heart failure is the inability of heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of tissues for oxygen and nutrients

1. Heart failure
Prepared by :
Akeel abd muslem

2. content
O Definition
O Causes
O Pathophysiology
O Types
O Clinical manifestation
O Frank starling phenomenon
O Pulmonary embolism and pulmonary edema
O prevention
O Complication
O Medical management
O Nursing management

3. Definition
O Heart failure
“ is the inability of the heart to pump
sufficient blood to meet the needs of tissues
for oxygen and nutrients ”

5. causes
Left side Right side
1. Hypertension
2. Coarctation of aorta:
congenital condition
of narrowing aorta
3. Myocardial infarction
4. Cardiomyopathy
5. Aortic stenosis
6. Mitral regurgitation
1. Pulmonary
hypertension
2. Cor-pulmonale
3. Pulmonary
stenosis
4. Atrial septal defect

6. pathophysiologyPathophysiology

7. How left side lead to right side
heart failure

9. Types
1. Right sided HF : means that right side of heart not
pumping blood to lung as well as normal . Most
common cause is left side HF.
2. Left sided HF; when left ventricle don’t pump blood
out to body . And have two types:
 Diastolic HF: the left ventricle losses it’s ability to
relax normally ( because muscles become stiff , the
heart can’t properly fill with blood during resting
period between each beat .
 Systolic HF : left ventricle losses it’s ability to
contract normally ( heart not pump with enough force
to push enough blood into circulation .

10. Two types of left sided HF

11. Differentiation signs
right side
Peripheral congestion
:dependent edema and
ascites
Cyanosis
Fatigue
Distended jugular veins
Anorexia
Hepatomegaly or
spleenomegaly
Gi disteress and weight loss
left side
Pulmonary congestion:
crackles, wheezing , cough and
blood tinged sputum and
pulmonary edema :Paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea and
Orthopnea
Tachypnea
Dyspnea on exertion
Tachycardia
Cyanosis
Fatigue
Decrease cardiac output lead
to intolerance and tissue
perfusion are decreased :
restlessness

12. Frank starling phenomenon
O In increase workload on heart , the heart
dilated and increase in muscle mass (
hypertrophy )
O In dilatation the heart muscle fibers stretch
to increase the force of myocardial
contraction , which is called frank starling
phenomenon

13. Pulmonary embolism and
pulmonary edema
O Pulmonary embolism : is blood clot and
block blood vessels in lung
O Pulmonary edema : is fluid collection in
lung

16. PULMONARY EMOBOLISM

17. Prevention
O The best way to prevent heart failureis to have a heart-healthy
lifestyleand control existing health problems like high blood
pressure and diabetes.
O To reduce your risk:
1. Don't smoke. If you smoke, quit. Avoid secondhand smoke too.
2. Eat heart-healthy foods. Eat fruits, vegetables, fish, lean meats, and
whole grains. Choose foods that are low in saturated fat and avoid trans
fat. Limit sodium, alcohol, and sugar.
3. Get regular exercise. Try to do activities that raise your heart rate. Aim
for at least 2½ hours ofmoderate exercise a week.1
4. Stay at a healthy weight. Lose weight if you need to.
5. Manage other health problemsthat can raise your risk of heart
disease and heart failure. These include high blood pressure,high
cholesterol, and diabetes. You can use heart-healthy lifestyle changes
along with medicines to manage these conditions

18. Complication
1. Atrial fibrillation
2. Kidney failure
3. Anemia : because of low perfussion to
kidney or kidney failure that lead to reduce
production of erythropioten that make RBC
.
4. Stroke
5. Heart valve condition ( mitral regurgitation
MR)

19. Medical management
O Upright position
O ACE-I , beta blocker , digoxin
O Lasix as diuretics
O Oxygen
O nitrates
O Restricted salt
O Reducing fluid
O Reducing afterload

20. Surgery AND other medical
procedure
O Surgery may need for
O Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
O Cardiac transplantation
O Angioplasty
O Valve replacement
O Left ventricular assist device

21. Nursing management
O Elevate legs for reducing edema
O Elevate head of bed
O give oxygen as ordered
O Give medication : digoxin , beta blocker ..
As ordered
O Teach : low – salt diet . Exercise but pace
activates , avoid extremes weather when
exercising

22. referrence
O http://www.webmd.com/heart-
disease/heart-failure/tc/heart-failure-
prevention
O Brunner book