Heavy crude oil is dense and viscous oil that does not flow easily. It has a higher density and lower API gravity than light crude oil. The largest reserves are in Venezuela. Production and refining of heavy crude presents challenges due to its properties. While resources are large, recovery rates are limited, though technology has increased rates. Heavy crude also has a greater environmental impact than light crude due to the energy needed for its extraction and processing. The document provides details on the geological origins, chemical properties, production methods, economics and environmental impacts of heavy crude oil.
Petroleum classification physical propertiesAshik R S
Petroleum classification physical properties.
Petroleum or crude oil
Naturally occurring & flammable liquid
Complex mixture of hydrocarbons & other organic compounds
Found in geologic formations beneath the Earth’s surface
The term ‘petroleum’ first used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium published in 1546- Georg Bauer (German mineralogist).
Derived from the Latin word petra oleum, meaning “stone oil”
Oil and gas provide about 60% of all the energy used by the society today
INTRODUCTION
DENSITY AND API GRAVITY OF CRUDE OIL
SWEET AND SOUR CRUDE OIL; BENCHMARK OF CRUDE OIL; West Texas Intermediate (WTI)
Brent Blend:; Dated Brent
What is Dated Brent?
Dubai; OPEC Basket (ORB)
Bonny Light; Tapis Crude; Mexico's Isthmus; Maya; CONTRACTS; FUTURE TRENDS ON CRUDE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
Petroleum classification physical propertiesAshik R S
Petroleum classification physical properties.
Petroleum or crude oil
Naturally occurring & flammable liquid
Complex mixture of hydrocarbons & other organic compounds
Found in geologic formations beneath the Earth’s surface
The term ‘petroleum’ first used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium published in 1546- Georg Bauer (German mineralogist).
Derived from the Latin word petra oleum, meaning “stone oil”
Oil and gas provide about 60% of all the energy used by the society today
INTRODUCTION
DENSITY AND API GRAVITY OF CRUDE OIL
SWEET AND SOUR CRUDE OIL; BENCHMARK OF CRUDE OIL; West Texas Intermediate (WTI)
Brent Blend:; Dated Brent
What is Dated Brent?
Dubai; OPEC Basket (ORB)
Bonny Light; Tapis Crude; Mexico's Isthmus; Maya; CONTRACTS; FUTURE TRENDS ON CRUDE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS
The crude oil assay is the collection of the results of physical tests that are performed to determine the key properties (boiling point, density, viscosity, heteroatom contents, acid number, etc.) of crude oil and its fractions. It is the procedure based on laboratory and pilot plant testing for determining the general distillation and quality characteristics of crude oil. Crude oil assay is important for determining the value and processability of crude oil. This is the preliminary step before processing the crude oil in the refinery. . In order to utilize the crude oil assay data, it is necessary to understand the results and significance of some of the laboratory tests.
What is Crude oil
Role of Crude oil in global economy
Exploration of Crude Oil.
Drilling of petroleum and natural gas
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Evaluation of Gasoline
Evaluation of diesel
Standard Test For Ash From Petroleum Products , D482Student
Standard Test For Ash From Petroleum Products , D482
Ash contents is defined as the inorganic residue that remains after combustion of the oil in air at specific high temperature. Ash ranges from 0.1% to 0.2%. The ash content of a fuel is a measure of the amount of inorganic noncombustible material it contains. Some of the ash forming constituents occur naturally in crude oil: others are present as a result of refining or contamination during storage or distribution. For instance, it could be due to the presence of compounds of the following elements: vanadium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, lead, iron, nickel. Or it could be picked up by the crude oil during storage and handling. Metals content above 200 ppm are considered to be significant but the variations are very large. The higher the ash content the higher is the tendency of the crude oil to form sludge or sediment. Oils containing more than 0.05% ash are considered high ash oils; those containing less than 0.02% ash are considered low ash oils.
Prepared By Yasir Albeatiy
declining crude oil pricing:causes and global impactSatyam Mishra
this presentation gives some insight into the causes of declining crude oil pricing and how that is going to affect various oil producing and non oil producing countries across the globe.
There are three primary techniques of EOR: gas injection, thermal injection, and chemical injection. Gas injection, which uses gases such as natural gas, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide (CO2), accounts for nearly 60 percent of EOR production in the United States. Thermal injection, which involves the introduction of heat, accounts for 40 percent of EOR production in the United States, with most of it occurring in California. Chemical injection, which can involve the use of long-chained molecules called polymers to increase the effectiveness of waterfloods, accounts for about one percent of EOR production in the United States. In 2013, a technique called Plasma-Pulse technology was introduced into the United States from Russia. This technique can result in another 50 percent of improvement in existing well production.
Lecture Notes in Modern Petroleum Refining ProcessesBarhm Mohamad
The most prolific and dynamic industries of this century are the petroleum and the petrochemical. Mankind consumes more than 2,500 million tons of oil yearly. This significantly reveals the magnitude, economic edifice, and necessity of industry. From the most primitive method of extraction and refining of petroleum, a great transformation has occurred throughout these years to materialize the modern refinery. This due to the timely inductions of the scientific and technological advancements into refinery operations. Advancements are many and knowledge is expanding, one has to keep abreast with these things.
This lecture notes describes refinery processes in a concise manner which is necessary for students in engineering college and technical institute, also who working in petroleum refineries.
The crude oil assay is the collection of the results of physical tests that are performed to determine the key properties (boiling point, density, viscosity, heteroatom contents, acid number, etc.) of crude oil and its fractions. It is the procedure based on laboratory and pilot plant testing for determining the general distillation and quality characteristics of crude oil. Crude oil assay is important for determining the value and processability of crude oil. This is the preliminary step before processing the crude oil in the refinery. . In order to utilize the crude oil assay data, it is necessary to understand the results and significance of some of the laboratory tests.
What is Crude oil
Role of Crude oil in global economy
Exploration of Crude Oil.
Drilling of petroleum and natural gas
Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Evaluation of Gasoline
Evaluation of diesel
Standard Test For Ash From Petroleum Products , D482Student
Standard Test For Ash From Petroleum Products , D482
Ash contents is defined as the inorganic residue that remains after combustion of the oil in air at specific high temperature. Ash ranges from 0.1% to 0.2%. The ash content of a fuel is a measure of the amount of inorganic noncombustible material it contains. Some of the ash forming constituents occur naturally in crude oil: others are present as a result of refining or contamination during storage or distribution. For instance, it could be due to the presence of compounds of the following elements: vanadium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, lead, iron, nickel. Or it could be picked up by the crude oil during storage and handling. Metals content above 200 ppm are considered to be significant but the variations are very large. The higher the ash content the higher is the tendency of the crude oil to form sludge or sediment. Oils containing more than 0.05% ash are considered high ash oils; those containing less than 0.02% ash are considered low ash oils.
Prepared By Yasir Albeatiy
declining crude oil pricing:causes and global impactSatyam Mishra
this presentation gives some insight into the causes of declining crude oil pricing and how that is going to affect various oil producing and non oil producing countries across the globe.
There are three primary techniques of EOR: gas injection, thermal injection, and chemical injection. Gas injection, which uses gases such as natural gas, nitrogen, or carbon dioxide (CO2), accounts for nearly 60 percent of EOR production in the United States. Thermal injection, which involves the introduction of heat, accounts for 40 percent of EOR production in the United States, with most of it occurring in California. Chemical injection, which can involve the use of long-chained molecules called polymers to increase the effectiveness of waterfloods, accounts for about one percent of EOR production in the United States. In 2013, a technique called Plasma-Pulse technology was introduced into the United States from Russia. This technique can result in another 50 percent of improvement in existing well production.
Lecture Notes in Modern Petroleum Refining ProcessesBarhm Mohamad
The most prolific and dynamic industries of this century are the petroleum and the petrochemical. Mankind consumes more than 2,500 million tons of oil yearly. This significantly reveals the magnitude, economic edifice, and necessity of industry. From the most primitive method of extraction and refining of petroleum, a great transformation has occurred throughout these years to materialize the modern refinery. This due to the timely inductions of the scientific and technological advancements into refinery operations. Advancements are many and knowledge is expanding, one has to keep abreast with these things.
This lecture notes describes refinery processes in a concise manner which is necessary for students in engineering college and technical institute, also who working in petroleum refineries.
An overview of Kuwait oil & gas industry and the application of solar enhanced oil recovery to help the country achieve its 2020 crude oil production target.
Petroleum (or crude oil) is a naturally occurring liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, but containing some compounds of oxygen, nitrogen and Sulphur. It is an oily, thick,
flammable, usually dark-colored liquid ,commonly obtained by drilling, used in a natural or refined state as a fuel
and separated by fractional distillation into gasoline, naphtha ,benzene ,kerosene ,paraffin etc.
It is often referred to as the “black gold.This name itself is an indication of its importance to humans. Crude oil is considered to be the “mother of all commodities” as it is used to manufacture various products such as pharmaceuticals, plastics, gasoline, synthetic fabrics, etc. Petroleum or oil has also been the world’s leading source of energy since the 1950s.
Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the earth’s surface that can be refined into fuel. Petroleum is a fossil fuel, meaning that it has been created by the decomposition of organic matter over millions of years. Petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms–primarily zooplankton and algae–underneath sedimentary rock are subjected to intense heat and pressure.
The word petroleum means “rock oil.” It is derived from the Greek word “petra” (means rock) and the Latin word “oleum” (means oil). When it is drilled from the ground in the liquid form, it is called crude oil. Humans have known about its existence for 4000 years. However, the first time crude oil was pumped from the ground was 2500 years ago in China and the world’s first crude oil well was drilled in Pennsylvania, USA only in the year 1859.
Where is petroleum found?
Today petroleum is found in vast underground reservoirs where there were ancient seas. Petroleum reserves can be located beneath the land, or under the ocean. Their crude oil is extracted with giant drilling machines.
How do you know where to find oil?
Geologists are the masters of locating oil. Often called oil exploration, geologists will look for an area that ticks all the boxes of finding an oil trap aka striking (black) gold.
Oil is often found in the vast underground reservoirs where ancient seas were once located. This can either be beneath land or out in the ocean below the seabed.
During the earlier years of oil mining, the geologists would study the soil, surface rock, and other surface features to determine if oil may be lying below.
Later came satellite imagery, along with more technological advances such as gravity meters, means to test the Earth’s magnetic field, and ‘sniffers’ that detect the smell of hydrocarbons.
The most common way used today is to generate shock waves that pass through the rock layers and reflect back to the surface where they can be interpreted for signs of oil traps. This is done with seismic source devices such as a compressed-air gun, a thumper truck, or explosives .
Where does crude oil come from?
Composition of petroleum
Uses
Extraction of petroleum
White Paper on Ethanol Blended Gasoline by Gold EagleGold-Eagle
Learn more about the white paper at http://www.cisionwire.com/gold-eagle-co-/r/gold-eagle-examines-the-growing-use-of-ethanol-blended-gasoline-and-its-impact-on-vehicle-performanc,c9160413
Properties of Fuel Oil & Bunkering Procedure by Hanif Dewan
Heavy crude oil
1. HEAVY CRUDE OIL
By:
Muneer Basha
Introduction:
Heavy crude oil or extra heavy crude oil is any type of crude oil which does not flow easily. It
is referred to as "heavy" because its density or specific gravity is higher than that of light
crude oil. Heavy crude oil has been defined as any liquid petroleum with an API gravity less
than 20°. Physical properties that differ between heavy crudes lighter grades include higher
viscosity and specific gravity, as well as heavier molecular composition. Extra heavy oil is
defined with a gravity of less than 10° API (i.e. with density greater than 1000 kg/m3 or,
equivalently, a specific gravity greater than 1) and a reservoir viscosity of no more than
10,000 centipoises. With a specific gravity of greater than 1, extra heavy crude is present as a
dense non-aqueous phase liquid in ambient conditions.
Heavy crude oil is closely related to natural bitumen from oil sands. Some petroleum
geologists categorize bitumen from oil sands as extra heavy crude oil due to the density of
less than 10 °API. Other classifications label this as bitumen differing it from extra-heavy oil.
They differ in the degree by which they have been degraded from the original crude oil by
bacteria and erosion. Often, bitumen is present as a solid and does not flow at ambient
conditions.
The largest reserves of heavy crude oil in the world are located north of the Orinoco river in
Venezuela, the same amount as the conventional oil reserves of Saudi Arabia, but 30 or more
countries are known to have reserves.
Production, transportation, and refining of heavy crude oil present special challenges
compared to light crude oil. Generally, a diluent is added at regular distances in a pipeline
carrying heavy crude to facilitate its flow.
Economics:
Heavy crude oils provide an interesting situation for the economics of petroleum
development. The resources of heavy oil in the world are more than twice those of
conventional light crude oil. In October 2009, the USGS updated the Orinoco deposits
(Venezuela) recoverable value to 513 billion barrels (8.16×1010 m3), making this area the one
of the world's largest recoverable oil deposit. However, recovery rates for heavy oil are often
limited from 5-30% of oil in place. The chemical makeup is often the defining variable in
1
2. recovery rates. Technology utilized for the recovery of heavy oil has steadily increased
recovery rates.
On one hand, due to increased refining costs and high sulfur content for some sources, heavy
crudes are often priced at a discount to lighter ones. The increased viscosity and density also
makes production more difficult (see reservoir engineering). On the other hand, large
quantities of heavy crudes have been discovered in the Americas including Canada,
Venezuela and California. The relatively shallow depth of heavy oil fields (often less than
3000 feet) can contribute to lower production costs; however, these are offset by the
difficulties of production and transport that render conventional production methods
ineffective. Specialized techniques are being developed for exploration and production of
heavy oil.
Extraction:
Production of heavy oil is becoming more common in many countries, with 2008
production led by Canada and Venezuela. Methods for extraction include Cold heavy oil
production with sand, steam assisted gravity drainage, cyclic steam stimulation, vapor
extraction, Toe-to-Heel Air Injection (THAI), and open-pit mining for extremely sandy and oil-
rich deposits.
Environmental Impact:
With current production and transportation methods, heavy crudes have a more
severe environmental impact than light ones. With more difficult production comes the
employment of a variety of enhanced oil recovery techniques, including steam flooding and
tighter well spacing, often as close as one well per acre. Heavy crudes also carry
contaminants. For example, Orinoco extra heavy oil contains 4.5% sulfur as well as vanadium
and nickel. However, because crude oil is refined before use, generating specific alkanes via
cracking and fractional distillation, this comparison is not valid in a practical sense. Heavy
crude refining techniques may require more energy input[citation needed] though, so its
environmental impact is presently much more significant than that of lighter crude.[citation
needed]
With present technology, the extraction and refining of heavy oils and oil sands generates as
much as three times the total CO2 emissions compared to conventional oil, primarily driven
by the extra energy consumption of the extraction process (which may include burning
natural gas to heat and pressurize the reservoir to stimulate flow). Current research in to
better production methods seek to reduce this environmental impact.
2
3. In a 2009 report, the National Toxics Network, citing data provided by the Carbon Dioxide
Information Analysis Center of the government of the United States and the Canadian
Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), found that heavy oils can have higher CO2
emissions per ton than coal. Emissions were lower than coal on a "per unit of energy
produced" basis, at about 84% of those for coal (0.078/0.093) and thus higher on this basis of
CO2 emissions, than conventional oil.
Environmental Research Web has reported that "because of the energy needed for extraction
and processing, petroleum from Canadian oil tar sands has higher life cycle emission" versus
conventional fossil fuels; "up to 25% more."
Geological Origin:
Most geologists agree that crude becomes "heavy" as a result of biodegradation, in
which lighter ends are preferentially consumed by bacterial activity in the reservoir, leaving
heavier hydrocarbons behind. This hypothesis leans heavily on the techniques of petroleum
geochemistry. Poor geologic reservoir sealing exposes the hydrocarbon to surface
contaminants, including organic life (such as bacteria) and contributes to this process.
Heavy oils can be found in shallow, young reservoirs, with rocks from the Pleistocene,
Pliocene, and Miocene (younger than 25 million years). In some cases, it can also be found in
older Cretaceous, Mississippian, and Devonian reservoirs. These reservoirs tend to be poorly
sealed, resulting in heavy oil and oil-sands.
Chemical Properties:
Heavy oil is asphaltic and contains asphaltenes and resins. It is "heavy" (dense and
viscous) due to the high ratio of aromatics and naphthenes to paraffins (linear alkanes) and
high amounts of NSO's (nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen and heavy metals). Heavy oil has a higher
percentage of compounds with over 60 carbon atoms and hence a high boiling point and
molecular weight. For example, the viscosity of Venezuela's Orinoco extra-heavy crude oil lies
in the range 1000–5000 cP (1–5 Pa·s), while Canadian extra-heavy crude has a viscosity in the
range 5000–10,000 cP (5–10 Pa·s), about the same as molasses, and higher (up to 100,000 cP
or 100 Pa·s for the most viscous commercially exploitable deposits).A definition from the
Chevron Phillips Chemical company is as follows:
The "heaviness" of heavy oil is primarily the result of a relatively high proportion of a mixed
bag of complex, high molecular weight, non-paraffinic compounds and a low proportion of
volatile, low molecular weight compounds. Heavy oils typically contain very little paraffin and
may or may not contain high levels of asphaltenes.
3
4. There are two main types of heavy crude oil:
Those that have over 1% sulfur (high sulfur crude oils), with aromatics and
asphaltenes, and these are mostly found in North America (Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan),
United States (California), Mexico), South America (Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador) and
the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia).
Those that have less than 1% sulfur (low sulfur crude oils), with aromatics, naphthenes and
resins, and these are mostly found in Western Africa (Chad), Central Africa (Angola) and East
Africa (Madagascar).
Companies and organizations:
Major petroleumcompanies
Super majors
BP
Chevron
ConocoPhillips
ExxonMobil
Royal Dutch Shell
Total
National oilcompanies
ADNOC
CNOOC
CNPC
Iraq National Oil Company
Indian Oil Corporation
Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
NIOC
ONGC
Orlen
PDVSA
Pemex
Pertamina
Petrobras
4
5. Petronas
Qatar Petroleum
Rosneft
Saudi Aramco
Sonangol
Sonatrach
Other:
Anadarko
Apache
BG Group
Cenovus Energy
Devon
Eni
GalpEnergia
Gazprom
Hess
Husky Energy
Imperial Oil
Lukoil
Marathon Oil
Nippon Oil
Occidental
OMV
PetroChina
Reliance Industries
Repsol YPF
Sinopec
Statoil
Suncor Energy
Surgutneftegas
TNK-BP
Major services companies:
AMEC
Baker Hughes
5
6. CGGVeritas
CH2M HILL
China Oilfield Services
Enbridge
Ensco
GE Oil & Gas
Halliburton
NaftiranIntertrade
National Oilwell Varco
Petrofac
Saipem
Schlumberger
Snam
Technip
TransCanada
Transocean
Weatherford
Wood Group
Other:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
International Energy Agency
International Petroleum Exchange
OPEC
Society of Petroleum Engineers
World Petroleum Council
Data:
Natural gas
Consumption
Production
Reserves
Imports
Exports
Price
6
8. Tracers
Underbalanced drilling
Well logging
Production:
Agreements
o Concessions
o Production sharing agreements
Artificial lift
o Pumpjack
o Submersible pump (ESP)
o Gas lift
Downstream
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
o Steam injection
o Gas reinjection
Midstream
Petroleum product
Pipeline transport
Refining
Upstream
Water injection
Well intervention
XT
History:
1967 Oil Embargo
1973 oil crisis
1979 energy crisis
1980s oil glut
2000s energy crisis
Founders
8
9. History of petroleum
Nationalization
Seven Sisters
Standard Oil
Oil market timelines
Provinces and fields
List of natural gas fields
List of oil fields
East Texas
Gulf of Mexico
Niger Delta
North Sea
Persian Gulf
Prudhoe Bay Oil Field
Russia
Venezuela
Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
Other
Acronymns
Peak oil
o Mitigation
o Timing
People
Petrocurrency
Petrodollar
Petroeuro
Shale gas
Swing producer
Unconventional oil
Heavy crude oil:
o Oil sands
o Oil shale
9
10. What is Crude Oil?
Crude oil, commonly known as petroleum, is a liquid found within the Earth comprised of
hydrocarbons, organic compounds and small amounts of metal. While hydrocarbons are
usually the primary component of crude oil, their composition can vary from 50%-97%
depending on the type of crude oil and how it is extracted. Organic compounds like nitrogen,
oxygen, and sulfur typically make-up between 6%-10% of crude oil while metals such as
copper, nickel, vanadium and iron account for less than 1% of the total composition.
Crude Oil Formation:
Crude oil is created through the heating and compression of organic materials over
a long period of time. Most of the oil we extract today comes from the remains of prehistoric
algae and zooplankton whose remains settled on the bottom of an Ocean or Lake. Over time
this organic material combined with mud and was then heated to high temperatures from the
pressure created by heavy layers of sediment. This process, known as diagenesis, changes the
chemical composition first into a waxy compound called kerogen and then, with increased
heat, into a liquid through a process called catagenesis.
Crude Oil Extraction:
The most common method of crude oil extraction is drilling. Geologists will first
identify a section of land they believe has oil flowing beneath it. There are a number of ways
this can be accomplished, the most frequently used methods are satellite imagery, gravity
meters, and magnetometers. Once a steady stream of oil is found, underground the drilling
can begin.
Drilling is not an overly complicated process however a standard method has been developed
to provide maximum efficiency. The first step of the process involves drilling into the ground
in the exact location where the oil is located. Once a steady flow has been identified at a
particular depth beneath the ground a perforating gun is lowered into the well. A perforating
gun has explosive charges within it that allow for oil to flow through holes in the casing. Once
the casing is properly perforated a tube is run into the hole allowing the oil and gas to flow up
the well. To seal the tubing a device called a packer is run along the outside of the tube. The
last step involves the placement of a structure called a Christmas tree which allows oil
workers to control the flow of oil from the well.
10
11. Oil Sands:
Oil can also be extracted from oil sands, often called tar sands. Oils sands are
typically sand or clay mixed with water and a very viscous form of crude oil known as
bitumen. The extraction process for oil sands is quite different from drilling due to the high
viscosity of this extra-heavy oil. Rather than using drills, crude oil is extracted from oil sands
through strip mining or a variety of other techniques used to reduce the viscosity of the oil.
This process can be far more expensive than traditional drilling and is found in high
abundance only in Canada and Venezuela. As oil demand continues to rise, and reserves
become depleted, oil sands could provide one of the last viable methods for extracting crude
oil from the Earth.
Worldwide Oil Production:
While just about every country in the world depends on oil, not all countries
produce it. The top five oil producing countries are: Saudi Arabia, Russia, United States, Iran,
and China. It is important to note that the term production here refers to crude oil extracted
from oil reserves. The top five oil consuming countries are: United States, China, Japan,
Russia, and Germany.
At the current rate of consumption it is estimated that worldwide reserves will become
extinguished by 2039. Scientists and engineers are working hard to find ways of more
efficiently extracting and processing crude oil to delay what could become a global energy
crisis.
11