The document discusses key concepts in disaster preparedness and management including definitions of disaster, hazard, vulnerability and risk. It outlines different types of natural disasters like floods, droughts, cyclones and earthquakes as well as man-made disasters such as industrial pollution and transportation accidents. India is described as one of the most disaster prone countries due to its unique geographical and socioeconomic conditions. The document also covers concepts like disaster impacts, risk reduction measures and the roles of various stakeholders in disaster management.

1. DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND PLANNING
MANAGEMENT

2. UNIT - I:
Introduction - Concepts and definitions: disaster, hazard, vulnerability, resilience, risks severity,
frequency and details, capacity, impact, prevention, mitigation.
UNIT - II
Disasters - Disasters classification; natural disasters (floods, draught, cyclones, volcanoes,
earthquakes, tsunami, landslides, coastal erosion, soil erosion, forest fires etc.); manmade disasters
(industrial pollution, artificial flooding in urban areas, nuclear radiation, chemical spills,
transportation
accidents, terrorist strikes, etc.); hazard and vulnerability profile of India, mountain and coastal areas,
ecological fragility.
UNIT - III
Disaster Impacts - Disaster impacts (environmental, physical, social, ecological, economic, political,
etc.); health, psycho-social issues; demographic aspects (gender, age, special needs); hazard
locations; global and national disaster trends; climate change and urban disasters.
UNIT - IV
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) - Disaster management cycle – its phases; prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, relief and recovery; structural and non-structural measures; risk analysis, vulnerability
and capacity assessment; early warning systems, Post disaster environmental response (water,
sanitation, food safety, waste management, disease control, security, communications); Roles and
responsibilities of government, community, local institutions, NGOs and other stakeholders; Policies
and legislation for disaster risk reduction, DRR programmes in India and the activities of National
Disaster Management Authority.
UNIT - V
Disasters, Environment and Development - Factors affecting vulnerability such as impact of
developmental projects and environmental modifications (including of dams, landuse changes,
urbanization etc.), sustainable and environmental friendly recovery; reconstruction and development
methods.
SYLLABUS

3. Vulnerability Profile of India
India is one of the ten worst disaster prone countries of the world. Disasters occur in India with
grim regularity causing enormous loss of life and property. According to an UN Office for
Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) report 2017, India has been ranked as the world's most
disaster-prone country for displacement of residents
India is vulnerable to a large number of natural, as well as, human-made disasters on
account Student Notes:
of its unique geo-climatic and socio-economic conditions.
Almost 85% of the country is vulnerable to single or multiple disasters and about 57% of its area lies
in high seismic zones.
Approximately 40 million hectares of the country’s land area is prone to flood, about 8% of the
total land mass is vulnerable to cyclone and 68% of the area is susceptible to drought.

4. Besides the natural factors, various human-induced activities like increasing demographic
pressure, deteriorating environmental conditions, deforestation, unscientific development,
faulty agricultural practices and grazing, unplanned urbanization, construction of large dams on
river channels etc. are also responsible for accelerated impact and increase in frequency of
disasters in the country.
The Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMPTC) has recently released the
third edition of the Vulnerability Atlas of India in 2019. It contains maps and tables for each
State and Union Territory of India for the following hazards: Earthquakes, Wind, Floods,
Landslide, Cyclone and frequency of thunderstorms. It also contains housing stock vulnerability
indicating the risk for each type of house.
The five distinctive regions of the country i.e. Himalayan region, the alluvial plains, the hilly
part of the peninsula, and the coastal zone have their own specific problems. While on one
hand the Himalayan region is prone to disasters like earthquakes and landslides, the plain is
affected by floods almost every year. The desert part of the country is affected by droughts and
famine while the coastal zone susceptible to cyclones and storms.

7. INTRODUCTION
Disasters
A disaster is a serious disruption to the functioning of a community, which causes human,
material, economic and environmental losses beyond a community's ability to cope. It results
from the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or
measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk.

8. Hazards
A Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the potential
for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.” A hazard is any source of
potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone.
Natural hazards are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow
onset events which can be geophysical (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and volcanic
activity) hydrological (avalanches and floods), climatological (extreme temperatures, drought
and wildfires), meteorological (cyclones and storms/wave surges) or biological (disease
epidemics and insect/animal plagues).
Anthropogenic hazards are hazards caused by human action or inaction. They are contrasted
with natural hazards. Anthropogenic hazards may adversely affect humans, other organisms,
biomes, and ecosystems. Examples of such hazards include: pollution, deforestation, use of
herbicides and pesticides and chemical spillages.

9. Vulnerability
Vulnerability may be defined as “conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and
environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the
impact of hazards.”
Vulnerability may be of different forms, such as
Economic Vulnerability
Physical Vulnerability
Social Vulnerability
Environmental Vulnerability
Attitudinal Vulnerability

10. Risk
Risk is a measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event occurring in a given area over a
specific time period. Disaster risk arises when hazards interact with physical, social, economic
and environmental vulnerabilities.
It considers the probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries,
property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environmentally damaged) resulting from
interactions between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.
Risk = Probability of Hazard x Degree of Vulnerability
There are different ways of dealing with risk, such as:
• Risk Acceptance: It is an informed decision to accept the possible consequences and
likelihood of a particular risk.
• Risk Avoidance: It is an informed decision to avoid involvement in activities leading to risk
realization.
• Risk Reduction:
It refers to the application of appropriate techniques to reduce the
likelihood of risk occurrence and its consequences.
• Risk Transfer:
It involves shifting of the burden of risk to another party. One of the most
common forms of risk transfer is Insurance.

11. Natural Disasters
1. Earthquake
2. Tsunami
3. Volcano
4. Floods
5. Urban Floods
6. Landslides
7. Cloudburst
8. Cyclone
9. Heat Wave
10. Cold Wave
11. Wild Fire
Anthropogenic Disasters
1. Biological Disasters
2. Industrial Chemical Disasters
3. Nuclear Disasters

13. CONTENTS
 Concepts and Definitions
 Disaster , Hazards, Vulnerability
 Resilience, Risks Severity, Frequency & Details
 Capacity, Impact, Prevention, Mitigation

16. Disaster
A disaster is a serious disruption to the functioning of a community, which
causes human, material, economic and environmental losses beyond a
community's ability to cope.
It results from the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and
insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative
consequences of risk.

17. DISASTER
Disaster is a sudden catastrophic event that causes wide spread damage and
immeasurable damage, loss, destruction and devastation to life, property ,
livelihood, economy and environment.
NDMA – National Disaster Management Act 2005.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (USA).
Features of Disaster
1. Disaster are uncertain.
2. Disasters are complicated events caused by natural or human actions.
3. Disaster occurs suddenly and unexpectedly affecting the vulnerable groups.
4. Disaster are unpredictable events.

18. Types of disasters
1. Natural disaster
Major – floods, cyclones, droughts and earthquakes.
Minor – cold waves, heat waves, land slides.
2. Man made disaster
Major – forest fires, deforestation, pollution.
Minor – Road , train accidents, industrial disasters. Ex – Bhopal gas tragedy. .
Hazards : A hazard can be defined as a potentially damaging physical event, social and
economic disruption or environmental degradation.
Natural hazards - due to natural phenomenon.
1. Terrestrial (planetary) hazards :
Tectonic movements of lithosphere and sudden movement of earth surface and even
oceanic plates resulting in greater damage to life and property.

19. Hazards
A Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the potential for causing
injury to life or damage to property or the environment.” A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm
or adverse health effects on something or someone.
Natural hazards are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset
events which can be geophysical (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and volcanic activity) hydrological
(avalanches and floods), climatological(extreme temperatures, droughts and wildfires), meteorological
(cyclones and storms/wave surges) or biological (disease epidemics and insect/animal plagues).
Anthropogenic hazards are hazards caused by human action or inaction. They are contrasted with
natural hazards. Anthropogenic hazards may adversely affect humans, other organisms, biomes, and
ecosystems. Examples of such hazards include: pollution, deforestation, use of herbicides and pesticides
and chemical spillages.

20. Natural hazards - due to natural phenomenon.
1. Terrestrial (planetary) hazards :
Tectonic movements of lithosphere and sudden movement of earth surface and even oceanic plates resulting in
greater damage to life and property.
a)Endogenic hazards - due to high pressure and temperature beneath the earth surface
produce major internal forces to cause movement of the plates for a greater intensity and
dimension. E.g.– Volcanoes and Earthquakes
b)Exogenic hazards – atmospheric phenomenon or changes in it. E.g. – floods, storms.

21. 1. Climatic hazards : This type includes the phenomenon of EI Nino, sea level rise,
glacier melting cause serious environmental effects.
2. Chronic hazards : it occurs in a long term conditions or problems such as drought,
pollution, resources degradation.
3. Hydrological hazards : cyclones, hail, ice, snow floods, drought, Tsunami.
4. Meteorological hazards : storms, heat waves and cold waves.
5. Infrequent events : cyclones , lightning and hail storms.
2. Extra planetary hazards - occur due to collision of celestial bodies and the resulting
falling of debris on the earth surface.
Environmental Hazards - those components of natural environment that have a potential
to cause harm to life, property and environment, including a large number of fatalities.
Natural or Man made activities. (ISDR, UN 2001)

22. Types –
Geomorphic / geological – E, V, etc.
Atmospheric – C, CW and HW, etc.
Extra planetary – meteorite impacts, catastrophic earth changes.
Seismic – ground shaking, liquefaction.
Hydrological – desertification, Salinization, drought, erosion.

24. Man made hazards ( Anthropogenic) :
a) Physical –human induced activities, desertification, loss of natural resources,
pollution, waste disposal.
b) Technological – interaction of society, technology, natural systems. Industrial ,
structural, nuclear, computer, transportation.
c) Biological – bacteria, virus, medical waste, insects, plants, birds, animals and
humans. Pathogens, toxins.
d) Social – population explosion, famine, terror attack, conflict.

25. Environmental stress - situation or a variation in environmental quality that causes
disturbances in functioning of ecosystem.
1. Physical – kinetic energy developed by the earth by V E.
2. Wild fire – forest fires created by wild fires cause combustion of biomass.
3. Pollution – ozone, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, radio active
materials.
4. Thermal – discharge water industrial processes into water bodies like lakes,
streams, resulting in killing aquatic organisms.

26.  Radiation – release of radio active materials into environment from agriculture, industry,
medicine.
 Climatic – change in weather such as temperature, wind and precipitation of particular
region.
 Biological – complex and diverse interactions that occurring from organisms of the same or
different species.
 Abiotic stressor –
physical – loss of bio diversity, loss of habitat in ecosystem.
chemical - herbicides, fungicides, insecticides to control pests.
 Biotic stressor. Living organisms put stress on the other organisms.

27. Environmental stress on clean fresh water :
1. Depletion of ground water resources due to mounting pressure on food supplies.
2. Unpredictable and erratic monsoons
3. Rapid urbanization and industrialization
4. Multiple cropping practices.
5. Increase in global temperature
6. Increased frequency and intensity in drought.

28. Ecological influences on clean air in coastal India :
1. Urbanization And Industrialization
2. Over Population
3. Deforestation
4. Green House Effect
5. Photochemical Smog

29. Energy sources that induces man made hazards :
1. Use of nuclear weapons.
2. Explosion of nuclear power plants.
3. Bhopal gas tragedy
4. Release of harmful elements from pesticide plants.
Effect of environmental hazards :
Hazards to people
1. mortality, impact on health
Hazards to goods
1. Damage to property , socio economic impacts
Hazards to environment
Loss of biodiversity, environmental pollution, environmental degradation,

30. Vulnerability
Vulnerability may be defined as “conditions determined by physical, social,
economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the
susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.”
Vulnerability may be of different forms, such as,
Economic Vulnerability
Physical Vulnerability
Social Vulnerability
Environmental Vulnerability
Attitudinal Vulnerability

31. Process of analysis
Recognize the root causes of vulnerability.
Understand the ability of people to deal with and recover from disasters.
Identify the strategies to reduce risk from long term basis.
Identify the need for additional resources and external assistance.

32. Types –
1. Physical – population density levels, site, design, materials.
2. Economic – individual, families, community.
3. Social - related to levels of literacy and education.
4. Ecological – depletion and degradation of natural resources.
(UNISDR - UN OFFICE FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION)

33. Vulnerability indicators :
Improper design and building construction
Insufficient care for the assets
Incomplete information and lack of awareness among the public.
Giving least attention towards environmental management.
Insufficient preparedness measures in the event of disaster.

34. Relation ship between hazard, vulnerability and disaster
Hazard x Vulnerability = Disaster
H and V are low
H is high and V is low.
H is low and V is high.
Resilience :
The term resilience is the ability to revive the confronted with a disaster risk.
Disaster resilience – DFID – ability of countries to manage changes by maintaining
living standards in the face of shocks.

35. A disaster is a serious disruption to the functioning of a community, which causes human,
material, economic and environmental losses beyond a community's ability to cope.
A Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the
potential for causing injury to life or damage to property or the environment.” A hazard is
any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone.
Vulnerability may be defined as “conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and
environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to
the impact of hazards.”

36. Resilience :
The term resilience is the ability to revive after, the confronted with a disaster risk.
Disaster resilience – ability of countries to manage changes by maintaining living
standards in the face of shocks. (Dept. of International Development (DFID)

37. UNISDR – the capacity of a system, community, potentially exposed to adapt by resisting or
changing the order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure.
OECD – ability of individual to absorb and recover from shocks while positively adapting and
transforming their structures and means for living in face of long term changes and uncertainty.
Bounce back, spring forward and build back better.
Benefits
1. Saving from loss of lives to disasters .
2. Protection of infrastructure and livelihoods.
3. Promotes international collaboration.
4. Prevent disaster related conflicts among people.
(Organization for Economic co-operation and Development (OECD))

38. Reconstruction of damaged buildings:
 To help the disaster victim to live safe and secure.
 To help handicapped victims .
 To restore the economic vitality of community.
 To provide essential child care service.
 To secure employment to people.

39. Concept of risk
According to Einstein risk is defined as the probability of an event multiplied by the
consequences if the event occurs.
UNISDR – The potential loss of life injury or destroyed or damaged assets which could
occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined
probabilistically as function of hazard, exposure and capacity.

40. Risk
Risk is a measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event occurring in a given area over
a specific time period. Disaster risk arises when hazards interact with physical, social,
economic and environmental vulnerabilities.
It considers the probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries,
property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environmentally damaged) resulting
from interactions between natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.
Risk = Probability of Hazard x Degree of Vulnerability

41. There are different ways of dealing with risk, such as:
• Risk Acceptance: It is an informed decision to accept the possible consequences and likelihood
of a particular risk.
• Risk Avoidance: It is an informed decision to avoid involvement in activities leading to risk
realization.
• Risk Reduction:
It refers to the application of appropriate techniques to reduce the
likelihood of risk occurrence and its consequences.
• Risk Transfer:
It involves shifting of the burden of risk to another party. One of the most
common forms of risk transfer is Insurance.

42.  In a simple sense the term risk refers to a condition where in the occurrence of an event has
the potential to result in a negative impact on the livelihoods of people.
 A risk is the possibility of the extent of damage to infrastructure, living beings and
environment by the impact of a hazard.
 Risk assessment
 Risk assessment involves the methodology of ascertaining the nature and magnitude of
damage and devastation resulting from disaster, which is expected in some areas during a
specified time period.

43. Methods
 Identification of hazards
 Analysis risk and its evaluation
 Incorporation of disaster control measures in Risk assessment
 Recognize the high risk levels and conditions
 Initiate preparedness for impending disasters and effective response actions
Risk mapping
Risk maps can be considered as an effective mitigation tool to invest
resources in disaster- vulnerable areas in order to reach out to high-risk areas
in the event of a catastrophe.

44. The federal emergency management agency(FEMA) collaborates with various agencies at the level
agencies at the level of federal, state, tribal and local levels to identify the disaster risk areas and
encourage planning and development practices, to reduce the risk through a special program called as
risk mapping, assessment and planning program.
Disaster risk management
Disaster risk management is the implementation of policies and strategies related to the reduction of
risk caused by any disaster. The main purpose objective of disaster risk management is,
• To prevent the occurrence of new disaster risk

45.  To reduce the existing disaster risk in a given situation to cope up with the residual risk
 To build up resilience
 To minimize the losses caused by a disaster
Steps involved in disaster risk management
 Hazard assessment
 Vulnerability assessment
 Capacity assessment
 Peoples perception of risk

46. Crisis management
Crisis management refers to the management and recovery from an unforeseen event. It deals with various types of
disasters and measures of avoiding risks. it is a continuous process wherein individuals, groups, communities, the
government and some non-governmental organizations(NGOs)manage the disasters to lessen the impact of
catastrophe.
Levels of disaster
The devastation and damage to the lives, property and environment often used as a yard stick for defining a
disaster but this may turn out to be ambiguous.
Level 0 – planning stage evading disaster of any kind .
Level I – localized incident where municipality respond.
Level II – extensive scale leading to mass causalities.
Level III – very large scale leading to mass causalities.

47. Factors effecting the disasters
 Rapid urbanization and industrialization.
 Demographic forces such as over population.
 Socio economic factors Such as poverty.
 Improper plans and regulations.
 Extreme events such as wars and civil strife.
Severity of disasters
 Number of fatalities
 Economic loss
Reasons for surge in disasters
 Increase in urbanization , deforestation, environmental degradation , very high temperature, harsh winds and water
storms.

48. Concept of capacity building
The term refers to different types of activities involved in improving the skills and infrastructure to
become more effective and sustainable in dealing with any kind of disaster. Structural and non
structural measures.
UNISDR - The process through which individual , organizations and societies obtain strength and
maintain the capabilities to set and achieve their own development objectives over time.
UNDP – creating enable environment with legal frame works, institution developments, including
community, human resource development and strengthening of managerial systems.

49. Disaster risk reduction plan :
1. Disaster prevention and mitigation
2. Disaster preparedness
3. Disaster response
4. Disaster rehabilitation and recovery.
Disaster mitigation planning :
1. Organize resources
2. Risk assessment
3. Develop mitigation plan
4. Implement plan and monitor progress.

50. Guidelines for mitigation measures :
 Early warning symptoms
 Land use zoning
 Building codes
 Incentives
 Increase public awareness
 Provision of assets at subsidized rates
Risk transfer : transfer risk from individual to insurance companies.
Resilience building
Financially support construction activities
Early recovery of the communities following the aftermath.

51. Quantification of disaster risk :
 Analyzing the previous disaster losses.
 Conducting the risk assessment
 Risk modeling to enable simulation of the consequences and the possibility of occurrence of different
events.
Risk time chart : simple illustration of livelihood of a disaster its severity and frequency to understand
the perspective of an impending disaster. It provides overview of disasters and evaluate the risks
caused by a disaster and incorporate strategies to create a safer world.

52. Tangible – loss of life, injury to people.
Intangible – fear, anxiety, anger , sadness.
Na –tech – a hybrid variety of hazards as natural technological hazards. Ex – radio active
pollution, devastation caused by earthquake, tsunami, explosion of nuclear power plants
Okuma on march 11, 2011.

53. A disaster is a serious disruption to the functioning of a community, which causes human, material,
economic and environmental losses beyond a community's ability to cope.
A Hazard may be defined as “a dangerous condition or event, that threat or have the potential for causing
injury to life or damage to property or the environment.” A hazard is any source of potential damage, harm
or adverse health effects on something or someone.
Vulnerability may be defined as “conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental
factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards.”

54. Vulnerability
Vulnerability may be defined as “conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and
environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact
of hazards.”
Vulnerability may be of different forms, such as,
Economic Vulnerability
Physical Vulnerability
Social Vulnerability
Environmental Vulnerability
Attitudinal Vulnerability

55. Process of analysis
Recognize the root causes of vulnerability.
Understand the ability of people to deal with and recover from disasters.
Identify the strategies to reduce risk from long term basis.
Identify the need for additional resources and external assistance.

56. Types –
1. Physical – population density levels, site, design, materials.
2. Economic – individual, families, community.
3. Social - related to levels of literacy and education.
4. Ecological – depletion and degradation of natural resources.
(UNISDR - UN OFFICE FOR DISASTER RISK REDUCTION)

57. Vulnerability indicators :
Improper design and building construction
Insufficient care for the assets
Incomplete information and lack of awareness among the public.
Giving least attention towards environmental management.
Insufficient preparedness measures in the event of disaster.

58. Relation ship between hazard, vulnerability and disaster
Hazard x Vulnerability = Disaster
H and V are low
H is high and V is low.
H is low and V is high.
Resilience :
The term resilience is the ability to revive the confronted with a disaster risk.
Disaster resilience – DFID – ability of countries to manage changes by maintaining
living standards in the face of shocks.

59. Resilience :
The term resilience is the ability to revive after, the confronted with a disaster risk.
Disaster resilience – ability of countries to manage changes by maintaining living
standards in the face of shocks. (Dept. of International Development (DFID)

60. UNISDR – the capacity of a system, community, potentially exposed to adapt by resisting or
changing the order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure.
OECD – ability of individual to absorb and recover from shocks while positively adapting and
transforming their structures and means for living in face of long term changes and uncertainty.
Bounce back, spring forward and build back better.
Benefits
1. Saving from loss of lives to disasters .
2. Protection of infrastructure and livelihoods.
3. Promotes international collaboration.
4. Prevent disaster related conflicts among people.
(Organization for Economic co-operation and Development (OECD))

61. Reconstruction of damaged buildings:
 To help the disaster victim to live safe and secure.
 To help handicapped victims .
 To restore the economic vitality of community.
 To provide essential child care service.
 To secure employment to people.

62. Hazards are always prevalent, but the hazard becomes a disaster only when there is greater vulnerability and
less of capacity to cope with it. In other words the frequency or likelihood of a hazard and the vulnerability
of the community increases the risk of being severely affected.

63. Concept of risk
According to Einstein risk is defined as the probability of an event multiplied by the
consequences if the event occurs.
UNISDR – The potential loss of life injury or destroyed or damaged assets which could
occur to a system, society or a community in a specific period of time, determined
probabilistically as function of hazard, exposure and capacity.

64. Risk
Risk is a measure of the expected losses due to a hazard event occurring in a given area over a specific
time period. Disaster risk arises when hazards interact with physical, social, economic and environmental
vulnerabilities.
It considers the probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property,
livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environmentally damaged) resulting from interactions between
natural or human induced hazards and vulnerable conditions.
Risk = Probability of Hazard x Degree of Vulnerability

65. There are different ways of dealing with risk, such as:
• Risk Acceptance: It is an informed decision to accept the possible consequences and likelihood of a
particular risk.
• Risk Avoidance: It is an informed decision to avoid involvement in activities leading to risk realization.
• Risk Reduction:
It refers to the application of appropriate techniques to reduce the
likelihood of risk occurrence and its consequences.
• Risk Transfer:
It involves shifting of the burden of risk to another party. One of the most
common forms of risk transfer is Insurance.

66.  In a simple sense the term risk refers to a condition where in the occurrence of an event has
the potential to result in a negative impact on the livelihoods of people.
 A risk is the possibility of the extent of damage to infrastructure, living beings and
environment by the impact of a hazard.
 Risk assessment
 Risk assessment involves the methodology of ascertaining the nature and magnitude of
damage and devastation resulting from disaster, which is expected in some areas during a
specified time period.

67. Methods
 Identification of hazards
 Analysis risk and its evaluation
 Incorporation of disaster control measures in Risk assessment
 Recognize the high risk levels and conditions
 Initiate preparedness for impending disasters and effective response actions
Risk mapping
Risk maps can be considered as an effective mitigation tool to invest
resources in disaster- vulnerable areas in order to reach out to high-risk areas
in the event of a catastrophe.

69. Disaster risk management
Disaster risk management is the implementation of policies and strategies
related to the reduction of risk caused by any disaster. The main purpose
objective of disaster risk management is, to prevent the occurrence of new disaster risk

70.  To reduce the existing disaster risk in a given situation to cope up with the residual risk
 To build up resilience
 To minimize the losses caused by a disaster
Steps involved in disaster risk management
 Hazard assessment
 Vulnerability assessment
 Capacity assessment
 Peoples perception of risk

71. Crisis management
Crisis management refers to the management and recovery from an unforeseen event. It deals with various
types of disasters and measures of avoiding risks. it is a continuous process wherein individuals, groups,
communities, the government and some non-governmental organizations(NGOs)manage the disasters to lessen
the impact of catastrophe.
Levels of disaster
The devastation and damage to the lives, property and environment often used as a yard stick for
defining a disaster but this may turn out to be ambiguous.
Level 0 – planning stage evading disaster of any kind .
Level I – localized incident where municipality respond.
Level II – extensive scale leading to mass causalities.
Level III – very large scale leading to mass causalities.

72. Quantification of disaster risk :
 Analyzing the previous disaster losses.
 Conducting the risk assessment
 Risk modeling to enable simulation of the consequences and the possibility of occurrence of
different events.
Risk time chart : simple illustration of livelihood of a disaster its severity and frequency to
understand the perspective of an impending disaster. It provides overview of disasters and
evaluate the risks caused by a disaster and incorporate strategies to create a safer world.

73. Tangible – loss of life, injury to people.
Intangible – fear, anxiety, anger , sadness.
Na –tech – a hybrid variety of hazards as natural technological hazards. Ex – radio
active pollution, devastation caused by earthquake, tsunami, explosion of nuclear
power plants Okuma on march 11, 2011.

74. FREQUENCY
The frequency of a natural hazard event is the number of times it occurs within a
specified time interval.
Frequent hazards
Infrequent hazards
Magnitude of a natural hazard event is related to the energy released by the
event.

75. What is capacity ?
Capacity can be defined as “resources, means and strengths which exist in
households and communities and which enable them to cope with, withstand, prepare for,
prevent, mitigate or quickly recover from a disaster”. People’s capacity can also be taken
into account.
They can be,
Physical capacity
Socio – Economic Capacity

76. Physical Capacity:
People whose houses have been destroyed by the cyclone or crops have been destroyed by the flood can
salvage things from their homes and from their farms. Some family members have skills, which enable
them to find employment if they migrate, either temporarily or permanently.
Socio-economic Capacity:
In most of the disasters, people suffer their greatest losses in the physical and material realm. Rich people
have the capacity to recover soon because of their wealth. In fact, they are seldom hit by disasters because
they live in safe areas and their houses are built with stronger materials. However, even when everything is
destroyed they have the capacity to cope up with it.

77. Concept of capacity building
The term refers to different types of activities involved in improving the skills and infrastructure to
become more effective and sustainable in dealing with any kind of disaster. Structural and non
structural measures.
UNISDR - The process through which individual , organizations and societies obtain strength and
maintain the capabilities to set and achieve their own development objectives over time.
UNDP – creating enable environment with legal frame works, institution developments, including
community, human resource development and strengthening of managerial systems.

78. DIASTER IMPACT
It is the total effect, including negative effects (e.g., economic losses) and positive
effects (e.g., economic gains), of a hazardous event or disaster.
The term includes economic, human and environmental impacts, and may include
death, injuries, disease and other negative effects on human physical, mental and social
well-being.

79. Disaster risk reduction plan :
1. Disaster prevention and mitigation
2. Disaster preparedness
3. Disaster response
4. Disaster rehabilitation and recovery.

80. PREVENTION
Prevention is to ensure that human action or natural phenomena do not result in
disaster or emergency.
Primary prevention is to reduce -avert- avoid the risk of the event occurring,
by getting rid of the hazard or vulnerability, e.g. to avoid overcrowding,
deforestation and to provide services.
Secondary prevention means to recognise promptly the event and to reduce its
effects, e.g. by staying alert to possible displacements of population; by being
ready to provide immunisation, food, clean water, sanitation and health care to
refugees.

81. PREPAREDNESS
This protective process embraces measures which enable governments,
communities and individuals to respond rapidly to disaster situations to cope with
them effectively.
Preparedness includes the formulation of viable emergency plans, the
development of warning systems, the maintenance of inventories and the training
of personnel.
It may also embrace search and rescue measures as well as evacuation plans for
areas that may be at risk from a recurring disaster.
Preparedness therefore encompasses those measures taken before a disaster event
which are aimed at minimising loss of life, disruption of critical services, and
damage when the disaster occurs.

82. MITIGATION
Permanent reduction of the risk of disaster.
Primary Mitigation: reducing the PRESENCE of the Hazard reducing
Vulnerability
Secondary Mitigation: reducing the EFFECTS of the Hazard (Preparedness)

83. MITIGATION
Mitigation embraces measures taken to reduce both the effect of the hazard and the vulnerable
conditions to it in order to reduce the scale of a future disaster. Therefore mitigation activities can
be focused on the hazard itself or the elements exposed to the.
Examples of mitigation measures which are hazard specific include water management in drought
prone areas, relocating people away from the hazard prone areas and by strengthening structures to
reduce damage when a hazard occurs.
In addition to these physical measures, mitigation should also aim at reducing the economic and
social vulnerabilities of potential disasters.

84. MITIGATION
Principal Objectives Of Mitigation
Save lives
Reduce economic disruption
Decrease vulnerability/increase capacity
Decrease chance/level of conflict
and it leads to RISK REDUCTION

85. MITIGATION
Disaster mitigation planning :
1. Organize resources
2. Risk assessment
3. Develop mitigation plan
4. Implement plan and monitor progress.

86. MITIGATION MEASURES
Physical Planning Measures
Decentralization of elements at risk
Control of population density
Design of services and roads
Land use regulation
Economic Measures
Diversification of economic activity
Economic incentives (grants loans, taxes)
Insurance
Management and Institutional Measures
Education and training
Research
Technical expertise
Strengthening the capability of local
Authorities
Societal Measures
Public information campaigns
Education
De-sensationalize hazards
Community involvement
Drills

87. Guidelines for mitigation measures :
 Early warning symptoms
 Land use zoning
 Building codes
 Incentives
 Increase public awareness
 Provision of assets at subsidized rates

88. THANK YOU