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Hec policy analysis
Policy analysis is an applied social science discipline that uses multiple methods to produce and transform policy-relevant information for use in political settings to resolve policy problems. It aims to improve the basis for policymakers' judgments through systematic analysis that generates and presents information by drawing on various social science disciplines. The rational model of policy analysis involves six steps: 1) verifying and detailing the problem, 2) establishing evaluation criteria, 3) identifying alternative policies, 4) evaluating and comparing alternatives, 5) selecting the best policy, and 6) monitoring the selected policy. When applied to analyze devolution of Pakistan's Higher Education Commission following the 18th Amendment, the alternatives identified were: no devolution as status quo, complete devolution to provinces,
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Hec policy analysis
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- 2. “Policy Analysis isan applied social science discipline which uses multiple methods of inquiry and argument to produce and transform policy relevant information that may be utilized in political settings to resolve policy problems” Public Policy Analysis by William N Dunn Policy Analysis
- 3. “Policy Analysis isa Rational Decision Making Approach to Social and Economic problems” Policy Analysis for Effective Development Policy Analysis
- 4. “... Any typeof analysis that generates and presents information in such a way as to improve the basis for policy makers to exercise their judgment… in policy analysis , word analysis implies the use of intuition and judgment , design and synthesis of new alternatives… some policy analysis are informal involves nothing more than hard and careful thinking whereas other require extensive data gathering and elaborate calculations…” E S Quade Policy Analysis
- 5. Policy analysis; anApplied Social Science Discipline • Policy analysis draws from a variety of social science discipline • Policy analyst produce information about three kind of questions; • Values • Facts • Actions Policy Analysis
- 6. Approaches to PolicyAnalysis Approach Primary Question Type of Information Empirical Does it exist? (facts) Designative Evaluative Of what worth is it? (values) Evaluative Normative What should be done? (action) Advocative
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- 8. Policy Analysis inPerspective Major Objectives Client Common Style Time Constraints General Weakness Academic social science research construct theories for understanding society Other scholars Rigorous methods for constructing and testing theories, retrospectives Rarely external time constraints Often irrelevant to information needs of decision makers Policy Research Predict impacts of changes in variables that can be altered by public policy Actors in policy arena Application of formal methodology to policy relevant questions Sometimes deadline pressure Difficulty in translating findings in to government actions Classical planning Defining and achieving the desirable future state of society Public interest as professionally defined Established rules and professional norms Little immediate time pressure because deal with long term future Wishful thinking in plans when political process ignored The old PA Efficient execution of programs established by political processes Public interest as embodied in mandated program Managerial and legal Time pressure tied to routine decision making Exclusion of alternatives external to program Journalism Focusing public attention to societal problems General public Descriptive Strong deadline pressure Lack of analytical depth and balance Policy Analysis Systematic comparison and evaluation of alternatives available to public actors for serving social problems Specific person or institution as decision maker Synthesis of existing research and theory to predict consequences of alternative policies Strong deadline pressure-completion of analysis is tied to specific decision Myopia resulting from client orientation and time pressure
- 9. 3 elements ofPolicy System Policy Analysis Policy Stakeholders Policy Environment Public Policies
- 10. Basic Preparation forPolicy Analysis i. Know how to gather and organize information ii. Putting perceived social problem in context iii. Need for technical skills iv. Understanding of political and organizational behavior Policy Analysis
- 11. Ethical Code/ Ethos •Protection of human rights and dignity • Analytical integrity • Misrepresentation of results • Maintain confidentiality • Honesty Policy Analysis
- 12. Models for PolicyAnalysis 1.Process Model 2.Rational Model Policy Analysis
- 13. Process Model • Identificationof a problem. • Formulation of policy proposals by various parties. • Selection and enactment of policy. • Implementation. • Evaluation. Policy Analysis
- 14. “We can makepublic policymaking easier to understand by breaking the system into parts small enough to study. By understanding the pieces, it is easier to understand the whole” Jerri Cockrel --- “Public Policymaking in America” Policy Analysis
- 15. Rational Model 1. Verify,define and detail the problem. 2. Establish evaluation criteria. 3. Identify alternative policies. 4. Evaluate and compare alternative policies. 5. Select the best policy among the alternatives considered. 6. Monitor and evaluate the proposed policy. Policy Analysis
- 16. Rational Model 1.Verify, defineand detail the problem. “The uncreative mind can spot wrong answers, but it takes a creative mind to spot wrong questions” Antony Jay --- Management & Machiavelli Policy Analysis
- 17. Rational Model 2. Establishevaluation criteria. • Efficiency • Cost • Net benefit • Equity Policy Analysis • Extent of uncertainty • Political acceptability • Administrative ease • Legal issues
- 18. Rational Model 3. Identifyalternative policies. Policy Analysis
- 19. Rational Model 4. Evaluateand compare alternative policies. • Scenario table • Objective analysis Policy Analysis
- 20. Rational Model 5. Selectthe best policy among the alternatives considered. Policy Analysis
- 21. Rational Model 6. Monitorand evaluate the proposed policy. Policy Analysis
- 22. Rational Model 1. Verify,define and detail the problem. 2. Establish evaluation criteria. 3. Identify alternative policies. 4. Evaluate and compare alternative policies. 5. Select the best policy among the alternatives considered. 6. Monitor and evaluate the proposed policy. Policy Analysis
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- 24. Formation of HEC •On 11th September 2002, the President of Pakistan promulgated a Higher Education Ordinance • The aim of HEC was that, it should be a central body that would facilitate quality assurance of higher education in both the public and private sectors • Link funding by the federal government
- 25. Functions of HEC •Evaluation of performance of institution • Formulate policies, guiding principles and priorities for higher education institutes • Prescribe conditions under which educational institutions may be opened and operated • Determine the equivalence and recognition of degrees, diplomas and certificates awarded by institutes with in and outside the country
- 26. • Provide guidelinesfor the minimum criteria and qualification for appointment, promotion and salary structure of teachers of all institutions • Curriculum revision • Make and promote national and international linkages Functions of HEC
- 27. Policy Analysis--- HECCase Study
- 28. Rational Model 1.Verify, defineand detail the problem. • HEC Devolution--- 18th Amendment • Education • 4th schedule --- Federal Legislative List Policy Analysis--- HEC Case Study
- 29. 4th schedule --- FederalLegislative List--- Part I • Article 17 : Education as respects Pakistani students in foreign countries and foreign students in Pakistan. Policy Analysis--- HEC Case Study
- 30. 4th schedule --- FederalLegislative List --- Part II • Article 6 : All regulatory authorities established under a Federal law. • Article 7: National planning and national economic coordination including planning and coordination of scientific and technological research. Policy Analysis--- HEC Case Study
- 31. 4th schedule --- FederalLegislative List --- Part II • Article 11:Legal, medical and other professions. • Article 12:Standards in institutions for higher education and research, scientific and technical institutions. • Article 13: Inter-provincial matters and co-ordination. Policy Analysis--- HEC Case Study
- 32. Rational Model 1.Verify, defineand detail the problem. • Problem : “Extent of Devolution” • Stakeholders' Analysis Policy Analysis--- HEC Case Study
- 33. Stakeholders' Analysis Policy Analysis---HEC Case Study Stakeholders Influence Power Base Students High Coercive Power / Nuisance Value Teachers High Intellectual Power, Coercive Power Universities High Students + Teachers HEC Staff High Intellectual Power, Coercive Power Politicians Moderate Interest Groups, (Vote Bank) Donors High Authoritative Power
- 34. Rational Model 2. EstablishEvaluation Criteria • Cost • Net benefit • Efficiency • Equity • Administrative Ease • Legal issues • Political Acceptability • Extent of Uncertainty Policy Analysis--- HEC Case Study
- 35. Rational Model 3. IdentifyAlternative policies Policy Analysis--- HEC Case Study Policy Option 1 Policy Option 2 Policy Option 3 Do Not Devolve (Status Quo) Complete Devolution Shared Function/Responsibilities (Federal + Provincial)
- 36. HEC Ordinance 2002 CoreFunctions Policy Analysis--- HEC Case Study Evaluation Criteria (Teachers) Equivalence and recognition of Degrees Regulation Linkages with foreign universities Standard in institutions for Higher Education Funding Degree Attestation Curriculum Evaluation Criteria for Universities
- 37. • Standard ininstitutions for Higher Education Article 12:Standards in institutions for higher education and research, scientific and technical institutions. • Regulation Article 6 : All regulatory authorities established under a Federal law. • Linkages with foreign universities Article 17 : Education as respects Pakistani students in foreign countries and foreign students in Pakistan. Policy Analysis--- HEC Case Study
- 38. Rational Model 4. Evaluateand Compare Alternative Policies Policy Analysis--- HEC Case Study
- 39. Scenario Table Policy Option 1 PolicyOption 2 Policy Option 3 Status quo Completely devolve Share responsibilities Attributes current status of HEC continues All functions of HEC goes to the respective province’s Commission for Higher Standard Education Provinces • Curriculum • Syllabus • Developing linkages • Attestation of degrees Criteria under which institutions are opened Federal • Standards of higher education • Equivalence and recognition of degrees • funding • Criteria for appointment, promotion and salary structure of teachers
- 40. Evaluation Criteria Policy Option1 (Status quo ) Policy Option 2 (Completely devolve) Policy Option 3 (Share responsibilities) Cost The current cost remain the same Cost increases (administrative expenses) Cost increase but comparatively less than option 2 Net benefit Remain same Low as compared to sharing High Efficiency Remain same High level of efficiency Moderate level of efficiency Administrative Ease Remain same Not easy because entirely new structure need to be developed Relatively easy to implement
- 41. Policy Option 1 (Statusquo ) Policy Option 2 (Completely devolve) Policy Option 3 (Share responsibilities) Legal Issues Have to made amendment in constitution None Face some legal issues Political Acceptability High level of acceptability Low level of acceptability High Extent of Uncertainty The policy option is certain Highest level of uncertainty Moderate level of uncertainty
- 42. Rational Model 5. Selectthe best policy among the alternatives considered. Policy Analysis--- HEC Case Study Policy Option 1 Policy Option 2 Policy Option 3 Do Not Devolve (Status Quo) Complete Devolution Shared Function/Responsibilities (Federal + Provincial)
- 43. Rational Model 6. Monitorand evaluate the proposed policy. Formal + Informal Policy Analysis--- HEC Case Study
- 44. Conclusion “ All politicalparties and stakeholders should be consulted to develop a consensus in the devolution of the Higher Education Commission (HEC)” Dawn News reported