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HAZARDS & DISASTERS.pptx
- 2. Session I: Disaster Orientation • Disaster • Hazard • Vulnerability • Capacity • Risk VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 3. A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic disruptions, or environmental degradation HAZARD VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 4. Comment: The hazards of concern to disaster risk reduction are hazards of natural origin and related environmental and technological hazards and risks. - Such hazards arise from a variety of geological, meteorological, hydrological, oceanic, biological, and technological sources, sometimes acting in combination. In technical settings, hazards are described quantitatively by the likely frequency of occurrence of different intensities for different areas, as determined from historical data or scientific analysis.
- 5. What is a Disaster? VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 6. serious disruption of the functioning of a community/society, involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community/society to cope using its own resources DISASTER VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 7. Comment: Disasters are often described as a result of the combination of: the exposure to a hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences. Disaster impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease and other negative effects on human physical, mental and social well-being, together with damage to property, destruction of assets, loss of services, social and economic disruption and environmental degradation.
- 8. In a Disaster… • People, livelihood , livestocks are affected • Effect of hazards to a population • Serious disruption of a community or society • Cannot cope with own resources
- 9. VULNERABILITY • Weakness of a community form a particular hazard • Eg. construction of houses, community action like participatory approach on safety awareness • Note: use adjectives in explaining a particular vulnerability
- 10. Comment: Capacity may include infrastructure and physical means, institutions, societal coping abilities, as well as human knowledge, skills and collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership and management. Capacity also may be described as capability. Capacity assessment is a term for the process by which the capacity of a group is reviewed against desired goals, and the capacity gaps are identified for further action.
- 11. • Resources at a community level • Strengths, attributes, resources • Eg. establish effective early warning system, what is an effective tool to prevent the loss of life
- 12. People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses. EXPOSURE VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 13. Comment: Measures of exposure can include the number of people or types of assets in an area. These can be combined with the specific vulnerability of the exposed elements to any particular hazard to estimate the quantitative risks associated with that hazard in the area of interest.
- 14. •Elements at risk •Eg. people, assets, properties
- 15. The potential disaster losses in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period. DISASTER RISK VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 16. Comment: - combination of the probability of a hazard and its negative consequences; risk reflects the concept of disasters as the outcome of continuously present conditions of risk; comprises different types of potential losses which are often difficult to quantify. With knowledge of the prevailing hazards and the patterns of population and socio- economic development, disaster risks can be assessed and mapped, in broad terms at least.
- 17. • Potential disaster • Losses of lives • Health status • Livelihoods • Assets and services
- 18. Hazard Vulnerability X Disaster Risk Capacity = Disaster Mathematical Equation VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Exposure X
- 19. Hazard Exposure VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY High Vulnerability Low Capacity
- 20. DISASTER VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 21. Session II: Disaster Landscape in the Philippines • Disaster Profile of the Philippines • Classifications of Hazards VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 22. VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2014 The Philippines is the 2nd country most at risk worldwide
- 23. Located in the Pacific Ring of Fire and Typhoon Belt of the Pacific VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 24. General Classification of Hazards (Groups) Natural Technological Complex/Manmade
- 26. Geophysical. A hazard originating from solid earth. This term is used interchangeably with the term geological hazard. Meteorological. A hazard caused by short- lived, micro- to meso-scale extreme weather and atmospheric conditions that last from minutes to days. Hydrological. A hazard caused by the occurrence, movement, and distribution of surface and subsurface freshwater and saltwater.
- 27. Climatological. A hazard caused by long-lived, meso- to macro-scale atmospheric processes ranging from intra-seasonal to multi-decadal climate variability. Biological. A hazard caused by the exposure to living organisms and their toxic substances (e.g. venom, mold) or vector-borne diseases that they may carry. Examples are venomous wildlife and insects, poisonous plants, and mosquitoes carrying disease- causing agents such as parasites, bacteria, or viruses (e.g. malaria).
- 28. A weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 29. Earthquake - A weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface. Earthquakes are the Earth’s natural means of releasing stress. They strike with no early warning and can be devastating, but after a major one, aftershocks may be as strong as a new earthquake. Earthquakes often trigger landslides, tidal waves, and tsunamis.
- 30. MASS MOVEMENT DRY VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Rock fall Subsidence Mass movement
- 31. Rockfall refers to quantities of rock or stone falling freely from a cliff face. It is caused by undercutting, weathering or permafrost degradation. Subsidence is the motion of the Earth's surface as it shifts downward relative to a datum (e.g. the sea level). Subsidence (dry) can be the result of: geological faulting, isostatic rebound, human impact (e.g. mining, extraction of natural gas) etc.Subsidence (wet) can be the result of: karst, changes in soil water saturation, permafrost degradation (thermokarst) etc.
- 32. Mass movement describes a quantity of debris/land/snow or ice that slides down a mountainside under the force of gravity. It often gathers material that is underneath the snowpack like soil, rock etc (debris avalanche). Landslides – Downward and outward movement of soil or rock controlled by gravity and the speed of the movement. It is caused by heavy rain, soil erosion, and earth tremors. Landslides are usually associated with other hazards such as tropical cyclones, local storms, and floods. Landslides are difficult to estimate as an independent phenomenon. It seems appropriate, therefore, to associate landslides with other hazards such astropical cyclones, severe local storms and river floods.
- 33. Volcanic eruptions happen when lava and gas are discharged from volcanic vents. VOLCANIC HAZARDS Ashfall or Tephra fall Lava flows Pyroclastic flows and Surges Lahars Volcanic gases Fissuring Tsunamis Debris avalanche/ Sector collapse (Source: PHIVOLCS) VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 34. A volcano is an opening or rupture in the earth’s surface or crust, which allows pyroclastic materials and gases to escape from below the surface, and generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging.
- 35. Volcanic hazards Ash fall / Tephra fall: Gravitational settling of volcanic ash & fragments from the umbrella clouds of tall eruption columns & ashclouds of pyroclastic flows Tsunami: displacement of water Debris avalanche/sector collapse: Downslope movement of large-volume proportions of the volcanic flanks;
- 36. Lahars: Rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments and water; Triggered by rainfall, lake breakout, melting of icecaps on volcano summit or hydrothermal “squeezing”; type of mudslide with mixtures of volcanic materials and water also described as volcanic mudflow
- 37. Volcanic gases: gases and particles expelled (H2O, CO2, CO, H2S, F2, SO2, H2SO4, etc.) are mostly toxic species Fissuring: ‘cracks’ appear due to movement of magma beneath the surface or movement along faults in volcano area
- 38. Dagupan, Pangasinan, 1990 LIQUEFACTION - Phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced, and loose sand and silt that is saturated with water behaves like liquid due to earthshaking VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 39. A tsunami is a series of waves caused by rapid displacement of a body of water. Its impact in coastal areas can be very destructive as the waves advance inland and can extend over thousands of kilometers. It can be triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mass movements, meteorite impacts or underwater explosions. VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 40. • Signs of Impending Tsunami: – Large off-shore earthquake – Unusual rise or fall of coastal waters – Exposure of corals and underwater rocks – Sound of approaching train VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 41. Hurricane Typhoon Cyclone Western Atlantic Northwest Pacific Indian East Pacific South Pacific Oceans Typhoons or tropical cyclones or hurricanes are closed circulation systems in the atmosphere which combines low pressure and strong winds. VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 42. Can be a winter storm, a thunderstorm, hail storm, sand storm/dust storm, or snow storm. Accompanied by additional precipitation STORMS TORNADOES Are rotating columns of air emerging out of the base of a cloud and has contact with the Earth’s surface; aka twister, waterspout STORM SURGE Rise of the water level in the sea, an estuary, or lake, as a result of strong winds driving the seawater towards the coast VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 43. Flood is an overflow of water that submerges land. It occurs when there is an increase in water level from continuous or heavy rainfall, release of water from dams, overflowing water systems, and blocked canals. Type of Flood according to location: River Flooding Coastal Flooding Urban Flooding Type of Flood according to duration:: Sheet Flooding Flash Flooding VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 44. An extended period of unusually low precipitation that produces a shortage of water for people, animals and plants. Drought is different from most other hazards in that it develops slowly, sometimes even over years, and its onset is generally difficult to detect. DROUGHTS VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 45. Heat wave: prolonged period of excessively hot and also humid weather relative to normal climate patterns Cold wave/extreme cold: prolonged period of excessively cold weather EXTREME TEMPERATURES: Heat Wave, Cold Wave VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 46. Wildfire – uncontrolled burning fire outdoors; caused by natural and human activities; aka bush fire, forest fire Urban fire – fire occurring in metropolitan areas involving buildings with potential for spreading to adjoining structures WILDFIRES / URBAN FIRES VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 47. - EPIDEMICS - ANIMAL / INSECT INFESTATION VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 49. Originating from technological or industrial accidents, dangerous procedures, infrastructure failures or certain human activities EXPLOSIONS: Chemical, Nuclear, Mine, Bomb INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS POLLUTION VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 50. Used to describe technological transport accidents involving mechanized modes of transport: air, boat, rail, and motor vehicles AIR TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS BOAT RAIL MOTOR VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 52. Result from several different hazards or more often to a complex combination of both natural and man-made causes and different causes of vulnerability. Characterized by extensive violence and loss of life, massive displacements of people, widespread damage to societies and economies resulting from internal or external conflict. COMPLEX EMERGENCIES VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 53. Brought about by multiple root causes, such as severe drought, conflict, poverty, worsening debt crisis, or mismanagement or abuse of resources. FAMINE / FOOD INSECURITY VOLUNTEERS + LOGISTICS + INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- 54. END
Editor's Notes
- Comment: The hazards of concern to disaster risk reduction as stated in footnote 3 of the Hyogo Framework are “… hazards of natural origin and related environmental and technological hazards and risks.” Such hazards arise from a variety of geological, meteorological, hydrological, oceanic, biological, and technological sources, sometimes acting in combination. In technical settings, hazards are described quantitatively by the likely frequency of occurrence of different intensities for different areas, as determined from historical data or scientific analysis. Present the definition to the participants, then move on to define disaster and give examples. Explain the difference of hazards from disasters. Give relevant and appropriate examples.
- -Ask the participants the question (5-6 persons) -Ask participants to give examples of disasters (5-6 persons)
- Comment: Disasters are often described as a result of the combination of: the exposure to a hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences. Disaster impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease and other negative effects on human physical, mental and social well-being, together with damage to property, destruction of assets, loss of services, social and economic disruption and environmental degradation. Before moving on to the next slide, ask if there are questions or clarifications from the participants.
- Comment: Measures of exposure can include the number of people or types of assets in an area. These can be combined with the specific vulnerability of the exposed elements to any particular hazard to estimate the quantitative risks associated with that hazard in the area of interest.
- Comment: - combination of the probability of an hazard and its negative consequences The definition of disaster risk reflects the concept of disasters as the outcome of continuously present conditions of risk. Disaster risk comprises different types of potential losses which are often difficult to quantify. Nevertheless, with knowledge of the prevailing hazards and the patterns of population and socio-economic development, disaster risks can be assessed and mapped, in broad terms at least.
- Exposure – People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses -UNISDR
- 2014 WorldRiskReport (United Nations University-Institute for Environment and Human Security Exposure to natural hazards and the vulnerability of a society. Adjusted to focus on risk in urban areas
- Discussion: Pacific Ring of Fire: Prone to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions Earthquakes: an average of 20 earthquakes recorded per day; 100 felt earthquakes per year; 90 destructive earthquakes for past 400 years. In the Philippine setting, since 1600s, there has been more than 106 magnitude 6.0 and above earthquakes in the country. The deadliest recorded Philippine earthquake was in 1976, a 7.9 that occurred in the Moro Gulf, killing more than 4700, mainly due to the tsunami generated. The strongest recorded Philippine earthquake was in 1948, an 8.2 that rocked Panay. As of 2015, globally, there has been 38,056 earthquakes in the past year, while locally, there has been 166 earthquakes in the past year (measuring magnitude 1.5 and above). Volcanoes: more than 400 volcanoes; 23-25 considered active (with recorded eruption or latest eruption <10000 years), 27 potentially active, and 355 inactive. Most deadliest eruption in the world recorded in the last 10,000 years was Mt. Tambora (Indonesia) in 1815 killing at least 92,000. In the Philippines, it was Taal in 1911 with 1,335 deaths. The 1991 Pinatubo explosion (largest in the 20th century) killed about 900 people, but contributed to the drop in global temperatures. Longest continuous eruption: Mt. Kilauea in Hawaii (1983-2014). Longest eruption in the Philippines was Taal (May-December 1754). Typhoons: On average, 100 tropical cyclones form around the world annually. Western North Pacific Ocean (includes the South China & Philippine Seas) holds the highest place of formation (30%), followed by the East Pacific Ocean (15%), Western Atlantic Ocean-South & North Indian Oceans-South Pacific Ocean (12%), Northern and Western Australia (7%). Around 20 tropical cyclones enter the PAR each year. Second picture shows global tracks and intensity, with red being the highest. This shows the Philippines under very high risk for intense tropical cyclones.
- Geophysical. A hazard originating from solid earth. This term is used interchangeably with the term geological hazard. Meteorological. A hazard caused by short-lived, micro- to meso-scale extreme weather and atmospheric conditions that last from minutes to days. Hydrological. A hazard caused by the occurrence, movement, and distribution of surface and subsurface freshwater and saltwater. Climatological. A hazard caused by long-lived, meso- to macro-scale atmospheric processes ranging from intra-seasonal to multi-decadal climate variability. Biological. A hazard caused by the exposure to living organisms and their toxic substances (e.g. venom, mold) or vector-borne diseases that they may carry. Examples are venomous wildlife and insects, poisonous plants, and mosquitoes carrying disease-causing agents such as parasites, bacteria, or viruses (e.g. malaria).
- Earthquake - A weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface. Earthquakes are the Earth’s natural means of releasing stress. They strike with no early warning and can be devastating, but after a major one, aftershocks may be as strong as a new earthquake. Earthquakes often trigger landslides, tidal waves, and tsunamis.
- Rockfall refers to quantities of rock or stone falling freely from a cliff face. It is caused by undercutting, weathering or permafrost degradation. Subsidence is the motion of the Earth's surface as it shifts downward relative to a datum (e.g. the sea level). Subsidence (dry) can be the result of: geological faulting, isostatic rebound, human impact (e.g. mining, extraction of natural gas) etc.Subsidence (wet) can be the result of: karst, changes in soil water saturation, permafrost degradation (thermokarst) etc. Mass movement describes a quantity of debris/land/snow or ice that slides down a mountainside under the force of gravity. It often gathers material that is underneath the snowpack like soil, rock etc (debris avalanche). Landslides – Downward and outward movement of soil or rock controlled by gravity and the speed of the movement. It is caused by heavy rain, soil erosion, and earth tremors. Landslides are usually associated with other hazards such as tropical cyclones, local storms, and floods. Landslides are difficult to estimate as an independent phenomenon. It seems appropriate, therefore, to associate landslides with other hazards such astropical cyclones, severe local storms and river floods.
- A volcano is an opening or rupture in the earth’s surface or crust, which allows pyroclastic materials and gases to escape from below the surface, and generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. Volcanic hazards Ash fall / Tephra fall: Gravitational settling of volcanic ash & fragments from the umbrella clouds of tall eruption columns & ashclouds of pyroclastic flows Lava flow: Incandescent rivers of hot molten rock (lava) Pyroclastic flow and surges: Turbulent mass of ejected fragmented volcanic materials (ash & rocks) + hot gases that flow downslope at very high speeds (> 60 kph); Deadliest of all volcanic hazards Lahars: Rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments and water; Triggered by rainfall, lake breakout, melting of icecaps on volcano summit or hydrothermal “squeezing”; type of mudslide with mixtures of volcanic materials and water also described as volcanic mudflow Volcanic gases: gases and particles expelled (H2O, CO2, CO, H2S, F2, SO2, H2SO4, etc.) are mostly toxic species Fissuring: ‘cracks’ appear due to movement of magma beneath the surface or movement along faults in volcano area Tsunami: displacement of water Debris avalanche/sector collapse: Downslope movement of large-volume proportions of the volcanic flanks;
- A process that changes the behavior of sediments from that of a solid to that of a liquid Water-saturated sediments behave like porridge and loses its load-bearing capacity; foundations of buildings are no longer supported; tilting of structures happen; increased water pressure can also trigger landslides; ground can also slide down slopes; light structures formerly buried in the ground can float to the surface when they are surrounded by liquefied soil;
- Japanese term meaning “harbor waves”: “tsu” is harbor, “nami” is waves Long period of sea waves or wave trains that are generated by the sudden displacement of water Picture 1 – tsunami in Japan, after the earthquake Picture 2 – tsunami waves brings with it whatever is in its path, including bringing this ship inland Deadliest tsunami in the world: #1 is the Indian Ocean tsunami from Sumatra, Indonesia (Dec 2004) caused by a 9.1 earthquake, with waves as high as 50-m and killed a reported 230,000 in 15 countries. Tsunami with biggest damage is the Japan tsunami (March 2011) caused by a 9.0 earthquake, generated waves as high as 10-m, killing estimated 19,000 people, and compounded with a nuclear emergency (meltdown of a nuclear power plant).
- Review the recently discussed geological hazards before moving on
- Typhoons or tropical cyclones or hurricanes are characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain. They are classified according to their strength which is determined by the speed of the maximum sustained winds near the center In the Philippines, an average of 20 typhoons per year, 4 are destructive Ask the participants what they think are the differences among the three Hurricanes-North Atlantic Oceans, South Pacific Ocean & Northeast Pacific Ocean Typhoons-NW Pacific Ocean TC-Other parts of the world FYI: winds in the northern hemisphere rotate counter clockwise, winds in the southern hemisphere rotate clockwise
- Flood - An overflow of water that submerges land; A flood occurs when there is an increase in water level from continuous or heavy rainfall, release of water from dams, overflowing water systems, and blocked water canals. Flood according to location: River Flooding – caused by overflowing river Coastal Flooding – caused by increase in sea level in coastal areas Urban Flooding – human-induced flooding caused by poor drainage system Flood according to duration: Sheet Flooding – covers a large area and does not easily subside Flash Flooding – stream water becomes muddy
- Heat waves = more on health concerns such as overexposure, dehydration, etc. Cold waves / extreme cold or winter = cause damage to agriculture, infrastructure and property due to frost; winter storms can result in flooding, storm surge, closed roads, downed power lines, and hypothermia
- Fire is the perceptible phase of burning or combustion, which is the chemical reaction between oxygen, fuel, and heat. Wildfire –
- MARITIME: December 20 1987 M/V DONA PAZ: collided w/ oil tanker Vector. The world’s worst peacetime sea tragedy / world’s largest non-military loss; 4,342 confirmed dead, possible 4,375 AVIATION: 2 planes collided in Tenerife, Canary Islands, killing 583 people; 9/11 Attacks: 4 separate aircrafts were hijacked by terrorists, crashing in NY, Virginia, and Pennsylvania resulting in 2,848 confirmed dead, possible 2,907 ROAD: 2011: average of 19 bus accidents a day; 6,940 bus accidents across the country, officially recorded
- Some disasters can result from several different hazards or, more often, to a complex combination of both natural and man-made causes and different causes of vulnerability. Food insecurity, epidemics, conflicts and displaced populations are examples.
- Example: Payatas Dump Site Tragedy July 10, 2000 224 dead, 38 missing