Report on Design of a HighRise.pptx

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REPORT ON DESIGN OF A HIGH-RISE
PRESENTED BY: (GROUP 03)
2012040006
2012040009
2012040013
REPORT ON DESIGN
OF A HIGH-RISE
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Pelli Clarke Pelli Design 3 Towers for the Regeneration of Central Tokyo

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
03. CATEGORIZATION OF HIGH RISE
● Configuration Based Classification
● General Classification
02. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
● Sunrise To High-Rise
● High-Rise Arises
● The World Tallest Race
01. INTRODUCTION
● Definition of High-Rise
● Development of High-Rise
2
All the datas were collected from various books, online architectural journals, magazine and resources like BNBC etc.
05. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
● Post-lintel structure
● Post-slab Structure
● Shear wall structure
● Steel structure
● Composite structure
07. CIRCULATION PROCESS
● Staircase
● Elevators
● Escalators
08. VEHICULAR ACCESSIBILITY
(PARKING)
● Parking Typology
● Ramp
09. FIRE EVACUATION
● Fire Extinguishers
● Fire Safety in Planning Level
● Fire Exit
10. IBC & BNBC CODES
● IBC Codes
● BNBC Codes
● FAR Calculation
11. ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
● Why High-Rise is Important?
● Advantage of High-Rise
● Disadvantage of High-Rise
12. A CONCEPT FOR
ENERGY-EFFICIENT HIGH-
RISE
● Abstract
● Renewable & Non-
renewable Energy of
Building
● Commit to an integrated
design process
13. CASE STUDIES
● International
● National
06. ANATOMY OF HIGH-RISE
● Components of High-Rise
● Core
● Mechanical Components
04. VARIOUS TYPES OF LOAD ON HIGH-
RISE
● Load Distribution System
● Classification of load

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WHAT IS HIGH-RISE BUILDING?
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-RISE BUILDING
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INTRODUCTION
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❏ A high-rise building is a tall building, as
opposed to a low-rise building and is
defined differently in terms of height
depending on the jurisdiction.
❏ It is used as a residential, office
building, or other functions including
hotel, retail, or with multiple purposes
combined.
❏ Residential high-rise buildings are also
known as tower blocks and may be
referred to as “MDUs”, standing for
“multi-dwelling unit”.
❏ A very tall high-rise building is referred to
as a skyscraper.
What Is a High-Rise
Building?
4
Banani DCC-Unique Complex, Dhaka
Sir Peter Hall’s Cities in Civilization

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EMPORIS STANDARDS
“A multi-story structure between 35–100
meters tall, or a building of unknown
height from 12–39 floors.”
THE NEW SHORTER OXFORD ENGLISH
DICTIONARY
“A building having many storeys.”
VARIOUS BODIES HAVE DEFINED “HIGH-RISE”
THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON FIRE SAFETY IN HIGH-RISE
BUILDINGS
“Any structure where the height can have
a serious impact on evacuation.”
IN THE US THE NATIONAL FIRE
PROTECTION ASSOCIATION
“A high-rise as being higher than 75 feet
(23 meters), or about 7 stories.”
5
RESOURCE: EVOLO SKYSCRAPERS VOLUME 3
BANGLADESH NATIONAL BUILDING
CODE (BNBC-15)
A High-Rise which considering the
buildings with 11 storeys (33 meters).
MASSACHUSETTS UNITED STATES
GENERAL LAWS
A High-Rise is being higher than 70 feet
(21m).
ACCORDING TO THE BUILDING CODE
OF HYDERABAD, INDIA
A high-rise building is one with four floors
or more, or 15 to 18 meters or more in
height.
MOST BUILDING ENGINEERS,
INSPECTORS, ARCHITECTS AND
SIMILAR PROFESSIONALS
A high-rise as a building that is at least 75
feet (23 m).

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“Human settlements are like living organisms. They must grow, and they will
change. But we can decide on the nature of that growth - on the quality and
the character of it - and where it ought to go. We don't have to scatter the
building blocks of our civic life all over the countryside, destroying our towns
and ruining farmland.”
-James Howard Kunstler
6
Agrabad | The Commercial Hub of Chittagong

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● Tall structures have been in existence for
centuries. The Great Pyramid of Giza, built
in the 26th Century BC, was as high as 480
feet high.
● The Towers of Bologna, constructed in the
12th Century AD, topped out at about 320
feet for the tallest tower. Although these
were tall structures, they did not perform
the same functions that today’s modern
high-rise does.
● The purpose of the modern high-rise
building is to maximize building area in
the smallest lot area.
● The modern high-rise rose to prominence
when two significant developments were
achieved: steel frame construction and the
safety elevator.
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-RISE BUILDING
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International Building Code (IBC)
CITY CENTRE DHAKA

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The Poetry of High-Rise
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HISTORY
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The Birth of Height BY by Jason Barr

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"They said to each other, "Come let us make bricks and bake them thoroughly". They used brick
instead of stone, and bitumen for mortar. Then they said, "Come let us build ourselves a city, with
a tower that reaches to the heavens, so that we may make a name for ourselves and not be
scattered over the face of the earth"- (Genesis 11:3 - 4)
THE POETRY OF HIGH-RISE
● In the quote above from the Bible, the quest for the construction of the Tower of Babel was driven by pride to reach towards
the sky, and the quest to live together in one place.
● The idea of tall buildings has always been an exciting one to mankind. Towards the end of the 19th Century, the construction of
tall buildings started in Chicago, due to new inventions such as the elevator and the telephone (Ali and Moon, 2007; Hallebrand
and Jakobsson, 2016).
● William LeBaron Jenney, a Chicago architect, designed the first skyscraper in 1884. Prior to the development of buildings for
occupancy purposes, tall structures have been built in ancient times to satisfy one desire or another.
Pyramids Qutb Minar Ziggurat The Home insurance
building

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THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TALL BUILDINGS
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PRE-HISTORIC, STONEHENGE, England
Year: 3100B.C.
Materials: Stone.
Style: monumental, Temple
Height: 76 feet tall.
ANCIENT
PYRAMID,
EGYPT
Year: 2500B.C.
Materials:
Limestone,
granite
Style:
Monumental,
Temple
Height: 481 feet
tall.
MEDIEVAL, CATHEDRAL OF PISA, ITALY
Year: 1092 A.D.
Materials: stone, white marble.
Style: church complex.
Height: (183.27 feet)
INDUSTRIAL, Home insurance
building, Chicago.
Year: 1885 A.D.
Type: Office Building
Height: 10 storied (138 feet height.)
INTERNATIONAL, SAS Royal
Hotel, Copenhagen, Denmark
YEAR: 1960
Height: 228 feet
Structure: Reinforced concrete
frame structure
NEO-MODERNISM, TC Energy
Center,U.S.A
Year: 1983
Height: 780 feet or 56 stories
Structure: composite structure
POST-MODERNISM, Capella Tower,
Minneapolis.
Year: 1990
HEIGHT: 57 stories, 910 ft.(280 m).
Structure: composite structure
HIGH-TECH, Burj Khalifa, Dubai
Year: 2010
Height: 2,722 ft.
Structure: Reinforced concrete,
steel, glass and aluminum.

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Configuration based & General Classification.
03
CATEGORIZATION
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CONFIGURATION
BASED
CLASSIFICATIONS
The classifications of High-Rise Buildings
based on their configuration consists of
six primary global schemes & each one
includes several samples of previously
designed & fresh proposals. The
emphasis will be on fresh proposals
which show sustainability in form.
PRIMARY GLOBAL
SCHEMES
CLUSTERED TOWER SINGLE TOWER
REGULAR FORMS,
REGIONAL FORMS,
CREATIVE FREE FORMS
SEPARATE CLUSTER
TOWER,
ENTIRELY CONNECTED
TOWERS THROUGH HEIGHT,
CONNECTED TOWERS WITH
PARTIALLY DETACHED
AREA.
Pank. W & Girardet. H & Cox. G. (March 2002), Tall Building & Sustainability

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CONFIGURATION BASED CLASSIFICATIONS
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SEPARATE CLUSTER TOWER:
These systems are not structurally
connected to each other but pedestrian
linkage is recommended for quick
evacuation & comfort of occupants (not
recommended for residential types).
ENTIRELY CONNECTED TOWERS
THROUGH HEIGHT:
Entirely connected towers through the
height can bring many benefits. In this
system the tall buildings can have their own
central core or a condominium one which
will be the intersection of tower.
Dubai Towers, Tower 1 Bahrain World Trade
Centre
Russia Tower

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CONNECTED TOWERS WITH
PARTIALLY DETACHED AREA:
REGULAR
FORMS:
Traditional forms
of tall buildings
have been usually
inspired by their
conventional
structural
systems. This
structural system
consist of framed
tube, braced
tube, bundled
tube, tube in
tube &
outriggers & belt
trusses which
shown an exterior
expression of
architecture.
In this system the
towers are
connected to
each other but
detached in
some areas
through their
height. In opening
areas pedestrian
linkage can be
used. This option
can also be used
in rapid
evacuation.
21st Century Tower,
Chaina

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REGIONAL FORMS:
Regional forms can be offered in
both clustered & single tall
buildings. The most significant
trend of tall buildings
constructed in various Asian
countries is that they use their
own regional architecture &
cultural traditions as their main
design motives.
CREATIVE FREE FORMS:
Architect keep trying
to design free forms
to introduce their
initiatives but in the
case of tall building
they should follow
some basic
structural rules &
because the nature of
complexity in tall
buildings.
Taipei 101 Burj Al Arab Pearl River Tower Nordhavnen
Residences

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GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS
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High-rise buildings are generally classified by its using purpose. They are:
1. Monumental High-Rise,
2. Commercial High-Rise &
3. Residential High-Rise.
1. MONUMENTAL HIGH-RISE:
This type of high-rise is made only for
monumental purpose. These are built
only for landmark.
National Martyrs' Memorial,
Savar, Bangladesh (1982)
150ft. In height.
The Washington
Monument,
U.S.A. (1854)
Height; 555 ft.(169 m)
13th Scientific Conference with International Participation "Contemporary Theory
and Practice in Construction At: Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Volume: Book
of Proceedings, ISSN 2566-4484

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02. RESIDENTIAL HIGH-RISE:
Residential high-rise is made for residential purpose.
These are multi functional buildings
too.
In a same building it has different activities like
apartment, hotel, restaurant, mosque, roof garden,
gym, club, playground, swimming pool etc.
Shangri-La at the Fort,
Manila, Philippines (2016)
250 meters (820 ft.)in height
61 storied
Mercury Tower, Malta.(2016)
112 meter-high, 31 storied
03. COMMERCIAL HIGH-RISE:
This type of high-rise is made for commercial purpose.
These are multi functional buildings.
In a same building it has different activities like office,
factory, restaurant, gym, club etc.
The Ruby, Mumbai,(2011)
191 meters (627 ft.) in
height,
40 storied
Wisma 46, Jakarta,
Indonesia(1996)
262 m(860 ft.) 51 storied 18

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STRUCTURAL LOADS
Various types of Load Working on High-Rise
04
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Tall Building Design_Steel, Concrete & Composite System by Buugale S.
Taranath

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Load Distribution System
Vertical loads transfer through:
● Bearing wall
● Column
● Core
● Diagonal frame
Lateral loads transfer through:
● Shear Wall
● Slab — Core
● Beam — Core/Column
● Diagonal Frame

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CLASSIFICATION OF LOAD
Structural loads
Vertical or Static
load
Lateral or Dynamic
loads
Dead Load Live Load
Wind load
Seismic load
Rain load
Snow load
Thermal load
Live Load:
● Moveable or temporarily
● Include (furniture and equipment,
occupancy (people), and impact.)
Dead Load:
● Structural loads
● Include the self-weight of structural
members, such as walls, plasters, ceilings,
floors, beams, columns, and roofs.

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Wind Load
Wind loads are pressures exacted on structures by wind
flow
The speed and direction of wind flow depends upon:
● Velocity and density of the air.
● Height above ground level.
● Shape and aspect ratio of the building.
● Topography of the surrounding ground surface.
● Angle of wind attack building.
● Solidity ratio or openings in the building.
Wind Velocity
● Wind speed varies by height
● Velocity increases with the
increases of height.
● Location and size of surface objects produce
different wind velocity gradients in the vertical
direction
● Dispersion of pollutant is a function of wind speed
at the height where pollution is emitted.
Wind Load

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Wind
Direction
Strong Winds at
pedestrian
level,particularly near
corners
Circular towers
encourage lateral flow
and reduce downwash
To pedestrian level.
Wind
Direction
Wind
Direction
Opening Though buildings
between windward and
leeward faces encourage
strong winds through them
Pedestrian prevent
downwash reaching
pedestrian level
Wind
Direction
Downwash
Wind
Direction
WIND LOAD THROUGH VARIOUS TYPES OF FORM

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Wind Pressure
● When winds blows over a building it creates region of
either positive and negative.
● Positive pressures are loads pushing the door into the
building, and negative pressures occur when loads are
suctioning your door away from the building.
Wind Turbulence
● Wind turbulence generally refers to rapid fluctuations in
wind velocity.
● When any moving air mass meets an obstruction, such as
building, it responds like any fluids by moving to each side,
then rejoining the major airflow.
Turbulence develops as the moving air mass is funneled through
the narrow space between two tall buildings.

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Seismic Load:
● Buildings undergoes dynamic motion during earthquake
● Earthquake loads exerted on a structure by the
ground motion caused by seismic forces.
● Thus, most building codes and standards require
that structures be designed for seismic forces in such
areas where earthquakes are likely to occur.
For
resisting
earthquake
load

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Rain loads:
Rain loads are loads due to
the accumulated mass
of water on a rooftop during
a rainstorm or major
precipitation.
Snow Loads:
In some geographic regions, the force
exerted by accumulated snow and ice
on buildings’ roofs can be quite
enormous, and it can lead to structural
failure if not considered in structural
design.
Thermal load:
All materials expand or contract with
temperature change and this can
exert significant loads on a structure.

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Various types of Load Working on High-Rise
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High-Rise Buildings - Structures and Materials BY Ilda Kovacevic & Sanin Dzidic

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STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF HIGH- RISE
Can be classified based on the structural material used such as concrete or steel.Various structural systems are
available to be used in the construction of high rise building.
The Basic Structural Element
Linear Elements Surface Elements
Column Beam
Slab Wall
Types Of Structural System
1. Post-Lintel
Structure
2. Post-Slab
Structure
3. Frame Structure
4. Shear-Wall
Structure
5. Tube Structure
6. Outrigger
Structure
7. Exoskeleton
Structure
8. Composite
Structure

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POST-LINTEL STRUCTURE
A post and lintel is an architectural system where a
horizontal piece is supported by two vertical posts,
or columns
ADVANTAGE:
● Increases repetitive elements.
● Simplify layout.
● Load bearing system is good.
Commerzbank Tower. Frankfurt,
Germany
Norman Foster(1991-1997)
850 ft
IDB BHABAN, DHAKA
Height: 263 Ft
Post-Slab Structure
Concrete floors in tall building often consist of a two-way floor system such as a flat
plate,flat slab or waffle system which can resist lateral loads.
● Connected rigidity to supporting columns.
● Creating a minimum possible floor depth.
Flat Plate System: The floor consist of a concrete slab of uniform thickness which
frames directly into the columns.
Flat Slab System: Make use of either capitals in columns or drop panels in slab or both,
requiring less than a flat plate
Waffle System: Obtained using rows of joints at right angles to each other;the joints
are commonly formed by square domes.

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Bel Tower, Dhanmondi, Dhaka.
AR. Nahas Ahmed Khalid
ADVANTAGE:
Flat plate:
● Requires simple formwork
● Increases the power to resist the
gravity and lateral load.
● Reduced depth of slab helps to
increase the floor to floor height of
the building.
Flat slab:
● Flexibility in room layout.
● Increases the power to resist slab
shear.
● Relativity flat ceilings (reduced
finishing cost).

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FRAME STRUCTURE
● Frame structures are a planned arrangement of beams, columns,
and slabs to resist large forces and moments that are developed
due to heavy gravity and lateral loads.
● They form a steel or concrete skeleton that collects the load and
delivers them safely to the foundation.
● Framed structure can be made out of reinforced cement
concrete, steel or wood, etc.
Types of frame structure
i. Rigid frame structure
ii. Wall frame structure
iii. Braced frame structure
iv. Infilled frame structure
The San Diego Innovation Center
San Diego, United States

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i. Rigid Frame Structure
● In rigid frame structure, beams and columns are
constructed monolithically to withstand moments
imposed due to loads.
● 20 to 25 storey buildings can be constructed using rigid
frame system.
● Finally, Burj Al Khalifa which is the tallest structure in the
world is constructed using rigid frame system.
ADVANTAGES
● Resist shear+ bending moment
● The frame may be architecturally exposed to express the grid
like nature of the structure.
● It may be place in around the core, on the exterior, or whole
the interior of the building.
Tokio Marine Headquarters
Height: 398.66 ft
ii. Wall Frame Structure
● Shear walls are combined with rigid frames.
● The walls are usually solid (not perforated by openings) and
they can be found around the stairwells, elevator shafts,
and/or at the perimeter of the building.
● Wall-frame system suitable for buildings with storey number
ranges from 40-60 storey.
ADVANTAGES
● Very high lateral stiffness and lateral load resistance.
● The dimension of walls and floors are highly uniform.
Transco Tower, Houston, USA
AR. John Burgee, Philip Johnson
Height: 902 ft

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iii. Braced Frame Structure
● It is used in steel construction
● This system is suitable for multistory building in the low
to mid height range.
● efficient and economical for enhancing the lateral stiffness
and resistance of rigid frame system.
ADVANTAGES
● Vertical truss: resist lateral loads
● it can be repetitive up the height of the building with
obvious economy in design and fabrication.
● Fabrication is more economical than other moment
resisting connection in rigid framed structure.
TYPES OF BRACING
i.Single Diagonal Bracing
ii. Double Diagonal Bracing
iii. K Bracing
iv. V-bracing
v. Eccentric bracing
John Hancock Centre
Height: 1,500 ft

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i.Single Diagonal Bracing ii. Double Diagonal Bracing iii. K Bracing
iv. V-bracing
Heron Tower
Height: 755 ft
V. Eccentric bracing
30 St Mary Axe (The Gherkin)
Height: 591 ft
Wisma Chuang
Height: 360 ft
Tornado Tower
Height: 640 ft
Century Tower
Height: 336 ft

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iv. Infilled frame structure:
Empire State Building
Architect: Richmond, Lamb & Harmon
Height: 1,454 ft
● Infilled frame structure system consists of beam and
column framework that some of the bays infilled with
masonry, reinforced concrete, or block walls
● It can build up to 30 storey buildings.
ADVANTAGES
Limestone Infills and
Facing
Infills which normally serves as external
or internal walls,
serves increasing lateral stiffness to
resist lateral loads

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TUBE STRUCTURE
Types of tube structure
1. Braced tube
2. Tube in tube
3. Frame tube
4. Bundle tube
● Utilize entire building to resist lateral loads from
wind,seismic pressures and so on.
● It acts like a hollow cylinder,cantilevered
perpendicular to the ground.
● Loads are transferred by external frame.
This structural system was introduced by Fazlur Rahman
Khan.
Shanghai world financial center
Height: 1,614 ft
The Jin Mao Tower in 2005,
Shanghai, China
Height: 1,380 ft

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1.Braced tube
● Framed tube + Diagonals = braced tube
● Diagonal braces and spandrel beams give wall like rigidity against
lateral loads
● carry lateral loads by axial actions of the perimeter columns and
bracings,
● Very efficient structural systems for tall buildings.
2. Tube in tube
● Allowing two tubes to resist as one unit,Floor diaphragms tie
the exterior and interior tube together
● An outer framed tube together with an internal elevator
and service core.
● Stiffness of framed tube is improved by using structural core.
● Resist gravity as well as lateral loads.
Tabung haji tower
Height: 499 ft
One shell plaza
Texas
Height: 715 ft
Onterie Centre
Height: 570 ft

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3. Frame tube:
● Exterior walls of the building,consisting of a closely
connected together.
● Exterior column spacing should be from 5 to 15ft
(1.5 to 4.5m) on centers. Practical spandrel beam
depths should vary from 24 to 48in (600 to 1200mm).
● Interior columns are assumed to carry gravity loads.
ADVANTAGES
● Identical framing for all floors.
● Resist lateral loads through cantilever tube action
without using.
● Allows greater flexibility in planning of interior
space.
Aon center, Chicago
Architect: Edward Durrell Stone
Height: 1,136 ft
World Trade Center
(1973–2001)
Height: 1,728 ft

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4. Bundle tube
The sears tower consist of four parallel rigid
steel frames in each orthogonal
direction,interconnected to form nine
“bundled”tubes.
● Instead of one tube, a building consists of several tubes
tied together to resist lateral forces.
● Interior frame lines without seriously compromising
interior space planning.
● It is possible to add diagonals to them to increase the
efficient height limit.
Sears Tower
Height: 1,451 ft

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OUTRIGGER STRUCTURE
● Outrigger serve to reduce the
overturning moment in the core
that would otherwise act as a pure
cantilever.
● Economical 120 stories.
● Reduce the critical connection.
● Time -consuming & costly.
● Expensive & intensive field work
connection.
● Reduction of the base core over-
turning moments & the associated
reduction in the potential core uplift
forces.
● Their potential interference with
occupiable & rentable space.
Petronas Twin Tower
Architect:Cesar Pelli and associates
Height: 1,483 ft

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Sunrise Tower In Kuala Lumpur, Architect: Zaha Hadid
Height: 918.6 ft
EXOSKELETON STRUCTURE
● Lateral load-resisting systems are placed outside the building
lines away from their facades.
● Due to the system’s compositional characteristics, it acts as a
primary building identifier – one of the major roles of building
facades in general cases.
● Initially the skeletons of the buildings were made of steel and
concrete, simultaneously defining the visionary space and urban
propositions of the mega-structure of the 20th century.
COMPOSITE STRUCTURE
● It is the combination of two or more of basic structural
forms either by direct combination or by adopting
different forms in different parts of the structure.
● It can be used for the buildings of as high as 300m.
ADVANTAGES
● Common between
steel,concrete and masonry.
DISADVANTAGES
● Combine two or more
materials.
Millennium Tower( Vienna -Austria)
Height: 645 ft

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ANATOMY OF HIGH-RISE
Components, structural members.
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Building Analysis
High-Rise Building can be analysed by its:
● Form
● Scale
● Climate
● Cost & Benefit
● Structure
Form:
● Proportion Symmetric/ Pure Form
Scale:
● Human Scale
● City Scale
Climate:
● High-Rise buildings should be designed
climatically.
● But it is better to consider light not wind
factor for the buckling effect.
Cost & Benefit:
● The cost of a High-Rise building is depends
on the structural system
Structure:
● Steel Structure
● Shear Wall
● Post-Lintel
● Post-Slab

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Components of High-Rise
Most often high rises generally consists of two main parts:
● Super-structure
○ Podium
○ Tower
○ Core
○ Structure
● Sub-structure
Podium: Podium is platform. in high-rise it is used for as a base of the
building and works to keep the balance with tower. Like visual stability.
Tower: Tower is multi story space that rises vertically with circulation.
Core: Vertical circulation of the tower which holds and sticks the tower
to the base.
Structure: It is high rise buildings backbone. That helps the total mass to
be strong to stand.
Sub-Structure: The substructure of a building transfers the load of the
building to the ground and isolates it horizontally from the ground. This
includes footing, foundations, gravel base, basement retaining walls
etc.
Sub-structure
Structure
Podium
Core
Tower
STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF SKYSCRAPERS 1, ABHISHEK GUPTA, 2S.M. GUPTA

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Core Components
● Restrooms.
● Fire stairs.
● Vertical transportation elements, elevators, escalators
(including both passenger elevators and one or more service
elevators.)
● Electrical closets.
● Mechanical room.
● Shaft space for other HVAC risers, beyond those for the local
fan rooms or the supply and return ducts for the central fan
rooms, such as toilet exhaust, general exhaust or dedicated
smoke exhaust risers, and possibly kitchen exhaust risers.
CORE DESIGN:
A core is a vertical space used for
circulation and services. It may also be
referred to as a circulation core or service
core. A core may include staircases,
elevators, electrical cables,janitors’ closet,
Utilities, mechanical facilities, water pipes
and risers.

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Core location in building
The location of cores is important in any building but even more so in tall
buildings.In locations where the climate is hot or hot and humid, it is
suggested that the core be located on the east and west facades to
insulate the interior zones from the ambient conditions.
Other aspects of core location are :
● It is decided through measuring the direction of wind flow.
● It’s also decided considering the users circulation pattern.
Center Core
● Natural ventilation from the south-
east flighting pressurization.
● Good view out buffers and energy
savings.
● Natural sunlight from the north.
● Average cooling load:137%
Split Core
● Natural ventilation from
the south.
● Block the East-West
solar heat.
● Average Cooling
Load:100%
● Natural ventilation from
the south.
● Block the West solar heat.
● Average Cooling Load:
102%(low).
End Core
● Natural ventilation from the
south.
● Block the East solar heat
● Average Cooling Load:102
Atrium Core
Types of Core

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HVAC
HVAC refers to the different systems used for moving air between
indoor and outdoor areas, along with heating and cooling both
residential and commercial buildings.
HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning.
Heating:This can be done via central heating. Such a system
contains a boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air
in a central location.
Ventilation:Ventilation is a process that either supplies or removes
air from a space by natural or mechanical means.
Air Conditioning: An air conditioning system, or a standalone air
conditioner, provides cooling and/or humidity control for all or part
of a building.
HVAC Equipment
1. Window air conditioner
2. Central air conditioner
3. Electric chiller
4. Heat pump cooling
5. Heat pump(split) heating
6. Heat pump (single package) cooling
7. Heat pump (single package) heating
Central core
Shanghai tower, china
Split core
Hangri la hotel, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
End core
Pima luce hotel, Florida
Atrium core
Leeza soho tower, Beijing, china
47

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AHU
The air handling unit (AHU) is the heart of central air
conditioning. It collects outside air and room air, removes
dust and other particles from the collected air, adjusts the
temperature and humidity and then supplies comfortable
and refreshing air-conditioned air into the rooms through
ducts.
They are usually installed on the roof of buildings and,
through ducts,
DUCTING SYSTEM
Components & Mechanism:
● Damper
● Warm air plenum
● Furnace
● Fan and limit Control
● Gas valve
● Burners
● Blower pulley
● Motor pulley
● Motor
● Filter
The function of duct is to transmit
the air from AHU to the space to
be air conditioned.
This systems are also used to bring
cooled or warm air to the proper
distribution points where several
rooms are to conditioned.
Main Component of Duct System
Duct System
AHU in High-rise building Air Handling Unit

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CIRCULATION PROCESS
Staircase, Elevator, Escalator, Fire stair
07
49
PORTICO JOURNAL
Singapore High-Rise Housing: The Case of Bedok Court Condominium”
Architectural Research Quarterly / Volume 8 / Issue 3-4 / December 2004, pp. 333
– 343

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“Before I began studying architecture, the word circulation meant very
little to me, other than bringing to mind science classes spent learning
about the movement of blood around the human body.”
-Francis DK Ching
50
Library of Kunming University, China

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Circulation
Horizontal Vertical
Walkways, Halfways, Entries
And Exits, Corridors
Stairs, Elevators, Ramps, Ladders
And Escalators.

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Staircase:
These following types of stairs are commonly used in a high-
rise building:
1. Straight Stairs
2. Straight Stairs with Intermediate Landing
3. Switchback stairs (U-Shaped Stairs)
4. Stair Towers
Straight Stairs Straight Stairs with Intermediate
Landing
U-Shaped Stairs Stair Tower

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Escalator:
There are two types of escalator-
1. Parallel Layout
2. Criss-cross Layout
The length of the escalator depends on its
angle. If angle is minimal then the length of
the escalator should be longer than
maximum angled escalator.
Length of Escalator
S=(HQ*1.42816+4906)/a
a=width
Q=ht f.I to f.I
Parallel
Escalator
Criss-cross Escalator
Flat step-1.9’-3.3’
● Rise-9.8’-19.1’
● Width-30”-48”
● Angle in degree -
25-35
● Speed-90-120 fpm
Spiral escalator
● Height-11’-21.5’
● Length-40’-43’
● Width-19’-27’
Angels
● 25° inclination
Spiral Escalator

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Elevators
Mechanically there are four main types of
elevators:
1. Hydraulic
2. Traction
3. Machine-room-less
4. Vacuum.
Physically there are two types of elevators:
1. Open Elevator (Bubble)
2. Close Elevator
Among them Traction elevator is widely
used in typical and high-rise buildings.
Traction Elevators:
1. Can be geared or gearless.
2. Both model types are driven by
alternating current (AC) or direct
current (DC) electrical motors.
3. In geared elevators, there is a
gearbox attached to the motor
that drives the wheel and moves
the ropes.
Traction
Hydraulic Machine
Room-less
Vacuum Open
Elevator
Close
Elevator
There are four more types of elevators based on their usage.
Namely:
1. Passenger
2. Goods
3. Vehicle
4. Dumbwaiter
5. Scissor
Passenger Goods Vehicle Dumbwaiter Scissor
3 x 4 x 10 ft 6.5 x 7.2 x 10 ft 8 x 18 x 7.5 ft 2 x 2 x 3 ft 10.5 x 5.91 Ft
Max reach 30 ft

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Elevator car grouping :
TWO CAR GROUPINGS
● Side-by-side arrangement is best.
● Passenger face both cars and can react
immediately.
● Avoid separation of elevators.
● Excessive separation destroy advantages of
group operation.
THREE CAR GROUPINGS
● 3 cars in a row is Preferable.
● 2 cars opposite 1 is acceptable.
FOUR CAR GROUPINGS
● Commonly in large, busier buildings.
● 2-opposite-2 arrangement is the most efficient.
SIX CAR GROUPINGS
● Found in large office buildings, public
buildings & hospitals.
● Provide quantity & quality 3-opposite-3
position is preferable.
● Lobby must not be less than 3m or 3.6m if
function as a passageway.
EIGHT CAR GROUPINGS
● The largest practical group.
● 4-opposite-4 arrangement.

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VEHICULAR
ACCESSIBILITY (PARKING)
Parking Typology & Ramp
08
56
Geotechnical Engineer’s Handbook. Footings, foundations, underground structures. 2-
nd edition. (edited by V.А. Ilyichev, R.A. Mangushev)
E3S Web Conf. Volume 33, 2018, High-Rise Construction 2017 (HRC 2017)

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TYPES OF PARKING
Surface Parking: Surface
parking refers to parking
which is not enclosed or
created by a structure and is
allocated an area 'at grade' on
ground level.
Basement
Parking: Basement or
‘Underground’ parking is
structured parking built
below ground level, either as
a basement to a building or
covered with structure above.
Semi-basement Parking: ‘Semi-
basement’ parking is structured
parking built partly below ground
level, either as a partial
basement to a building or
covered with structure above.
City of Victoria

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A sloping surface joining two different
levels, as at the entrance or between floors
of a building.
❖ Standard ramp ratio of vehicle is 1:8
❖ Minimum ramp ratio of human is 1:12
RAMP
DRIVEWAY EXITS
One-way exit Two-way exit Minimum head clearance
should be 2.25m or 7’5’’
Distance between road and ramp entry
should be minimum 4.49m or 14’8’’

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PARKING STALLS
● For perpendicular or angular parking, the
minimum dimensions required of a car parking
stall shall be:
○ Stall width: 2400 mm or 7’8”
○ Stall length: 4800 mm or 15’7”
● For parallel parking minimum
dimensions required of a car parking
stall shall be:
● Stall width: 2000 mm or 6’6”
● Stall length: 6000 mm or 19’6”
One-way driveway:
● Minimum 3000 mm or 9’10’’
● Maximum 3600mm or 12’
Two-way driveway:
● Minimum 6000 mm or 19’8’’
● Maximum 7200 mm or 24’
Standard vehicular dimension
Fig: Parking stall requirements Fig: Parking stall size variation due to
obstructions

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PARKING LAYOUTS
Four Rows
Two offset sets of two
ways
Four Rows
Right-angled layout
ramps in direction of
traffic
Six Rows
24’ 24’
24’
24’
Carriageway ramps are sloped
driveway connecting and providing
access between two levels for vehicles.
CARRIAGEWAY RAMP

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MULTI-STORIED CAR PARKING
In multi-storied parking, there are a number of floors or
level on which parking takes a place.
Movement of vehicles between floors can be
accomplished by:
• Interior ramp
• Exterior ramp
• Vehicle lifts A ramped floor parking A circular ramp parking
A ramp and deck parking A split level parking

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MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR OFF-STREET PARKING
For commercial building

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FIRE EVACUATION
Fire Fighting System
09
63
Building safety and human behaviour in fire: A literature review, Fire Safety Journal
45(1), 1–11. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2009.08.005.
Fire Risk Assessment for Super High-rise Buildings, Elsevier, Procedia Engineering
71 (2014), 492 – 501.
Fire Safety Journal 62 (2013) 72–78.

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Fire prevention and safety for high-rise buildings remains a top priority and
a critical area of concern not just for property owners and developers, but
also for the authorities and tenants as well.
Fire prevention
Fire Evacuation
Systems:
1. Fire Extinguisher
2. Fire Stair (Fire
Exit)
3. Fire Safety Zone

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There is also a flow chart of fire hazard. Chronological flow.
In every building there is a fire evacuation plan.

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Sprinkler Smoke Detector Fire Alarm Fire
Extinguisher
Means of Egress
Means of egress is an important element in evacuation
planning and generally consist of following components:
Exit access: Space occupied and travels in reaching an exit
(frequently a corridor or aisle way)
Exit: A protected path of travel usually an enclosed stairway in
multiple-level building.
Exit discharge: The portion between the termination of an exit
and a public way such as a public street or parking lot.

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CORRIDORS :
Minimum clear height of the corridors should be 2.4m or 7.8 feet.
Occupancy Minimum width of
Stairway
Single Family Houses 1 m
Flats & Apartments 1 m
Hotels 1.5 m
Educational Building 1.5 m
Assembly Building 2 m
Health & Care 1.5 m
Office 1.5 m
Small Shop & markets 1.5 m
Large shop & markets 2 m
Essential services 1.5 m
Corridors
Minimum
Height
2.4m
DOORWAY :
● The width of a doorway shall not less than 1 m or 3.2 feet and height not
less than 2m or 6.4 feet.
● Exit doors shall not open directly at the flight of a stair.
● Doors should having a fire resistance of at least 20 minutes.
● It should be located outside of core.
Materials of fire existing door-
Fire doors are given a fire resistance rating, and are
usually made of a combination of glass, gypsum, steel, and aluminum. They
are designed to be kept closed, and any gaps between the wall and the
door must be filled with a fire resistant sealant.

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Fire Stair:
There is fire exit inside the core
which calculates the occupants of
the main corridor.
Fire Exit Door:
1. Can not be sliding or hanging
door.
2. Exit door must be opened
towards the running way.

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Helipad: Our daily life is changing day by day, so is the design of our buildings. Helipad is designed
for our fast and modern life.
Design
Data
for
the
Helipad

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BUILDING CODES
IBC, BNBC & FAR Calculation
10
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BNBC RULES
Exit Door:
Maximum users no. 50 then circulation distance 23 m.
Minimum door width 1 m & height 2 m.
Can not be used sliding & hanging door
Exit Door must be open the running way
Lift:
Lift lobby 1.5 m x 1.5 m
Lift control switch height 890 mm- 1200 mm
Door within min 800 mm
Podium:
The height of the podium will be maximum 12 m with parapet.
MGC of the podium 75%
Guard Room:
Guard room height will be 2.5 m from finished ground level & the maximum
floor area will be 5 sqm
Boundary Wall
Maximum height for boundary wall is 2.75 m
For front wall, a solid height is 1 m & perforated height is 1.75 m.
For side wall solid height is 1.86 m & perforated height is 1 m.
Floor Height:
Floor to Floor Height- 12’ (recommended), ranging from 11’ to 14’ height.
Finished Ceiling Height- 8’ to 8.5’, the space above ceiling is required for
duct & recessed lighting.
Balcony:
Railing height of the balcony maximum 1.2 m
Balcony must not extend above the set back area.
Parking:
Parking ramp ratio 1:8
Driver waiting space 5%
If the entry & exit is same the wide of the entry will more than 3 m
Area for normal car parking 2.4 m x 4.6 m
Area for motor bike 1 m x 2 m
Shop- 1 car parking for 200 sq. m.
Office- 1 car parking for 200 sq. m.
Cornice:
The slab & cornice can be extended max. 1 m above the set back area. This
rule is applicable only for front side. The minimum height of the cornice from
ground is 8 m.
Sunshade:
The sunshade can be extended maximum 0.5 m above the setback area.
Ramp:
Slope of ramp should be 1:8
Preparation length of the ramp should be minimum 4.25 m clear height.

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BNBC RULES
Fire Escape:
Lift, escalators etc will not count as fire escape elements.
Fire escape should be located on the exterior facade of
the building.
Fire escape must no route people to basement.
The area of fire escape will count 10 sqm for per person.
Minimum width of exit door is 1 m & height 2 m.
Corridor & Passage Width:
For more than 50 p 1.1 m
For less than 50 p 0.9 m
Exit access corridor minimum in fire rating 1 hour
Exit corridor door minimum fire rating ½ hour
Corridor & passage height 2.4 m
Width of stair:
Commercial Building
Office------------------------- 1.50 m
Small shop & market --------- 1.50 m
Large shop & market --------- 2.00 m
Others ------------------------ 1.50
Trade & Riser:
Riser ------ 175 mm - (max)
Trade ----- 225 mm - (min)
Head Room ----- 2.15 m
Hand rail ------- 0.90 m
FAR (Floor Area Ratio) ANALYSIS

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ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
Good & Bad Sides of High-Rise
11
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Advantages:
1. Saves lands which can be used further.
2. Accommodates large number of families.
3. More functions can be in a small area.
4. Space can be utilised properly.
5. Allows more open space around the building.
6. Skyline of a city gets impressive if those high-rise buildings are designed properly.
7. Works as a landmark.
8. A proper designed and constructed high-rise building can increase the user
efficiency for the both residential and commercial use.
Disadvantages:
1. Highly energy consuming.
2. Requires high construction cost.
3. Creates problems of light and ventilation for adjacent small structure.
4. Over congested area.
5. Problem related to inadequate number of lifts.
6. Unplanned high-rise buildings create noise and destroy harmony of city.
7. Fire fighting problem occurs.

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Energy Efficient High-Rise
Energy efficiency in High-Rise Building
12
75
● Design of Buildings Shape & Energetic Consumption. Building & Environment,
No. 36. Elsevier, Amsterdam. P. 627 - 635
● ASTON, A. (2007). A Skyscraper Banking on Green, Business Week, Feb 28,
2007.

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What is an energy-efficient building?
A building in which the energy consumption is reduced by
incorporating the use of natural and renewable energy
sources in the design is called as energy-efficient
building.
‘THE SKYSCRAPER IS NOT AN ECOLOGICAL
BUILDING TYPE’- K. YEANG
● At the outset, we should be clear that the
skyscraper is not an ecological building type.
In fact it is one of the most unecological of all
building types.
● The tall building, over and above other built
typologies, uses a third more (and in some
instances much more) energy and material
resources to build, to operate and, eventually,
to demolish.
● It is regarded here as a building type that, if
inevitable, needs to be made ecological in as
much as possible.
System
boundary
of
delivered
and
exported
energy.
To Achieve A High Level Of Energy Efficiency
1st Energy Generation
From the Birth of Tall
Buildings in
1885, to the 1916 Zoning
Law
2nd Energy Generation
From the 1916 Zoning
Law to the Development
of the
Glazed Curtain Wall, 1951
3rd Energy Generation From
the
Development of the Glazed
Curtain
Wall, 1951 to the 1973 Energy
Crisis
4th Energy Generation
From the Energy
Crisis of 1973 to the
Present Day, 2008
5th Energy
Generation
From the Rise of
an
Environmental
Consciousness in
1997 to the
Present Day,
2022

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Designing a sustainable tall building, therefore, requires a
360-degree view of the entire building enterprise
considering the local and global environment, the
availability of renewable and non-renewable resources.
Types of Renewable Energy Technologies. They are:
★ Hydroelectricity,
★ Biomass,
★ Geothermal,
★ Wind,
★ Photovoltaic (Active) and
★ Solar thermal.
2 Methods
Energy saving as the first stage of energy
efficiency. It is known that heating,
ventilation, air-conditioning of high-rise
buildings require about 70 % of energy,
lighting - 20%, maintenance of elevators -
10 %. According to modern statistics, about
40 % of extracted fuel in the world is spent
on energy supply of buildings today.
Second, environmental, stage of efficiency
– the use of alternative, renewable energy
sources
Biomass Hydroelectricity, Photovoltaic

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Harnessing Solar Energy
There are two categories of solar energy: passive and active
There are several systems of rating the energy and
environmental performance of buildings in the world. These
systems form the standards of quality for the modern
construction industry today.
The most famous are the British BREEAM (Building Research
Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) operating
since 1990 and the US System
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
introduced in 1998.
Both systems are rating, but the difference in approaches is that
the LEED system is largely assesses the energy efficiency of
buildings, and BREEAM – ecology efficiency.
Wind Turbine Integration to tall Building

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Saudi Arabia Unveils Details About 170-Kilometre-Long
Mirrored Skyscraper: The Line
Office building of the
Pearl River Tower,
China, Guangzhou

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CASE STUDY
National & International
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01. IDB BHABAN
Agargaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Type: Commercial, office building.
Client: Committee of mutualism Islamic solidarity educational
wake
Architect: M.M. Khan & R. Chowdhury
Consultants: Sthapati Shangshad ltd.
Structure System: Post-Lintel with Fair Facade
Floor: 20- Storied High-Rise
In total, it’s a 20 storied office tower but the divided into two
portion. The 4 storied of one portion is used as computer market &
the other one is linked with the tower.
Property line: 86,400 sq.ft.
Built Area: 54,020 sq.ft.
Orientation: East-west
Height: 263 feet
Floor Area: 91,314,815 sq.ft
source: www.isdb.org
The Digital Desire
Location: In front of IDB Bhaban,
Agargaon, Dhaka
Sculptor: Mrinal Haque
The Theme
Mrinal Haque has made this sculpture,
which represent the theme of 'leaping
toward futuristic world'.
Market Entry
Office Entry

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● Two major function. No additional function was include.
● Both function, office and shopping are distributed in away
● No functional mix up a possible
● Function are also characterized by their distinguished form.
● The low-rise shopping plazas are structured on 1'-6" square columns while the
high- rise office complex is structured on 2'-6" square columns.
Truss
82
Sky
light
passing
in
Atrium
Structural
Anatomy

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Core
Functional Uses
Service Core
Circulations
★ 1 fire stair in the main tower which is not
sufficient enough for the total complex.
Interior & Lighting of Office
➔ 20-25% of the total high-rise complex and 40% in the market space.
➔ Floor to floor high-rise 15’.Grid spans 20'-0".
➔ Another structural member, a shear wall measuring approximately
32'-0" by 1'-6" is situating diagonally at the entrance of the shopping
complex.
Both surface & basement parking facilities, double layer
parking garage,
with mechanical & electrical facilities at the upper level.
Basement Car Parking 110 Cars
Surfacer Car Parking 80 Cars
Ramp Ratio 1:7
Traffic Pattern One way
Ramp towards
Basement ( 17’ wide)
Basement Parking
Fire
Escape
Core type: End core
❖ The service core is located in the western part of the building,
where the climatic factors are most in appropriate for other
functions.
❖ The service core consists of 4 elevators of 1000kg (13 persons)
capacity each.
Fire
Prote
ction
Box
Smoke
Detector
Emergency
Phone
Line
Security Alarm Switch

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Mechanical Component
❖ The machine services are located on the basement level.
❖ The main power of the 1600 ton central a/c.
❖ 4 Chillers of 400 t.r. capacity.
❖ 8 Chilled water pumps which connect to 3 cooling towers on the roof floor.
❖ 3 Water treatment pumps and cooling condensers.
❖ 2 Water reservoirs of a capacity more than 85,000 gallons per day. The overhead
water reservoir on the roof-top also has a similar capacity.
❖ 2 Water pumps, one of 37kw and the other of 15kw pump water from.
❖ the reservoirs for use in the building.
❖ A generator room 440v generator.
❖ 4 Step-down transformers which supply 1.5 M.w. power per day to the building.
3 Cooling Tower on Top of Roof
Generator Room
Water
Pump
Chiller
Emergency
Water
Pump

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02. SHADHINOTA TOWER
Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Client: Dhaka Cantonment.
Architect: Ar. S.M. Nazimuddin Payel
Ar. ATM. Masood Reza
Ar. M.A.A Akhtaruzzaman
Concept: Shadhinota
Project start: 2008
Project end: 2012
Occupancy Type: Office
Construction Type: Reinforcement concrete structural system.
Height: 180’
Storied: 13 floor
Area: 1200 sqft (per floor)
Working hour- 24 hour
PRELIMINARY MODEL
Materials: Reinforcement
Concrete, Brick & Glass
Structural System: Post
lintel & Shear wall
ENTRANCE PLAZA ENTRY FROM INSIDE

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Basement: 4
Basement floor height: 9’-6”
Semi basement floor height: 9’-6”
Floor height: 11’-6”
ENTRY
EXIT
PLAZA
SUB-STATION CONTROL ROOM GENERATOR
VEHICLE ENTRY BASEMENT EXIT
AHU
PARKING EMERGENCY WATER PUMP COOLING VANT
PARKING
CORE
CORE
Surface Parking: 19 Cars
Basement Parking: 140
cars in 4 levels
Ramp: 1:6, Width: 15’
Driveway: 23’

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Core type: Split
Circulation:
Main Stair: 2
Emergency Stair: 2
Service Stair: 1
Lift Car: 6
Plaza
The rooftop of Shadhinota tower is the
fantabulous part of this building with explicit
amount of green there.
Moreover, there were solar panels set up there
for producing electricity which was a good
initiative.

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03. BRAC CENTRE
Location: Mohakhali, dhaka.
Architect: Patrick D' Rozario, Tamanna
Sayeed
Client: BRAC
Project commencement: 1997
Occupancy type: commercial office
Floor: 20- Storied High-Rise
Height: 64m
Total site area: 23,040 sqft
Built area: 10,570 sqft.
Entry
Office
Entry
Structural consideration:
Material: Fair faced concrete, Glass.
Structural system: Post-lintel.
Floor height: 10’
Column grid: 20’ center to center (3’-2’’/3’-
2’’),
14 column continues to roof.
Main entry for building from north side.
Width of the road 80’-0”.
Building facade

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ZONING/ SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS:
Basement 1: -13’-0’’ underground
Height: 9’-0’’ clear overhead
Parking: 17 cars
Ramp: 1:8 ratio, width- 16’6’’
Basement 1:
-13’-0’’ underground
Area=10931 sft
Basement 2:
Height: 9’-0’’ clear overhead
Parking: 19 cars
Ramp: 1:8 ratio, width- 16’6’’
89
BASEMENT ENTRY
SEMI-BASEMENT ENTRY
LENCE IN BASEMENT
PARKING
EMERGENCY
WATER
PUMP
Generator
Basement 2:
Area=11026 sft

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Ground floor plan
Electrical room
Fire Exit
Fire extinguisher
Findings:
● It has Fire system for
fire hazard, security
system & climatic
considerations.
● It has service stair & L
shaped ramp for
handicapped.
● Has enough natural
lights.
● 24hrs standby
generator & air
condition systems.
● Rooftop cafe.
Fire Evacuation Plan
Fire extinguisher
Fire Hose Cabinet

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Main Stair
Main Stair: 1
Landing is 7’4’’ X 5’
Stair dimension 3’8’’ X 10’
Emergency Stair: 1
Landing is 3’4’’ X 8’8’’
Stair dimension 3’4’’ X 10’’
Service Stair: 1
4’-6’’
Elevators:4
Fire Stair with Fire
extinguisher
Circulation:
Lateral circulation : 10 % -12 %
circulation space in each floor.
Fire Stair
RAMP FORHANDICAPPED
Limitations:
5th to 20t floor (office area) has no service stairs.
No escalators.
Conclusion :
BRAC centre is good example of high-rise. It has good maintenance
of security, services, cleaning etc.
4 square lifts, 800kg -13
person, no escalators.
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Service stair

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04. The Shard by Renzo Piano
Architects: Renzo Piano Building Workshop
Year: 2012
Location: London, United Kingdom
Type: Mixed Use
BREEAM Rating: 4 Star, Excellent
1. The slender and pyramidal form of the tower was determined by its
suitability.
2. Eight sloping glass facades,
3. The “shards” define the shape and visual quality of the tower.
4. London’s churches and the top sails of the ships that used to moor
on the Thames were the inspiration.
5. Meant to be a light and elegant presence in London’s skyline.
The
Shard
Level Dividation

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53rd Floor Plan (Residence) 24th & 25th Floor Plan (Office) 39th Floor Plan (Hotel)

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Shangri-La Restaurant
The corners are open and the
shards do not touch, allowing
the building to breathe. In turn
the glass surface fragments as it
rises and the tower dissolves into
the sky.
A ventilated double skin
façade will considerably
reduce heat gain and increase
comfort levels close to the
facade while permitting the
maximum natural day light.
Excess heat generated by the
offices will be used to heat the
hotel and apartments.
Naturally ventilated winter
gardens with operable louvre
windows will be located on
each floor and will allow the
occupants to connect with the
outside environment.
Roof Terrace of The Shard
Living Room of the residential
portion of The Shard, Wide
openings allow to penetrate the
light more than usual.

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5. 1 Bligh Street , Sydney
Architects: Ingenhoven Architects + ARUP
Location: Sydney / Australia
SIZE:450,000 sq. feet
Year: 2011
Type: Office Buildings
LEED Platinum certification.
● The building is designed to meet three critical considerations: the view, the public
space and the work environment.
● The elliptical form aligns with the city grid to the north and is oriented to the
harbour, maximising views from within the office spaces.
● It is 12 per cent more efficient than a rectangular building in facade to floor
area and allows greater natural light penetration.
● Double-skin façade with an outer skin that protects the sun-shading system,
shields the internal glass skin from the sun and reflects natural light into the
building; tri-generation system; solar panels; black water recycling; and
recycled rainwater.
● Onsite water recycling system and bicycle parking contributes to sydney city to
become greener.
● The building has its own filtration plant in the basement, capable of cleansing
more waste water that the building produces.
The orientation of the new 1 Bligh Street tower means that the building not only
features panoramic views, but it also occupies a prominent spot in the Sydney
skyline.

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Environmental Section
Environmental evaluation(interior
environment)

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Fig: . Level 15 floor plan.
Fig: Ground floor plan.
Fig: Axonometric View
Fig: 28th floor plan.

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The shape of the 30-story
building is derived from view
corridors and the solar
orientation.
The building has a roof deck on level 28, solar thermal
panels, and a grid-shell skylight that tops the glass-and-
aluminum-lined central atrium.
A naturally ventilated glass
atrium ascends the full 130
metre (28 story)height of the
building, providing
transparency and fresh air to
every floor.
View in the atrium looking toward
skylight.
Atrium view down to lobby with
view of glass elevators.
Level 28 roof deck The cafeteria
Double-skin façade

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REZWAN AHMED SAMI
ID- 2012040006
ID- 2012040009
OUR GROUP
99
PRAPTI HIYA NAG
ID- 2012040013
RABEYA BOCHORY
RIFAT

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FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION!
THANK YOU
100
Do you have any questions?

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RESOURCES
Did you like all the contents showed in this REPORT? Get them in details at the given links:
● Specsandcodes.Typepad.Com
● Structural System In High-Rise Building (Constrofacilitator.Com)
● (Elsevier.Com)
● Tall Buildings + Urban Habitat Volume 2
● The Sustainable Tall Building_A Design Premiere
● Tall Building Design by Bungale S. Taranath
● The Poetry of Skyscraper by Ariadne Cobb
● How to Read Skyscraper by Edward Denison
● Britanica Encyclopedia
● IBC
● BNBC
● Fire Safety Journal 62 (2013) 72–78.
● Methodology for calculating the energy performance of buildings–Riigi Teataja
● Design of Buildings Shape & Energetic Consumption. Building & Environment, No. 36. Elsevier, Amsterdam. P. 627 - 635
● ASTON, A. (2007). A Skyscraper Banking on Green, Business Week, Feb 28, 2007.
101

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