Material Engineering,
Heat treating (or heat treatment) is a group of industrial and metalworking processes used to alter the physical, and sometimes chemical, properties of a material. The most common application is metallurgical. Heat treatments are also used in the manufacture of many other materials, such as glass. Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve a desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering, carburizing, normalizing and quenching
This presentation gives a brief introduction to chemical heat treatment of steels and surface hardening techniques
Keywords: Carburising, Nitriding, Carbonitriding, Flame hardening, Laser hardening, Induction hardening
what is laser hardening
process of laser hardening
hardening of cast iron
process variables
differences with other conventional process
advantages and disadvantages
Iron – Carbon Diagram is also known as Iron – Carbon Phase Diagram or Iron – Carbon Equilibrium diagram or Iron – Iron Carbide diagram or Fe-Fe3C diagram
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Mumbai University.
Mechanical Engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
MOdule 3
TTT diagram, CCT diagram Hardenability concepts and tests, Graphitization of Iron- Grey iron, white iron, Nodular and malleable irons, their microstructures, properties and applications
This presentation gives a brief introduction to chemical heat treatment of steels and surface hardening techniques
Keywords: Carburising, Nitriding, Carbonitriding, Flame hardening, Laser hardening, Induction hardening
what is laser hardening
process of laser hardening
hardening of cast iron
process variables
differences with other conventional process
advantages and disadvantages
Iron – Carbon Diagram is also known as Iron – Carbon Phase Diagram or Iron – Carbon Equilibrium diagram or Iron – Iron Carbide diagram or Fe-Fe3C diagram
FellowBuddy.com is an innovative platform that brings students together to share notes, exam papers, study guides, project reports and presentation for upcoming exams.
We connect Students who have an understanding of course material with Students who need help.
Benefits:-
# Students can catch up on notes they missed because of an absence.
# Underachievers can find peer developed notes that break down lecture and study material in a way that they can understand
# Students can earn better grades, save time and study effectively
Our Vision & Mission – Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief – “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
Like Us - https://www.facebook.com/FellowBuddycom
Mumbai University.
Mechanical Engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
MOdule 3
TTT diagram, CCT diagram Hardenability concepts and tests, Graphitization of Iron- Grey iron, white iron, Nodular and malleable irons, their microstructures, properties and applications
this ppt is useful for understanding the concept of heat treatment process in steel.
it gives the idea about the various stages of heat treatment process in details
In order for metal workpiece to have required working properties, a heat treatment process is often necessary. Heat treatment process generally includes three processes of heating, heat preservation and cooling. It is divided into quenching, tempering, normalizing, annealing, etc. depending on process. Can you distinguish it?
Good governance is an indeterminate term used in the international development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources. Governance is "the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented)".[1] The term governance can apply to corporate, international, national, local governance[1] or to the interactions between other sectors of society.
The concept of "good governance" of ten emerges as a model to compare ineffective economies or political bodies with viable economies and political bodies.
Surface finishing is a broad range of industrial processes that alter the surface of a manufactured item to achieve a certain property.[1] Finishing processes may be employed to: improve appearance, adhesion or wettability, solderability, corrosion resistance, tarnish resistance, chemical resistance, wear resistance, hardness, modify electrical conductivity, remove burrs and other surface flaws, and control the surface friction.[1][2] In limited cases, some of these techniques can be used to restore original dimensions to salvage or repair an item. An unfinished surface is often called mill finish
a cutting tool or cutter is any tool that is used to remove material from the work piece by means of shear deformation. Cutting may be accomplished by single-point or multipoint tools. Single-point tools are used in turning, shaping, planing and similar operations, and remove material by means of one cutting edge. Milling and drilling tools are often multipoint tools. Grinding tools are also multipoint tools. Each grain of abrasive functions as a microscopic single-point cutting edge (although of high negative rake angle), and shears a tiny chip
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. Heat Treatment
Heat Treatment is the controlled
heating and cooling of metals to alter
their physical and mechanical
properties without changing the
product shape.
Heat treatment is sometimes done
inadvertently due to manufacturing
processes that either heat or cool the
metal such as welding or forming.
3. • HEAT TREATMENT
• Heat treatment may be defined as an operation or
combination of operations involving the heating of metals or
alloys in the solid state to definite temperatures, followed by
cooling at a suitable rates to obtain desired physical and
mechanical properties. The physical and mechanical
properties depend on the size, shape and form of the micro
constituent present.
• The cooling of material after it is being undergone heat
treatment is called as QUENCHING. Quenching may be
done at different rates depending on the desired properties of
material.
• The medium in which material is cooled is known as
Quenching media. Quenching media may be water, brine or
still air.
4. Why to Heat Treat?
• Heat Treatment is often associated with increasing
the strength of material, but it can also be used to
alter certain manufacturability objectives such as
improve machining, improve formability, restore
ductility after a cold working operation.
• Thus it is a very enabling manufacturing process that
can not only help other manufacturing process, but
can also improve product performance by increasing
strength or other desirable characteristics.
5. Factors to consider before heat
treatment :-
There are certain factors which are to be
considered before heat treating a material.
1. Chemical composition of a material.
2. Mode of manufacture of a material i.e cast,
forged etc.
3. Whether any previous heat treatment has
been carried out and what is its structure.
4. Heat treatment operations to be performed
and properties and structural requirements
desired.
6. Objects of Heat Treatment :-
When steel is subjected to the heat
treatment operations, it undergoes many
structural changes due to which the
properties of materials change. The
following points need consideration.
1. Structural considerations of the object
before heat treatment.
2. Structural changes occurring during the
heat treatment
3. Structural conditions permanently retained.
7. The following are the Main Objectives of Heat
Treatment.
• To soften the material that has been
hardened by previous heat treatment or
mechanical working.
• To harden the steel and increase its strength.
• To adjust its other mechanical and physical
properties like ductility, malleability,
permeability corrosion resistance etc.
• To stabilize the dimensions of the steel
instruments so that they do not expand or
contract with time.
8. • To refine the grain size of the steel.
• To reduce and eliminate the internal stresses.
• To produce special micro structures e.g. to
spheroidize in a tool steel for improved
machinability or to completely retain austenite
structure in stainless steel.
• To eliminate gases.
• To alter the composition of surface layers on
a ductile interior.
• To improve electrical and mechanical
properties.
9. The Principles of Heat Treatment
• Heat treatment consists of Heating-Up and Cooling-Down
process.
• Heating up the steel will change the microstructure to Austenite.
• Cooling down the steel at different cooling rates will change the
microstructure from Austenite to different structures
correspondingly.
• Change in Microstructures result in change in mechanical
properties.
• By heat treatment, we can change the mechanical properties of
moulds and machine components to our desired state.
• For example, to harden the mould will increase strength and wear
resistance resulting in longer mould life.
• To anneal a hard steel bar will soften it to a state good for
machining.
• To normalize a steel bar will toughen it to a state good for impact.
10. Change in Micro-structure
• If a steel bar is heated, it is found that at a specific
temperature, which differs with each class of steel,
important structural alterations begin to take place in it.
This specific temperature marking the beginning of the
structural change is known as the 'lower critical
temperature'. This change concern the composition of
the steel, that is soft ferrite iron and a hard, brittle
substance called Cementite (Fe3C).
• The lower critical temperature is the point at which ferrite
begins to transform to another structure called 'austenite'
and iron carbide starts to dissolve in the 'austenite'.
11. General types of Heat Treatment:-
• It accounts for more
than 80% of all
metals. The various
processes may be
broadly classified
as:
16. Hardening :-
• This process is intended to produce through
hardened structure by quench-hardening.
This is the most common heat treatment
practice for most of mould making industries.
• Hardening increases wear resistance and
strength of material and provides toughness
after Tempering, so it is widely used for
increasing the life of moulds as well as
mechanical parts of machinery.
17. • Hardening:-
• The work piece is heated slowly, to obtain the finest grain-sizes,
to its hardening temperature - much higher than annealing
temperatures. The metal is kept at this temperature only until
uniform heat distribution and completion of the thermal
transformation. Once the metal has been uniformly heated to
temperature, it is removed from the furnace and placed directly
into a quenching tank. This rapidly cools the metal and the
metal retains its new qualities.
• There is a range of quenching media of varying severity, water
or brine being the most severe, through oil and synthetic
products to air which is the least severe.
18. • Tempering:-
• After quenching the steel is hard, brittle and internally
stressed. Before use, it is usually necessary to
reduce these stresses and increase toughness by
'tempering'. There will also be a reduction in
hardness and the selection of tempering temperature
dictates the final properties
• Tempering is always done below lower critical range.
The operation consists of heating the hardened steel
to a range of temperature which extends from room
temperature to below lower critical range
temperatures.
20. The Softening Processes
• Softening is done to reduce strength or hardness,
remove residual stresses, improve toughness,
restore ductility, refine grain size or change the
electromagnetic properties of the steel. As softening
process increases the toughness of the material so it
may also be called as Toughening Process.
• This process is intended to produce a structure
possesses good strength and ductility in steels by
means of Normalizing. Improved machinability, grain
structure refinement, homogenization and
modification of residual stresses are among the
reasons for which normalizing is done.
21. • Annealing :-
• Used variously to soften, relieve internal stresses,
improve machinability and to develop particular
mechanical and physical properties.In special silicon
steels used for transformer laminations annealing
develops the particular microstructure that confers
the unique electrical properties
• The operation consists of heating the steel to certain
predetermined temperature, soaking at a constant
temperature for a sufficient time to allow the
necessary changes to occur and then cooling at a
very slow rate.
22. • Annealing is the heating and then cooling of metal to
make the metal less brittle, or more malleable and
ductile.
• This will soften the steel that was previously
hardened and reduce internal stresses. Annealing is
done by heating the metal to a temperature beyond
the critical temperature and holding it there for a
period of time. The metal is then cooled with the
furnace and not removed until the furnace is cold.
23. • Normalising:-
• Heating the forged part just beyond the critical
temperature and then allowing it to air-cool completes
normalizing.
• This allows the grain-size to be refined and, if not
held at that temperature too long, will result in a
newly formed crystalline structure. The internal
stresses, if any, will be relieved, hardened steels will
be softened, overheated steels will have a more
favorable, normal fine-grained structure, and
structural distortion will be removed.
24. • This requires heating to above the
critical range temperature, holding for
sufficient time to allow temperature
equalization followed by air cooling. It is
therefore similar to annealing but with a
faster cooling rate.
25.
26.
27. It should be noted that not all steels will respond to all heat treatment processes, Table
1 summaries the response, or otherwise, to the different processes.
28. Thermo-chemical Processes (Case
Hardening):-
• These involve the diffusion, to pre-determined
depths into the steel surface, of carbon,
nitrogen and, less commonly, boron. These
elements may be added individually or in
combination and the result is a surface with
desirable properties and of radically different
composition to the bulk.
• This process is employed to produce a 'case'
or surface layer substantially harder than the
interior or core of the work piece. They
include carburizing, nitriding and induction
hardening