO
DESCRIPTION OF
AREAS
SQUARE IN
METER
01 3-NOS CINEMA HALL&
PROJECTION ROOM
1552.29 Sq.
m.
02 ATN STUDIO 573.43 Sq. m.
03 BOWING 288.22 Sq. m.
04 NEW GYM 850.25 Sq. m.
05 CYBER CAFE 220.25 Sq. m.
06 WASHING AREA 52.68 Sq. m.
07 CHINESE RESTURANT 222.81 Sq. m.
08 RIDES AREA 1910.00 Sq.
m.
10 7-NOS TOILET AREA 225.17 Sq. m.
11 17-NOS LIFT AREA 155.24 Sq. m.
12 4-NOS CAPSUL LIFT
AREA
34.62 Sq. m.
13 9 NOS STAIR AREA 228.40 Sq. m.
SL.
NO
DESCRIPTION OF
AREAS
SQUARE IN
METER
14 98 NOS FOOD COURT
SHOP AREA
1518.85 Sq.
m.
15 FOOD COURT
CORRIDOR
706.16 Sq. m.
16 OPEN TERRACE AREA 138.38 Sq. m.
17 CINEMA HALL
CORRIDOR AREA
1044.40 Sq.
m.
18 FOOD COURT USABLE
AREA
1678.99 Sq.
m.
19 THEME PARK
CORRIDOR AREA
665.38 Sq. m.
20 THEME PARK -01 421.29 Sq. m.
21 DOUBLE STORIED
AREA
282.86 Sq. m.
22 PARTY AREA 175.16 Sq. m.
TOTAL 12912.44 Sq.
m.
DATA OF LEVEL 08
PAGE: 115

CASE STUDY
LEVEL 9 & 10
5-NOS COOLING
TOWER
AIR DUCT
SUB STATION ROOM
MACHINE ROOM
PAGE: 116

CASE STUDY
PLAN OF LEVEL 11
 Level 11 to level 17 China town
(proposed- one stop shopping
mall)
 Level 18 office space
 Level 11 & level 12 for gym &
swimming pool, One for ladies,
one for gents.
 Level 11 to level 29 for office
space.
 Level 30 for chiller room, sub-
station room, building auto
machine system, sanitation
system, electrical system, fire
fitting control room etc.
TOWERFLOOR PLANS: TOWER
PAGE: 117

CASE STUDY
TYPICAL PLAN OF LEVEL 11 TO 17
CHINA TOWN ( ONE STOP
SHOPPING MALL)
 Grameenphone‘s x-office.
 Waiting for rent.
 12-nos escalator.
 1-no stair, 5-nos lift.
 2-nos toilet zone.
FLOOR PLANS: TOWER
PAGE: 118

CASE STUDY
CHINA TOWN
CHINA TOWN INTERIOR CHINA TOWN INTERIOR CHINA TOWN
PAGE: 119

CASE STUDY
PLAN OF LEVEL 19 & LEVEL 20
LADIES GYM GENTS GYM
GYM:
 AEROBICS
 CARDIO
 STRENGTH
 SPINNING
 YOGA, ETC
SWIMMING POOL:
 STEAM
 SAUNA,
 JACUZZI,
 FITNESS
ASSESSMENT
 JUICE BAR.
FLOOR PLANS: TOWER
PAGE: 120

CASE STUDY
LADIES GYM
GYM:
 AEROBICS
 CARDIO
 STRENGTH
 SPINNING
 YOGA, ETC
SWIMMING POOL:
 STEAM,
 SAUNA,
 JACUZZI,
 FITNESS
ASSESSMENT
 JUICE BAR.
FIRE SCAP
SWIMMING POOL
BABY‘S POOL
SAUNASTEAM
JACUZZI
TOILET ZONE
FLOOR PLANS: TOWER
PAGE: 121

CASE STUDY
 Level 11 office space
 Round shape is start from
here
 Level 17 & 19 –directors
room.
 Level 18 –industrial
marketing.
PLAN OF LEVEL 21
RECORD ROOM
INDUSTRIAL
SALES
RECEPTION
MONEY RECEIPT
DISCUSSION
FIRE SCAPE
EMERGENCY
LIFT
TOILET ZONE
PRAYER ROOM
MECHANICAL
ROOM SECURITY
FLOOR PLANS: TOWER
PAGE: 122

CASE STUDY
OFFICE SPACE
INTERIOR: TOWER
OFFICE SPACE
PAGE: 123

CASE STUDY
SL.NO. DESCRIPTION OF AREAS SQUARE IN METER
01 OFFICE SPACE 844.94 Sq. m.
02 2-NOS STAIR AREA 62.30 Sq. m.
03 5-NOS LIFT (TOWER)
AREA
43.69 Sq. m.
04 2-NOS TOILET AREA 43.22 Sq. m.
05 MECHANICAL
FACILITIES
33.60 Sq. m.
06 OPEN TERRACE 411.35 Sq. m.
TOTAL AREA OF LEVEL 21- 1439.10 Sq. m.
DATA OF LEVEL 21
PAGE: 124

CASE STUDY
LEVEL 30
WATER RE-CYCLE MACHING
3-NOS COOLING TOWER
TOWER
PAGE: 125

CASE STUDY
HVAC SYSTEM
(ROOF):
 COOLING TOWER
 OBSERVATION DECK
 A/C CONDENSER
MACHINE ROOM.
A/C CONDENSER MACHINE ROOM
WATER FILTERATION TOWER A/C MACHINE ROOM
FILTERED WATER
WATER PIPE LINE A/C MACHINE ROOM
PAGE: 126

CASE STUDY
 5-nos chiller.
 5-nos cooling tower.
 15 pump
 250-nos fan unit.
 619-nos ahu(air handling unit)
room.
 14-nos exhaust & ventilation fan.
AIR DUCT
LOUVER
LIGHT
Capacity of cooling tower-5750
ton. WARM AIR
PASSING DUCT
HVAC SYSTEM
PAGE: 127

CASE STUDY
FIRE FITTING SYSTEM
2 TYPE OF FIRE ALARM
SYSTEM
 AUTOMATICALLY
 MANUALLY
FIRE ALARM ARE USE
IN 8 PLACES
FIRE HAZARD AREA
SMOKE DITECTOR TELEPHONE TO
CONTROL ROOM
INFORM TO FIRE
FIGHTER
DECLARATIN OF FIRE
HAZARD BY MIKE.
ADVICE THEM TO GO
TO SAFE PLACE.
WATER RESERVOIR FIRE EXITINGUISHER
PAGE: 128

CASE STUDY
MANUAL SYSTEM SMOKE DITECTORE
FIRE EXTINGUISHERFIRE SCAPE
FIRE FITTING SYSTEM
PAGE: 129

CASE STUDY
FIRE CONTROL ROOM
3-NOS WATER RESERVOIR
8-NOS ALARM PANEL
BASEMENT 01
FIRE FITTING SYSTEM
PAGE: 130

CASE STUDY
CORE DESIGN: TOWER
PRESSURISED AIR
DUCT
AHU ROOM
FIRE SCAPE
EMERGENCY LIFT
TOILET ZONE
FIRE EXITINGUISHER
PAGE: 131

CASE STUDY
PARKING SYSTEM  Waiting time of car-2 hour.
 3-nos ramp for semi basement.
 2-nos ramp for basement.
 1000-nos car parking area.
PAGE: 132

CASE STUDY
CIRCULATION
HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
 VEHICLE
 PEDESTERIAN
VERTICAL CIRCULATION
 16-NOS ELEVATOR
 61-NOS ESCALATOR
 4-NOS CAPSUL LIFT
 4-NOS OBSERVATION LIFT
VEHICLE ENTRY
PAGE: 133

CASE STUDY
POST LINTEL+ POST SLAB.
TOWER:
 Level 29- extra steel beam are used.
 Carbon strip used- 1.2 mm THICK
50mm WIDTH.
 Level 28 & 29 floor height 3.6m.
 Level 27- slab level changed.
Floor height 5.250 m.
 Level 26 to 21 floor height 3.6 m.
 Level 19 & 20 floor height 5.25 m.
 Level 11 to 18 floor level 4.20m.
 Column size 1m x 1m.
STEEL
BEAM
CARBON
STRIP
CARBON
FIBER
STRUCTURE
PAGE: 134

CASE STUDY
PODIUM:
 LEVEL 1 TO 8 FLOOR HEIGHT 4.20m
 LEVEL 9 TO 10 FLOOR AREA 5.25 m.
 COLUMN SIZE 700X700 mm.
 COLUMN SPACE 24’-6”.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
MICRO CONCRETE
(1 KG STONE: 75 KG CEMENT)
MIXING
TOWER LEVEL 17 TOWER LEVEL 19BASEMENT
STRUCTURE
PAGE: 135

CASE STUDY
DOME VAULTSPOT LIGHT
STRUCTURE
PAGE: 136

BUILDING METERIAL
Dome & barrel vault:
 Poly carbonate sheet,
 Protection sheet
 Finished sheet
Building surface:
 Cement, sand stone, rod are use as
construction materials.
 Alocobond for outer surface.
 Tempered glass.
 Alpolic panel etc.
 Dome-dia-143‘.
CASE STUDY
PAGE: 137

CASE STUDY
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
 The north side elevation of the
building looks ugly.
 Semi basement ramp are using for
pedestrian.
 Security guard’s room are in
basement.
 Bad smell spread from basement
drain.
 Bashundhara city has no setback.
BNBC: Minimum rear and side open space
requirement of a plot
Building of
all
occupancy
Plot Size
(m)2
Minimum
Rear Open
Space (m)
Minimum
Side Open
Space (m)
11 Storied or
more than
33m.
Any 3.0 3.0
PAGE: 138

CASE STUDY
NO PEDESTERIAN
DEAD SPACEDRAIN
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
PAGE: 139

CASE STUDY
Start: 1970
Complete: 1974
Architect: Charles Correa
Associate Structure Engineer: Shirish Patel&
Association Construction Pvt.Ltd
Location: India,Mumbai,Cumballa Hill
Height: 84 Meters
Total Floor: 27
Function: Housing(Residential)
Type: Modern Structure
Material: Concrete
Architecture Style: Modern, Brutalism
KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENTS
PAGE: 140

CASE STUDY
EXTERIOR VIEW
PAGE: 141

CASE STUDY
Location of the building
KANCHANJUNGA
APARTMENTS
PAGE: 142

CASE STUDY
Features of the building:
 The purpose of this project was to study a typology of
house, and find out how the architect used to work
and design.
 The building present a 4:1 proportion between height
and base. The structure is developed around a central
core that includes lifts and stairs.
 Kanchanjunga apartments building present 2 different
apartment typology(referring to the drawing above, the
A-typology is the yellow, and the B-typology is the red
one).
 A-typology trying to concentrate on the way of living
the house.
This has been made through:
 Physical passage analysis
 Visual passage analysis
 This building has to be oriented east-west to catch
prevailing sea breezes & to open up the best view of
the city.
 Unfortunately these are also the directions of the hot
sun & the heavy monsoon rains.
PAGE: 143

CASE STUDY
Climatic analysis: The climate and location of the
site presents a contradictory situation to the architect.
The east west axis affords the best views and catches
all the sea breezes, but also brings into the building the
hot afternoon sun and the hard monsoon rain. Correa
decided to use the organization of a bungalow of
wrapping around the main living spaces a protective
verandah. He turns the verandah or buffer zone into a
garden which not only protects the living areas from the
sun and rain but actually thrives on them. Combining
climatic consideration with that views Correa settled
upon a configuration of interlocking the units which
faced east and west.
Functional analysis: Kanchanjunga consists
32 luxury apartments of three to six bedrooms
each. Apartments are interlocking themselves by
sharing two floors.
Formal expression: The highly articulated and
complex interiors do not follow the geometric
rhythms of the exterior. The two floor height
terrace acts as a mediator the internal and
external spaces by becoming the ordering
element of the building.
PAGE: 144

CASE STUDY
Technical aspect: Light and ventilation is totally
well climatically solved and other equipment's
mechanically solved. In central of the apartment used
a core and 4tifts, one stair sited in this core.
Structure: Structure is built
around a central service core which
was constructed first. Total
structure is built on shear wall.
Vertical zoning: Basement level uses
for parking. Ground floor uses both
entry lobby and
parking. Other floors are use as
residential space. These spaces share
different floors by split-levels.
Circulation: The horizontal circulation o this
apartment is mainly a split levels duplex. The vertical
circulation of this apartment holds 4 lifts and a
common stair. In the other hand we also see typical
floor vertical circulation is completely defined a split
levels duplex vertical circulation.
PAGE: 145

CASE STUDY
 The old bungalows solved these problems by wrapping a
protective layer of verandas around the main living area
thus providing the occupants with 2 lines of defense
against the elements.
 From the interlock of four different apartment typologies
varying from 3 to 6 bed rooms each.
 Smaller displacements of level where critical in this work
in that they differentiated between the external earth filled
terrace and the internal elevated living volumes.
 These subtle shifts enable correa to effectively shoed
these high rise units from the effects of both the sun and
monsoon rains.
Parking Entrance
PAGE: 146

CASE STUDY
Main structureparking Lobby
Landscape
SITE PLAN
PAGE: 147

CASE STUDY
PAGE: 148

CASE STUDY
Plan and section
Type A Type B
PAGE: 149

CASE STUDY
Type C Type D
Plan and section
PAGE: 150

CASE STUDY
PAGE: 151

CASE STUDY
PAGE: 152

CASE STUDY
Typical section, showing interlock of basic unit
PAGE: 153

CASE STUDY
Interior view
PAGE: 154

CASE STUDY
PAGE: 155

CASE STUDY
BURJ AL ARAB
Burj al Arab
PAGE: 156

CASE STUDY
BURJ AL ARAB
Project name : Burj-Al-Arab / ( Arab Sail )
Type : Luxury Hotel
Architectural Style : High - Tech
Architect : Tom Wright of WKK Architects
Developer : Jumeirah
Structural Engineer : Atkins
Chief Contractor : WS Atkins Partners Overseas
Construction Contractor : Murray & Roberts
Location :United Arab Emirates (Dubai)
Height :321 m (1,053 ft.)
Floor : 60
Floor Area : 1,200,000 sq ft
Core Type : Central Core
Lifts/elevators : 18
Construction : 1994 to 1999
CONCEPT:
 Sail rising from water
PAGE: 157

CASE STUDY
BURJ AL ARAB
Location of the building
PAGE: 158

CASE STUDY
BURJ AL ARAB
The World‘s Tallest Usable Full Hotel Building ( 321m ) .
If you counted mixed use Buildings The Jin Mao Tower in China
Would be the tallest which is only half hotel.
In English “BURJ AL ARAB” means The Arabian tower .
Burj Al Arab was one of the most expensive buildings ever built .
It is one of the World‘s only Two ―7 star‖ hotels .
Burj al Arab is Shaped like A Sail .
Height of Atrium 182 m.
Height of helipad from sea 212 m.
Height of top mast from island 321 m .
HEIGHT
PAGE: 159

CASE STUDY
BURJ AL ARAB
 Building is a hybrid ―V‖ shape structure
constructed in concrete & blended with
structural steel .
 The ―V‖ shape steel frame wraps around
the reinforced concrete tower inhabiting
hotel rooms & lobbies .
 The two wings enclose space in center to
from largest atrium in the world standing
about 180m height .
 The Bruj al Arab is 56 storey & 10,000
sq.ft. floor area .
 There is a concrete core at the back of the
building which forms the base of the ―v‖
shape and trusses are connected to it .
ROOM
STAIR
LIFT LIFT LOBBY
Typical floor plan
N
PAGE: 160

CASE STUDY
BURJ AL ARAB
 The orientation of the building minimizes the heat
gain during the summer season .
 The south elevation has the most exposed surface
area .
 As a result , it has the maximum capacity for heat
absorption .
 At the main entrance there is a grand stairway,
escalator & elevator.
 For air , the revolving door located at the main
entrance acts as a locking mechanism to prevent a
phenomenon known as the stack effect , which
occurs when the hot air rises and the cool air falls
in a tall building .
PAGE: 161

CASE STUDY
BURJ AL ARAB
 Sky view restaurant survives wind 160 k per
hour aluminum, glass, steel frame box girders
27m projected each side 200m above sea .
 Series of steel brackets cast in to the core .
 10 girds radiates out .
PAGE: 162

CASE STUDY
BURJ AL ARAB
 Atrium
 Cantilever
 Landing Pad
 Pole
 Truss
 Stilts
 Bruj Al Arab has the structural
expressionism .
 Structural expressionism basically
means that the structural components of
the building are visible on the inside as
well as outside .
 This includes features such as exposed
truss work & complex shapes .
Structural System
Structural type
PAGE: 163

CASE STUDY
BURJ AL ARAB
Materials
 CARBON
 FIBER
 CONCRETE
 FABRIC
 GLASS
 GOLD
 STEEL
PAGE: 164

CASE STUDY
BURJ AL ARAB
Wind effect in Dubai
 Geographic location subjects the hotel to
severe weather conditions including strong
wind and occasional violent thunderstorms .
 Wind speed of 45 meters per second ,
under the recommendation of Dubai
Municipality , was adopted for the design.
 Itself is not located in an earthquake
intensive zone .
vortex shedding
 Analysis were done with respect to building
response under wind loads .
 Wind tunnel could threaten the entire
skeleton.
 Wind blowing away sharp edges can cause
destruction .
 Vibration may cause due to vortex shedding
Seismic Impact Dubai
PAGE: 165

CASE STUDY
BURJ AL ARAB
Facade
 Fabric wall stretched between Horizontal beams .
 Stretch woven double skinned Teflon coated woven
glass fiber screen .
 Glazed curtain wall with aluminum cladding .
 Steel structure clawed with 6mm composite
aluminum panels .
PAGE: 166

CASE STUDY
BURJ AL ARAB
Helipad
 Made of steel trusses and 20mm thick plates .
 Two props circular steel pipes 1m in diameter .
 Forms inverted V-shape inclined at 30 degree angel .
 Tied back to the central core by 40 meter long spine truss .
PAGE: 167

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