Heat and thermodynamics - II/ Dr. Mathivanan Velumani
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The document describes the four stroke cycle of a petrol engine: suction, compression, expansion, and exhaust. During suction, a fuel-air mixture is drawn into the cylinder when the piston moves down. In compression, the cylinder volume is compressed. In expansion, the fuel-air mixture is ignited by a spark plug in a petrol engine. During exhaust, the exhaust gases are expelled when the piston moves up. It then describes the same four strokes for a diesel engine, where fuel is injected and ignites spontaneously under high pressure during the expansion stroke.
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Steam is the vapor form of water and is used in steam engines and turbines. It forms when water is heated under constant pressure. As water is heated from 0°C, its temperature increases until it reaches the boiling point. At this point, further heating causes water to evaporate into steam while the temperature remains constant. This uses heat energy called the latent heat of vaporization. If heating continues, any remaining water particles evaporate, forming dry saturated steam. Dry steam can be further superheated by adding more heat at constant pressure. The temperature and pressure affect the boiling/saturation point, with higher pressure requiring more heat to reach the same temperature. Superheated steam provides benefits like more power and increased thermal efficiency.
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Steam is water in its gaseous phase that is formed when water boils. There are three main types of steam: wet steam containing water droplets, dry saturated steam containing no water, and superheated steam which is heated above the saturation temperature. The properties of steam such as temperature, pressure, specific volume, enthalpy, and entropy vary depending on whether it is saturated, wet, or superheated steam. Steam tables contain values of these key thermodynamic properties at different pressures and are used for analyzing steam systems and cycles.
Entropy
- Any reversible process can be approximated by a series of reversible, isothermal and reversible, adiabatic processes connected by intermediate states.
- The heat interaction along the reversible path is equal to the heat interaction along the reversible isothermal path between the same initial and final states.
- Therefore, a reversible process can be replaced by a zig-zag path consisting of reversible adiabatic and isothermal processes, satisfying the first law of thermodynamics.
- According to the Clausius theorem, the integral of heat transfer divided by temperature around any cyclic process is equal to zero for a reversible process. This leads to the definition of entropy as a state function.
thermal systems and applications
Module 1
Steam Engineering: Properties of steam - wet, dry and superheated steam -
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Module 2
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1) The temperature T is the arithmetic mean of temperatures T1 and T2 if two engines produce the same work output, and T is the geometric mean if the engines have the same efficiency.
2) Entropy generation is always positive or zero, and the entropy of an isolated system increases during a process or remains constant for a reversible process.
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1) Water is heated in a cylinder fitted with a piston under constant pressure from a weight placed on top.
2) As heat is supplied, the temperature of the water rises until it reaches its boiling point, which depends on the pressure acting on the water.
3) When the boiling point is reached, there is a slight increase in the volume of water as some of it changes from liquid to gas (steam) at a constant temperature.
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The evaporator is a key part of the cooling system that absorbs heat from the area needing cooling. As refrigerant passes through the evaporator coils, it absorbs heat from warm air blowing through the coils and fins, causing the refrigerant to change from a liquid to a gas. This process lowers the temperature of the air around the evaporator. Evaporators come in different types depending on their heat transfer method and refrigerant expansion process, and are commonly installed under vehicle dashboards in air conditioning systems.
Power plant engineering
This document summarizes key concepts in thermodynamics and different thermodynamic cycles used in power generation. It discusses the four main thermodynamic processes: isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic. It then describes important thermodynamic cycles like Rankine, Brayton, Otto, and Diesel that are used in steam turbines, gas turbines, and reciprocating engines. Key components of each cycle are defined along with diagrams of typical systems.
WORKING OF HEAT PUMPS WITH (CO2) REFRIGERANT
The document discusses heat pumps, which transfer heat from one place to another against a temperature gradient using external energy. It describes the typical components of a heat pump - evaporator, compressor, condenser, expansion valve - and how they work together in the heating and cooling cycles. Carbon dioxide is highlighted as a natural, non-toxic refrigerant with advantages over traditional refrigerants like Freon, though it requires higher operating pressures. The document concludes that heat pumps using carbon dioxide as the refrigerant can provide efficient and environmentally friendly heating and cooling.
Refrigeration cycle paper
The refrigeration cycle involves four steps - throttling, evaporation, compression, and condensation - that continuously cool a system. In throttling, pressure drops and the refrigerant becomes a liquid-vapor mixture. During evaporation, the mixture absorbs heat from surroundings as it changes to a vapor, providing cooling. Compression then increases the vapor's temperature and pressure. Finally, condensation releases excess heat, returning the refrigerant to a compressed liquid ready to repeat the cycle. The cycle exploits thermodynamic principles to power appliances like refrigerators and air conditioners through continuous heat removal.
THERMODYNAMICS-IV.pptx
This document provides information about heat engines and refrigerators. It discusses how heat engines convert heat into work using cyclic processes. Heat engines have a working substance, a hot reservoir to absorb heat from, and a cold reservoir to reject heat to. Only some of the absorbed heat is converted to work, with the rest rejected. Refrigerators and heat pumps operate in reverse by using work to transfer heat from a cold region to a hot region. They use phase changes in a refrigerant to absorb heat at low temperature and reject it at high temperature. The performance of refrigerators and heat pumps is measured by their coefficient of performance.
PRINCIPLES OF AIR CONDITIONING.pptx
This document explains how air conditioners work through a simple refrigeration process using key components like the compressor, condenser, and evaporator. The refrigerant is compressed into a hot gas and moves to the condenser to dissipate heat before becoming a cool liquid and entering the evaporator. As it evaporates, it extracts heat from the surrounding air and is blown into the home by ducts. This cycling process continues automatically via the thermostat to maintain the desired indoor temperature.
Heat pump and heat engine
The document discusses heat pumps and heat engines. It explains that a heat pump uses mechanical energy to transfer heat from one place to another, with a coefficient of performance (COP) measuring its efficiency. A heat engine absorbs heat to do work on its surroundings, with its efficiency measured by how much work it produces relative to the heat absorbed. Common applications of heat pumps include heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems, while examples of heat engines are steam engines and internal combustion engines.
What Is a Heat Pump System.pdf
A heat pump system is an HVAC system that can provide both heating and cooling by transferring heat from one place to another using refrigeration technology. It consists of an outdoor unit that contains a compressor, a fan, and a coil, as well as an indoor unit that contains a fan and a coil. In the winter, it extracts heat from the outdoor air and transfers it indoors to heat the space, while in the summer, it extracts heat from the indoor air and transfers it outdoors to cool the space. Heat pumps are known for their energy efficiency and versatility, making them a popular choice among homeowners.
Heat exchanger
Heat exchangers allow the transfer of heat between two or more fluids without mixing them. There are several types including shell and tube, plate, and finned tube. Heat exchangers can be classified based on their application (e.g. boilers, condensers), shape (e.g. double pipe, plate and frame), or fluid flow configuration (e.g. cocurrent, countercurrent, crossflow). Proper heat exchanger design and material selection depends on the application and fluids involved.
K10947 Vikas rac
This document discusses the process of vapor compression refrigeration. It describes the key components of a vapor compression system including the evaporator, compressor, condenser, and expansion valve. The refrigeration cycle is explained where refrigerant in the evaporator absorbs heat and changes from liquid to gas. The gas is compressed in the compressor and condensed in the condenser before passing through the expansion valve back to the evaporator. The document provides details on each component and how they work together in the refrigeration process.
Air Conditioner Work Process
Air conditioners, also known as ACs or air con, are a common sight in many households, businesses, and public spaces around the world. They are used to cool down the air and regulate the temperature and humidity levels in a room or building, making it more comfortable for people to work, sleep, or relax. But how do air conditioners actually work?
Solar ac
The document discusses solar powered air conditioning systems. It provides an overview of the components, layout, and working principle of such a system. The key components are solar panels, batteries, an inverter, a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. There are three main types - solar thermal cooling systems using open or closed cycles, photovoltaic solar air conditioners, and direct current solar air conditioners. The solar panels generate DC power that can directly power the DC compressor without needing conversion to AC, making it a more efficient use of solar energy for air conditioning.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the branch of science concerned with heat, temperature, energy, and their relationships. It describes the behavior of these quantities through the four laws of thermodynamics. Heat engines convert thermal energy to mechanical work by transferring heat between a high and low temperature source. The efficiency of heat engines is limited by Carnot's theorem. Refrigerators and heat pumps move heat from low to high temperature areas using a working fluid and mechanical work, operating based on thermodynamic cycles.
Vcrs
Vapour compression refrigeration systems are the most commonly used refrigeration systems. They use a circulating refrigerant that undergoes phase changes to absorb heat from the space being cooled and reject it elsewhere. The key components are a compressor, condenser, thermal expansion valve, and evaporator. The refrigerant is compressed in the compressor, condenses while rejecting heat in the condenser, expands in the thermal expansion valve where some evaporates, and evaporates fully while absorbing heat in the evaporator before returning to the compressor to complete the cycle. These systems have high efficiency and can be used for a wide range of temperatures but have higher initial costs and require preventing refrigerant leakage.
How dose heat pump work
This presentation introduces the principle of an air source heat pump, the key parts of the heat pump system and shows some examples of how heat pumps saves your money and protects the environment.
Chapter 1 introduction to refrigeration engineering
Refrigeration engineering refers to the design, installation, repair, and maintenance of refrigeration equipment used to store perishable goods at low, constant temperatures. There are several main types of refrigeration systems, including mechanical compression systems, which use electrically powered compressors to move refrigerant between high and low pressures; absorption systems, which rely on heat rather than compressors; and evaporative cooling systems, which use water evaporation to lower air temperatures. Refrigeration systems work by absorbing heat during phase changes of refrigerants to cool enclosed spaces and rejecting that heat elsewhere, helping to preserve foods longer.
Refrigeration cycle
The document summarizes the refrigeration cycle and vapor compression refrigeration system. The refrigeration cycle involves compressing a refrigerant gas, condensing it in a condenser to release heat, expanding the liquid refrigerant which causes it to evaporate and absorb heat, and circulating the cold gas back into the refrigerator. The vapor compression system uses this cycle, with the main components being a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. The compressor increases the refrigerant's pressure and temperature, the condenser cools and condenses it, releasing heat, the expansion valve reduces the pressure and temperature causing evaporation, and the evaporator absorbs heat during evaporation to cool its surroundings.
Steam condenser
1. A steam condenser converts low pressure exhaust steam from a turbine into water using cooling water circulated from a cooling tower.
2. The key components of a steam condensing plant include the condenser vessel, pumps to extract condensate and air, a hot well, boiler feed pump, cooling tower, and cooling water pump.
3. There are two main types of steam condensers - jet condensers where steam and cooling water mix, and surface condensers where they do not mix. Surface condensers are more suitable for high capacity plants.
Refrigeration and Air conditioning
The document discusses refrigeration systems and concepts. It provides:
1) An overview of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle, which involves compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation of a refrigerant to transfer heat from a low temperature to a high temperature.
2) Descriptions of the main components in the cycle, including the evaporator, compressor, condenser, expansion device, and refrigerants used.
3) An introduction to absorption refrigeration systems which use heat energy rather than mechanical work to provide refrigeration.
4) Examples of refrigeration systems like domestic refrigerators and ice plants which use the vapor compression cycle.
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Chapter 1 introduction to refrigeration engineering
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Basic Electronics 5 by Dr. Mathivanan Velumani
The document discusses operational amplifiers and their applications. It begins by defining an operational amplifier as a circuit that can perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, integration and differentiation. It then discusses the key components of an op-amp, including the differential amplifier input stage. Next, it defines a differential amplifier and describes its basic circuit. The rest of the document provides details on various op-amp applications, including integrators, differentiators, comparators, and multivibrators. It explains the circuitry and operation of each type of application.
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This document discusses transistor biasing and faithful signal amplification in transistors. It begins by explaining that the basic function of a transistor is amplification, and that for faithful amplification the input circuit must remain forward biased and the output circuit must remain reverse biased during the signal. This is achieved through transistor biasing, which provides the proper zero-signal collector current, base-emitter voltage, and collector-emitter voltage. Several common biasing circuits are described, including base resistor, collector feedback resistor, and voltage divider methods. The key requirements for faithful amplification and the effects of improper biasing are illustrated. Transistor characteristics like the input curve and output curve are also discussed.
Basic Electronics 2 by Dr. Mathivanan Velumani
The document discusses h parameters, which are four hybrid or mixed parameters (one in ohms, one in mhos, two dimensionless) that can be used to analyze any linear circuit with input and output terminals. The h parameters are determined from two equations, with h11 having units of ohms, h12 and h21 being dimensionless, and h22 having units of mhos. The document also mentions that h parameters can be represented using an equivalent circuit model.
Basic Electronics 1 by Dr. Mathivanan Velumani
- LEDs emit light when forward biased due to electron-hole recombination in materials like gallium arsenide. The color emitted depends on the material used, with variations in elements like gallium, phosphorus, and arsenic producing different colors.
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Heat and thermodynamics - III / Dr. Mathivanan Velumani
This document discusses experiments related to the liquefaction of gases and critical temperature. It begins by explaining that Regnault and Amagat carried out experiments on real gases at very high pressures and found that gases can be liquefied above their critical temperature and pressure. It then describes an experiment using a manometer to determine the critical temperature of a gas, where there is no difference between the liquid and vapor phases. The document concludes by explaining Andrews' experiment on carbon dioxide, where he found it obeyed Boyle's law above 50°C but behaved differently below 30°C, which is the critical temperature for carbon dioxide.
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
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https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
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Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
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Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
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Heat and thermodynamics - II/ Dr. Mathivanan Velumani
- 1. Dr. V. Mathivanan Associate Professor of Physics E.mail: mr.mathivanan@rediffmail.com
- 4. Suction (charge exchange stroke) When the piston moves down, fuel/air mixture is drawn through the intake valve. Compression (power stroke) The cylinder volume is compressed. Expansion (power stroke) In the petrol engine, the fuel/air mixture is ignited by a spark plug. Exhaust (charge exchange stroke) The exhaust gas is expelled when the piston moves up.
- 6. Suction (charge exchange stroke) When the piston moves down, air is drawn through the intake valve. Compression (power stroke) The cylinder volume is compressed. Expansion (power stroke) In the diesel engine fuel is injected under high pressure and the mixture ignites spontaneously. Exhaust (charge exchange stroke) The exhaust gas is expelled when the piston moves up.
- 8. Refregirator
- 9. Coefficient of performance Coefficient of performance (COP) is defined as the ratio of quantity of heat Q2 removed per cycle from the contents of the refrigerator to the energy spent per cycle W to remove this heat.
- 12. Freon liquid absorbs the heat energy from the food materials Due to absorption of heat, the liquid freon becomes low pressure freon gas molecules The freon gas moleucules enters through the compressor and gets compressed – becomes high pressure freon gas molecules The high pressure freon gas molecules loses their heat energy to the coil to beocme freon liquid This a cyclic process which continues and to keep the things in the refrigerator cool
- 13. How an air conditioner works
- 14. 1 Warm air from the room is sucked in through a grille at the base of the machine 2 The air flows over some chiller pipes through which a coolant fluid is circulating. This part of the machine works just like the chiller cabinet in a refrigerator. It cools down the incoming air and a dehumidifier removes any excess moisture. 3 The air then flows over a heating element (similar to the one in a fan heater). On a hot day, this part of the unit may be turned right up so the HVAC works as a heater. 4 A fan at the top blasts the air back through another grille into the room. If the heating element is turned down, the air re-entering the room is much cooler, so the room gradually cools down.
- 15. 5 Meanwhile, coolant (a volatile liquid that evaporates easily) flows through the chiller pipes. As it does so, it picks up heat from the air blowing past the pipes and evaporates, turning from a cool liquid into a hotter gas. It carries this heat from inside the room to the outside of the building, where it gives up its heat to the outside air. How? Just like in a refrigerator, the coolant flows through a compressor unit and some condensing pipes, which turn it back into a cool liquid ready to cycle round the loop again.What happens to the heat? 6 In the unit outside the building, there are lots of metal plates that dissipate the heat to the atmosphere. An electric fan blows air past them to accelerate the process. 7 Over time, the heat inside the building gradually pumps away into the outside air.
- 16. Uses of air conditioners: Air Conditioning of Residential and Official Buildings Industrial Air Conditioning Spot Cooling Spot Heating Printing Textiles Precision Parts and Clean Rooms Photographic Products Computer Rooms Air Conditioning of Vehicles Food Storage and Distribution
- 20. 20