2. One important key to safely is understanding a particular
incident or phenomenon that may affect people’s life. An
ordinary incident or natural phenomenon may turn into a hazard
once it becomes active and poses harm or danger to life and
property. This is the basic concept of hazard everyone should
be aware of
3. One of the common hazards inflicting
tremendous damage to human life and
material properties is an earthquake. It
is a natural phenomenon that poses great
danger due to various hazards it may
bring. Though its impeding occurrence can
be predicted the magnitude of its impact
to a community and its people is
unpredictable.
4. General classification of hazards,
impacts of various hazards on
different expose elements,
potential earthquake hazards.
5. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARD
Vulnerability is defined as
“the characteristics and
circumstances of a community,
system or asset that make it
susceptible to the damaging
effects of a hazard”.
6. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARD
Exposure refers to the ‘elements at
risk’ from a natural or man-made hazard
event. Elements at risk could include
human beings, dwellings or households,
buildings and structures, public
structures, transport system,
agricultural commodities, environmental
assets, etc
7. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARD
Vulnerability can be seen as a result of a
process in which various different things
cause a population to be more vulnerable.
These can be split into demographic and
socio-economic. They can also be discussed
through the level of community preparedness
and the ability of a community to manage
the after effects of a hazard event.
8. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARD
The Philippines is known to be very vulnerable to different
kinds of disasters, hence there is a need for strategies to
increase awareness, information campaign and disaster
preparedness level among the Filipinos.
There are many aspects of vulnerability,
arising from various physical, social,
economic, and environmental factors
9. Hazard are “those elements of
the physical environment, to
man and caused by forces
extraneous to him.
Burton, et al
1978
10. A source of potential harm or
a situation with a potential
to cause loss.
Standards
Australia (2000)
12. USGS Hazard
terminologies
“a phenomenon or situation, which has the potential
to cause the disruption or damage too people, their
property, their services, and their environment”.
Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a
theoretical risk of harm. However, once a hazard
becomes “active”
13. General Classification of Hazard
1. Natural hazards such as
earthquakes or floods arise
from purely natural processes
in the environment.
15. Technological (or human-made)
3. Technological (or human-made)
hazards such as the toxicity of
pesticides to agricultural
lands, accidental leaks of
chemical laboratories or
radiation from a nuclear plant.
These arise directly as a result
of human activities.
16. Types of Hazards
Hewit and Burton (1971)
provided a typology of
hazards
1. ATMOSPHERIC
(Single element)
• Excess Rainfall
• Freezing Rain (Glaze)
• Hail
• Heavy Snow falls
• High Wind speeds
• Extreme temperature
18. 2. HYDROLOGIC
• Floods-river and coastal area
• Wave action
• Drought
• Rapid glacier advance
Types of Hazards
3. GEOLOGIC
• Mass movement
Landslides
Mudslides
Avalanches
• Earthquake
• Volcanic Eruption
• Rapid sediment movement
19. 5. TECHNOLOGIC
• Transportation accident
• Industrial explosions
and fire
• Accidental release of
toxic element
• Nuclear accidents
• Collapse of public
buildings
• Cyber terrorism
Types of Hazards
4. BIOLOGIC
• Epidemic in humans
• Epidemic in plants
• Epidemic in animals
• Locusts
20. impacts of various hazards on different
expose elements,
According to the international center of integrated mountain
development (ICIMOD) the impacts of various hazards vary in
severity and vary in regard to how long they last.in many ways
wealth and development assist in the way people recover from
hazards.
21. impacts of various hazards on different
expose elements,
It is further underscored that impacts of hazards are not so easy
to classify as short term and long term as these tend to vary for
each individual event. However, there are a number of common long-
term impacts, which need longer period of recovery.
22. impacts of various hazards on different
expose elements,
long-term impacts of natural hazards like
earthquake, typhoon, flashfloods, volcanic
eruptions, fire, etc.:
23. impacts of various hazards on different
expose elements,
Physical Impact
• Death of people
• Destructions and loss of vital infrastructures
like transport system, roads, bridges, power
lines, and communication lines
• Widespread loss of housing
24. impacts of various hazards on different
expose elements,
Psychological Impact
• Grief and psychological trauma-Post Traumatic Severe
Disorder (PTSD)
• Marital Conflict
• Depression due to loss of loved ones and properties
• Chronic anxiety among children severely affected
25. impacts of various hazards on different
expose elements,
Socio-Cultural Impact
• Displacement of populations
• Loss of cultural identity
• Force adoption of new sets of culture
• Ethnic conflic
26. impacts of various hazards on different
expose elements,
Economic Impact
• Loss of job due to displacement
• Loss of harvest and livestock
• Loss of farms and fish cages, and other sources of
living
• Loss of money and other valuables like jewelries,
furniture and appliances
27. impacts of various hazards on different
expose elements,
Environmental Impact
• Loss of forest due to forest fires
• Loss of fresh water due to salination- intrusion of
salt water to fresh water sources
• Disturbance of biodiversity
• Loss of natural rivers and other tributaries
28. impacts of various hazards on different
expose elements,
Biological Impact
• Epidemic to people, flora and fauna
• Chronic and permanent illness due to nuclear
radiation
• Mental disorders developed from consumptions of
contaminated foods
• Proliferation of different viral and bacterial
diseases
29. tt
Potential Earthquake Hazards
What is an earthquake?
An earthquake (also in the Earth’
known as a quake, tremor or tremblor)
is the perceptible shaking of the
surface of the Earth, resulting from
the sudden release of energy in the
Earth’s crust that creates seismic
waves. (US Geological Science-USGS).
30. Potential Earthquake Hazards
Geologists explain that an earthquake is a type of
hazard that depends on the strength of seismic
activity, along with such factors as local
topographic and built features, subsurface geology
and groundwater. A large earthquake will always be
followed by a sequence of aftershocks that normally
aggravates its effect on human and material elements
like buildings and infrastructure.
31. 1. Ground Shaking or Ground Motion
The earth shakes with the passage of earthquake
waves, which radiate energy that had been
“stored” in stressed rocks, and were released
when a fault broke and the rocks slipped to
relieve the pent-up stress. The strength of
ground shaking is measured in the velocity of
ground motion, the acceleration of ground
motion, the frequency content of the shaking and
how long the shaking continues (the duration).
32. 2. Ground or Surface Rupture
Surface rupture is an offset of
the ground surface when fault
rupture
extends to the Earth’s surface
when fault rupture extends to
the Earth’s surface. Any
structure built cross the fault
is at risk of being torn apart
as the two sides of the fault
slip past each other.
33. 3. Liquefaction
Soil liquefaction is a
phenomenon in which the strength
and stiffness of a soil is
reduced by earthquake shaking or
other rapid loading. It normally
occurs in saturated soils, that
is, soils in which the space
between individual particles is
completely filled with water.
34. 4. Earthquake-induced ground subsidence and
lateral spreading
Subsidence, or lowering of the ground surface, often
occurs during earthquakes. This may be due to downward
vertical displacement on one side of a fault, and can
sometimes affect a huge area of land. Coastal areas can
become permanently flooded as a result. Subsidence can
also occur as ground shaking causes loose sediments to
“settle” and to lose their load bearing strength or to
slump down sloping ground. Lateral spreading occurs
where sloping ground starts to move downhill, causing
cracks to open up, that are often seen along hill crests
and river banks.
35. 5. Tsunami
A tsunami, also known as a seismic sea
wave, is a series of waves in a water body
caused by the displacement of a large
volume of water, generally in an ocean or a
large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions
and other underwater explosions (including
detonations of underwater nuclear devices),
landslides, glacier cavings, meteorite
impacts and other disturbances above or
below water all have the potential to
generate a tsunami.
36. 6. Earthquake-induced landslides
Landslides are frequently triggered
by strong ground motions. They are
important secondary earthquake
hazard. The term landslide includes a
wide range of ground movement, such
as rock falls, deep failure of
slopes, and shallow debris flows.
However, gravity acting on a steep
slope is the primary reason for all
landslides.
