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Health Benefits of
Green Infrastructure
Speakers:
 David Rouse, AICP, ASLA, American Planning Association
 Ignacio Bunster-Ossa, FASLA, AECOM
 Dr. Kathleen Wolf, University of Washington & US Forest Service
 This webinar and materials are supported by funds
from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s
Healthy Community Design Initiative.
 All presentation slides and a recording will be available
following the webinar.
 If you have a question for one of our presenters,
please use the Q&A box on the lower right section of
your screen.
Health Benefits of
Green Infrastructure
 Health and Green Infrastructure Overview
• David Rouse, AICP, ASLA, APA
 Green Infrastructure: Scales/Benefits/Metrics
• Ignacio Bunster-Ossa, FASLA, AECOM
 Health Benefits of Green Infrastructure:
evidence of nature & mental health
• Dr. Kathleen Wolf, University of Washington & US
Forest Service
 Questions and Discussion
Webinar Outline
Green Communities
Hazards Planning
Planning and Community Health
National Centers for Planning
www.planning.org/nationalcenters
National Centers for Planning
www.planning.org/nationalcenters
An interconnected network of natural areas and other open
spaces that conserves natural ecosystem values and
functions, sustains clean area and water, and provides a
wide array of benefits to people and wildlife.
Mark A. Benedict and Edward T. McMahon, Green
Infrastructure: Linking Landscapes and Communities,
Island Press, 2006
Systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes
to infiltrate, evapotranspirate, or reuse stormwater on the
site where it is generated.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Green Infrastructure Definitions
Green infrastructure as landscape…the physical manifestation
of processes that connect the built and natural environments,
performing multiple functions and yielding associated benefits
for the health and well-being of people and wildlife.
PAS Report 571, Green Infrastructure: A Landscape Approach,
p. 11
Green Infrastructure Definitions
Examples Across Scales
Regional Scale
 Regional parks and nature preserves
 River corridors and greenways
 Working farms and forests
City Scale
 Urban forest / tree canopy
 Urban parks
 Parkways and boulevards
Examples Across Scales
Neighborhood Scale
 Local parks
 Constructed wetlands
 Green streets
Site / Building Scale
 Stormwater planters
 Rain gardens
 Green roofs
The mission of the public health profession is to fulfill society’s
interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy…
Institute of Medicine, 1988
Green Infrastructure
and Public Health
Green Infrastructure
and Public Health
How can green infrastructure contribute to assuring conditions in
which people can be healthy?
 It can improve environmental conditions such as air and water
quality that impact human health.
 It can encourage walking, biking, and other forms of physical
activity.
 It can provide access to fresh, healthy foods through community
gardens and urban agriculture.
 It can improve mental health by bringing people into contact with
nature.
 It can increase safety through design.
 It can reduce disparities in health outcomes for poor and
marginalized communities (environmental justice).
Triple Bottom Line
 Environment: Improves
air and water quality,
reduces the heat island
effect, and supports
walkable communities.
 Economy: Provides jobs
and promotes physical
activity, resulting in
reduced healthcare costs.
 Equity: Reduces disparities
in health outcomes for poor
and marginalized
communities.
Green Infrastructure Benefits
Source: GreenPlan Philadelphia
Strategic Points of
Intervention for Planners
 Visioning & Goal Setting
 Comprehensive Planning
 Subarea & Functional
Planning
 Plan Implementation
• Regulations
• Public Investment
• Private Development
Resources
American Planning Association
American Rivers Trust for Public Land
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
SCALES / BENEFITS / METRICS
Ignacio F. Bunster-Ossa / AECOM
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
SCALES / BENEFITS / METRICS
Ignacio F. Bunster-Ossa / AECOM
A working nature . . .
Landscape
Community
Garden
Landscape
Community
Garden
SYSTEMS
THINKING
AIR QUALITY
STORMWATER
WASTE WATER
SOLID WASTE
CULTURAL
HERITAGE
BIOTA
EXERCISE &
FITNESS
ACTIVE
MOBILITY
CARBON
ENERGY
HEAT
ISLAND
CONNECTVITY
SOCIAL
CAPITALALLERGENS
BMP’S
COMMUNITY
IDENTITY
PUBLIC ART
NOISE
Orchard Hills Park / AECOM
LANDSCAPE
HERITAGE PRESERVATION
Trinity River Corridor / WRT
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IS TRANSFORMATIVE
CIVIC IDENTITY
FLOOD CONTROL
FLOOD CONTROL
300 acres wetland
ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION
19,000 trees
• 4,000 ANNUAL TONS
OF CO2 SEQUESTERED
CARBON SEQUESTRATION
RECREATION
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
COMMUNITY
Gateway Park Competition / AECOM
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE = PLACEMAKING
San Francisco SSIP / AECOM
URBAN FOREST HABITAT RESTORATION
URBAN FOREST HABITAT RESTORATION
ACTIVE MOBILITY
SOCIAL SPACE
CULTURAL IDENTITY
Dutch Kills Green / WRT
Landscape Performance
• 20.2 million gallons of stormwater
prevented from entering the city’s
CSO’s—a $3.4 million savings in future
capital costs.
• 1,079 lbs of carbon sequestered per
year in 174 new trees on-site and
adjacent to the site.
• 12% increase in bicycle traffic, with an
average of 3,416 cyclists using the
path every day.
• 23% reduction in ambient noise (from
a typical range of 85-101dB to 69-
75dB).
GARDEN
Sidwell Friends School /
Kieran Timberlake / Andropogon Associates
WATER CONSERVATION
ENERGY CONSERVATION BIODIVERSITY
Daiichi Headquarters LA / WRT
SOCIAL EQUITY
CLANER AIR / WORKPLACE EFFICIENCY
The Ridge / Onion Flats
LIVING STREETS
NATURE PLAY
Cultural Heritage
Civic Identity
Flood Control
Ecological Restoration
Carbon Sequestration
Recreation
Economic Development
Urban Forest
Habitat Restoration
Active Mobility
Social Space
Community Identity
Water Conservation
Energy Conservation
Biodiversity
Cleaner Air
Workplace Efficiency
Living Streets
Nature Play
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
Creates . . .
Promotes . . .
Enhances . . .
Achieves . . .
Sustains . . .
Cultural Heritage
Civic Identity
Flood Control
Ecological Restoration
Carbon Sequestration
Recreation
Economic Development
Urban Forest
Habitat Restoration
Active Mobility
Social Space
Community Identity
Water Conservation
Energy Conservation
Biodiversity
Cleaner Air
Workplace Efficiency
Living Streets
Nature Play
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE:
Creates . . .
Promotes . . .
Enhances . . .
Achieves . . .
Sustains . . .
The Hundertwasser House
Ken Yeang : It sounds facile, but giving joy and happiness to occupants is
an essential aspect of why we are architects. One way to give spaces a
feeling of cheerfulness is the enabling the simple enjoyment of daylight
as it enters a space or as it brightens up a space in the morning
Mass General Hospital
http://wikoffdesignstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/thumbs_97805-exam-room-massachusetts-general-hospital-lunder-building-nbbj-1114.jpg.1064x0_q90_crop_sharpen.jpg
Mass General Hospital
http://wikoffdesignstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/thumbs_97805-exam-room-massachusetts-general-hospital-lunder-building-nbbj-1114.jpg.1064x0_q90_crop_sharpen.jpg
Hospital patients who can see greenery from their
windows recover more quickly than those who don’t.
http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/November-2011/Frontiers-of-Design-Science-Biophilia/
Health Benefits of Green Infrastructure:
evidence of nature & mental health
Kathleen Wolf, Ph.D.
Research Social Scientist
University of Washington
USDA Forest Service
American Planning Association Webinar
September 10, 2015
urban forestry :: green infrastructure
Reducing Stormwater Runoff
Image courtesy of the Center for Urban Forest Research
Tanner
Springs
Park
Portland OR
linked to active living network
neighborhood
social cohesion
environmental
education &
social learning
co-benefit opportunities
Stormwater Report, online April 2014 (search health)
What is the Evidence?
Nearby Nature for
Human Health, Welfare & Function
Finding that study . . . . . .
Green Cities: Good Health
Sponsors:
USDA Forest Service, U&CF Program
University of Washington
NGO partners
thanks!
to U of WA students:
Katrina Flora
Mary Ann Rozance
Sarah Krueger
www.greenhealth.washington.edu
research review & summaries
12
metro nature & health benefits across the life cycle
Urban Forests and Newborns
the natural environment may affect
pregnancy outcomes . . .
10% increase in tree-canopy cover
within 50m of a house
= lower number of low weight births
(1.42 per 1000 births)
Donovan et al., Health & Place 2011;
Hystad et al., Env Health Perspectives 2014
Elders: mobility & social connections
Mental Health
treatment & therapy
America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc
% of U.S. Population
Using Mental Health Medications
2001 vs 2010
America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc
Prevalence of Adult
Antidepressant Use
2010
Green Streets for Walkability
18
Aspinall et al. 2013. The Urban Brain: Analysing Outdoor Physical Activity with
Mobile EEG. British Journal of Sports Medicine
evidence of lower frustration and higher
meditation when moving into the greener streets
Physical Activity &
Depression Reduction
 Review of 13 high quality studies
 exercise recommended for
mild to moderate depression
 people who are willing & motivated
 associated meditation and mindfulness are
important
Josefsson et al. 2013.
Physical Exercise Intervention
in Depressive Disorders.
Scandinavian Journal of
Medicine & Science in Sports 19
Improving Depression
20 adults with major depression
walk in a park setting and an urban setting
 50-minute walks one week apart
 before-after testing:
 Mood: Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS)
 Cognition: Backward Digit Span (BDS)
Berman et al. 2012. Journal of Affective Disorders
cognitive and affective
improvements after
walking in a
nature setting
America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc
Change in % Population on
ADHD Treatments
2001 - 2010
America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc
% of Americans Ages 20-44
on ADHD Meds
2001 - 2010
ADHD and nature contact
 17 children aged 7-12 with
diagnosed ADHD
 20-minute guided
walks
 Park
 Neighborhood
 Downtown
 Pre-walk puzzles
 Post-walk cognitive test
Faber Taylor & Kuo. 2009.
Journal of Attention Disorders
ADHD and nature contact
 96 children aged 7-12
diagnosed ADD or ADHD
 Parents gave postactivity
attentional functioning
ratings (PAAF) –
4 measures:
 Can’t stay focused on unappealing
tasks (homework or chores)
 Can’t complete tasks
 Can’t listen and follow directions
 Easily distracted
Faber Taylor. 2001. Environment & Behavior
Mental Health & Function
just doing better!
Green High School Campuses
 cafeteria & classroom window views with
greater quantities of trees and shrubs
 positively associated with:
 standardized test scores,
 graduation rates
 %s of students planning to attend a four-year
college
 fewer occurrences of criminal behavior
26
Matsuoka. 2010. Landscape & Urban Planning
Attention Restoration Theory
Rachel & Stephen Kaplan, U of MI
directed attention
fatigue . . . .
Workplace Nature Views
 Well-being
 desk workers without view of nature
reported 23% more ailments in prior
6 months
 Job Satisfaction
 less frustrated and
more patient
 higher overall job
satisfaction and
enthusiasm
Kaplan, R. 1993. Landscape and Urban Planning
the
biophilic
office
cubicle!
bottom line =
$$ benefits of trees & nature
http://www.jimkukral.com/
Nature and Creativity
role of
nature in
creativity
development
http://daycare.sulekha.com
Give Your Ideas Some Legs
Oppezzo & Schwartz. 2014.
Journal of Experimental Psychology
creative test – analogy generation
conditions: sit inside, treadmill walk,
walk outside, wheelchair outside
walking outside produced most novel
& highest quality analogies –
walking opens up free flow of ideas
Nature & Creative Professionals
Plambech & Konijnendijk van den Bosch. 2015.
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
focused interviews in Denmark
nature:
makes us more curious
supports flexible thinking
recharges directed-attention
aids 2 phases of the creative process:
Preparation phase and Incubation phase
sensory dimensions: space & serene
https://www.concur.com
Mindfulness
constant
busyness
attempted
multi-
tasking
‘out of
balance’
Anna and Elena Balbusso, NY Times
Nature and Mindfulness
focus
soft fascination
undirected attention
credit: Michael Hellgren
Attention Restoration Theory, Kapan & Kaplan
Summary
• evidence of nature & human health?
Green Cities: Good Health
• ~ 40 years of research, > 3K peer-
reviewed publications
• better mental health & function
• ADHD, attention restoration theory,
creativity, mindfulness
www.naturewithin.info
Health Benefits of Green Infrastructure

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Health Benefits of Green Infrastructure

  • 1. Health Benefits of Green Infrastructure Speakers:  David Rouse, AICP, ASLA, American Planning Association  Ignacio Bunster-Ossa, FASLA, AECOM  Dr. Kathleen Wolf, University of Washington & US Forest Service
  • 2.  This webinar and materials are supported by funds from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Healthy Community Design Initiative.  All presentation slides and a recording will be available following the webinar.  If you have a question for one of our presenters, please use the Q&A box on the lower right section of your screen. Health Benefits of Green Infrastructure
  • 3.  Health and Green Infrastructure Overview • David Rouse, AICP, ASLA, APA  Green Infrastructure: Scales/Benefits/Metrics • Ignacio Bunster-Ossa, FASLA, AECOM  Health Benefits of Green Infrastructure: evidence of nature & mental health • Dr. Kathleen Wolf, University of Washington & US Forest Service  Questions and Discussion Webinar Outline
  • 4. Green Communities Hazards Planning Planning and Community Health National Centers for Planning www.planning.org/nationalcenters
  • 5. National Centers for Planning www.planning.org/nationalcenters
  • 6. An interconnected network of natural areas and other open spaces that conserves natural ecosystem values and functions, sustains clean area and water, and provides a wide array of benefits to people and wildlife. Mark A. Benedict and Edward T. McMahon, Green Infrastructure: Linking Landscapes and Communities, Island Press, 2006 Systems and practices that use or mimic natural processes to infiltrate, evapotranspirate, or reuse stormwater on the site where it is generated. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Green Infrastructure Definitions
  • 7. Green infrastructure as landscape…the physical manifestation of processes that connect the built and natural environments, performing multiple functions and yielding associated benefits for the health and well-being of people and wildlife. PAS Report 571, Green Infrastructure: A Landscape Approach, p. 11 Green Infrastructure Definitions
  • 8. Examples Across Scales Regional Scale  Regional parks and nature preserves  River corridors and greenways  Working farms and forests City Scale  Urban forest / tree canopy  Urban parks  Parkways and boulevards
  • 9. Examples Across Scales Neighborhood Scale  Local parks  Constructed wetlands  Green streets Site / Building Scale  Stormwater planters  Rain gardens  Green roofs
  • 10. The mission of the public health profession is to fulfill society’s interest in assuring conditions in which people can be healthy… Institute of Medicine, 1988 Green Infrastructure and Public Health
  • 11. Green Infrastructure and Public Health How can green infrastructure contribute to assuring conditions in which people can be healthy?  It can improve environmental conditions such as air and water quality that impact human health.  It can encourage walking, biking, and other forms of physical activity.  It can provide access to fresh, healthy foods through community gardens and urban agriculture.  It can improve mental health by bringing people into contact with nature.  It can increase safety through design.  It can reduce disparities in health outcomes for poor and marginalized communities (environmental justice).
  • 12. Triple Bottom Line  Environment: Improves air and water quality, reduces the heat island effect, and supports walkable communities.  Economy: Provides jobs and promotes physical activity, resulting in reduced healthcare costs.  Equity: Reduces disparities in health outcomes for poor and marginalized communities. Green Infrastructure Benefits Source: GreenPlan Philadelphia
  • 13. Strategic Points of Intervention for Planners  Visioning & Goal Setting  Comprehensive Planning  Subarea & Functional Planning  Plan Implementation • Regulations • Public Investment • Private Development
  • 14. Resources American Planning Association American Rivers Trust for Public Land
  • 15. GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: SCALES / BENEFITS / METRICS Ignacio F. Bunster-Ossa / AECOM
  • 16. GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: SCALES / BENEFITS / METRICS Ignacio F. Bunster-Ossa / AECOM A working nature . . .
  • 19. SYSTEMS THINKING AIR QUALITY STORMWATER WASTE WATER SOLID WASTE CULTURAL HERITAGE BIOTA EXERCISE & FITNESS ACTIVE MOBILITY CARBON ENERGY HEAT ISLAND CONNECTVITY SOCIAL CAPITALALLERGENS BMP’S COMMUNITY IDENTITY PUBLIC ART NOISE
  • 20. Orchard Hills Park / AECOM LANDSCAPE
  • 23. GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IS TRANSFORMATIVE CIVIC IDENTITY
  • 27. 19,000 trees • 4,000 ANNUAL TONS OF CO2 SEQUESTERED CARBON SEQUESTRATION
  • 31.
  • 32. GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE = PLACEMAKING San Francisco SSIP / AECOM
  • 33. URBAN FOREST HABITAT RESTORATION
  • 34. URBAN FOREST HABITAT RESTORATION
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43. Landscape Performance • 20.2 million gallons of stormwater prevented from entering the city’s CSO’s—a $3.4 million savings in future capital costs. • 1,079 lbs of carbon sequestered per year in 174 new trees on-site and adjacent to the site. • 12% increase in bicycle traffic, with an average of 3,416 cyclists using the path every day. • 23% reduction in ambient noise (from a typical range of 85-101dB to 69- 75dB).
  • 45. Sidwell Friends School / Kieran Timberlake / Andropogon Associates WATER CONSERVATION
  • 47. Daiichi Headquarters LA / WRT SOCIAL EQUITY
  • 48. CLANER AIR / WORKPLACE EFFICIENCY
  • 49. The Ridge / Onion Flats LIVING STREETS
  • 51. Cultural Heritage Civic Identity Flood Control Ecological Restoration Carbon Sequestration Recreation Economic Development Urban Forest Habitat Restoration Active Mobility Social Space Community Identity Water Conservation Energy Conservation Biodiversity Cleaner Air Workplace Efficiency Living Streets Nature Play GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: Creates . . . Promotes . . . Enhances . . . Achieves . . . Sustains . . .
  • 52. Cultural Heritage Civic Identity Flood Control Ecological Restoration Carbon Sequestration Recreation Economic Development Urban Forest Habitat Restoration Active Mobility Social Space Community Identity Water Conservation Energy Conservation Biodiversity Cleaner Air Workplace Efficiency Living Streets Nature Play GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: Creates . . . Promotes . . . Enhances . . . Achieves . . . Sustains . . .
  • 54. Ken Yeang : It sounds facile, but giving joy and happiness to occupants is an essential aspect of why we are architects. One way to give spaces a feeling of cheerfulness is the enabling the simple enjoyment of daylight as it enters a space or as it brightens up a space in the morning
  • 56. Mass General Hospital http://wikoffdesignstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/thumbs_97805-exam-room-massachusetts-general-hospital-lunder-building-nbbj-1114.jpg.1064x0_q90_crop_sharpen.jpg Hospital patients who can see greenery from their windows recover more quickly than those who don’t. http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/November-2011/Frontiers-of-Design-Science-Biophilia/
  • 57.
  • 58. Health Benefits of Green Infrastructure: evidence of nature & mental health Kathleen Wolf, Ph.D. Research Social Scientist University of Washington USDA Forest Service American Planning Association Webinar September 10, 2015
  • 59. urban forestry :: green infrastructure
  • 60. Reducing Stormwater Runoff Image courtesy of the Center for Urban Forest Research
  • 62. linked to active living network
  • 64. co-benefit opportunities Stormwater Report, online April 2014 (search health)
  • 65. What is the Evidence? Nearby Nature for Human Health, Welfare & Function
  • 66. Finding that study . . . . . .
  • 67. Green Cities: Good Health Sponsors: USDA Forest Service, U&CF Program University of Washington NGO partners thanks! to U of WA students: Katrina Flora Mary Ann Rozance Sarah Krueger www.greenhealth.washington.edu research review & summaries
  • 68.
  • 69. 12 metro nature & health benefits across the life cycle
  • 70. Urban Forests and Newborns the natural environment may affect pregnancy outcomes . . . 10% increase in tree-canopy cover within 50m of a house = lower number of low weight births (1.42 per 1000 births) Donovan et al., Health & Place 2011; Hystad et al., Env Health Perspectives 2014
  • 71. Elders: mobility & social connections
  • 73. America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc % of U.S. Population Using Mental Health Medications 2001 vs 2010
  • 74. America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc Prevalence of Adult Antidepressant Use 2010
  • 75. Green Streets for Walkability 18 Aspinall et al. 2013. The Urban Brain: Analysing Outdoor Physical Activity with Mobile EEG. British Journal of Sports Medicine evidence of lower frustration and higher meditation when moving into the greener streets
  • 76. Physical Activity & Depression Reduction  Review of 13 high quality studies  exercise recommended for mild to moderate depression  people who are willing & motivated  associated meditation and mindfulness are important Josefsson et al. 2013. Physical Exercise Intervention in Depressive Disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 19
  • 77. Improving Depression 20 adults with major depression walk in a park setting and an urban setting  50-minute walks one week apart  before-after testing:  Mood: Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS)  Cognition: Backward Digit Span (BDS) Berman et al. 2012. Journal of Affective Disorders cognitive and affective improvements after walking in a nature setting
  • 78. America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc Change in % Population on ADHD Treatments 2001 - 2010
  • 79. America’s State of Mind, Medco Health Solutions, Inc % of Americans Ages 20-44 on ADHD Meds 2001 - 2010
  • 80. ADHD and nature contact  17 children aged 7-12 with diagnosed ADHD  20-minute guided walks  Park  Neighborhood  Downtown  Pre-walk puzzles  Post-walk cognitive test Faber Taylor & Kuo. 2009. Journal of Attention Disorders
  • 81. ADHD and nature contact  96 children aged 7-12 diagnosed ADD or ADHD  Parents gave postactivity attentional functioning ratings (PAAF) – 4 measures:  Can’t stay focused on unappealing tasks (homework or chores)  Can’t complete tasks  Can’t listen and follow directions  Easily distracted Faber Taylor. 2001. Environment & Behavior
  • 82. Mental Health & Function just doing better!
  • 83. Green High School Campuses  cafeteria & classroom window views with greater quantities of trees and shrubs  positively associated with:  standardized test scores,  graduation rates  %s of students planning to attend a four-year college  fewer occurrences of criminal behavior 26 Matsuoka. 2010. Landscape & Urban Planning
  • 84. Attention Restoration Theory Rachel & Stephen Kaplan, U of MI
  • 86. Workplace Nature Views  Well-being  desk workers without view of nature reported 23% more ailments in prior 6 months  Job Satisfaction  less frustrated and more patient  higher overall job satisfaction and enthusiasm Kaplan, R. 1993. Landscape and Urban Planning
  • 90. Give Your Ideas Some Legs Oppezzo & Schwartz. 2014. Journal of Experimental Psychology creative test – analogy generation conditions: sit inside, treadmill walk, walk outside, wheelchair outside walking outside produced most novel & highest quality analogies – walking opens up free flow of ideas
  • 91. Nature & Creative Professionals Plambech & Konijnendijk van den Bosch. 2015. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening focused interviews in Denmark nature: makes us more curious supports flexible thinking recharges directed-attention aids 2 phases of the creative process: Preparation phase and Incubation phase sensory dimensions: space & serene https://www.concur.com
  • 94. Nature and Mindfulness focus soft fascination undirected attention credit: Michael Hellgren Attention Restoration Theory, Kapan & Kaplan
  • 95. Summary • evidence of nature & human health? Green Cities: Good Health • ~ 40 years of research, > 3K peer- reviewed publications • better mental health & function • ADHD, attention restoration theory, creativity, mindfulness