HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) is a compact audio/video interface for transferring uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data from a HDMI-compliant source device to a compatible computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital audio device.[1] HDMI is a digital replacement for existing analog video standards.

1. DISPLAY
HDMI

2. What is HDMI
• HDMI – High-Definition Multimedia Interface*
– Allows for transmission of digital audiovisual content on the
same physical link (DVD player, TV’s, set top boxes etc…)
– Digital interface defined around DVI1.0 specification and
backwards compatible with DVI
– Command and control data (DDC)
• Content Protection via HDCP (High Definition Content
Protection)
• Administered by HDMI * LLC (Limited Liability Corporation)
– Licensing and Royalty fees apply
• Transfer rate depends on display mode.
– Spec range 25MHz to 340MHz (dense spectrum of frequencies)
– Max speed is a product decision. IBX, CPT max: 222.5MHz

3. HDMI Overview
EDID
ROM
HDMI Sink (Rx)
HDMI
Transmitter
Video
Audio
Control/Status
TMDS Channel 0
HDMI
Receiver
TMDS Channel 1
Display Data Channel (DDC)
HDMI Source (Tx)
Video
Audio
Control/Status
TMDS Clock Channel
TMDS Channel 2
HDMI Cable
CEC
HPD
Main Link: 250Mbps to 3.4Gbps per channel, 25-340MHz sideband clock
RGB or YCbCr 444 or 422, TMDS and TERC4 encoding
3.3V Rx termination, ~500mV swing based on DVI 1.0
Spec accounts for AC coupling tolerance on Sink (not Source)
DDC: 100 KHz, I2C format, 3.3 - 5V
HPD: Hot Plug Detect, 2 - 5V
CEC: Optional 400 Hz bus, 2.5 – 3.3V (We do not support CEC)

4. HDMI Overview
DDC Display Data Channel
(HDMI) transmitter A device with an HDMI output.
(HDMI) receiver A device with an HDMI input.
TMDS clock is used by the receiver as a frequency reference for data recovery on
the three TMDS data
channels.
• HDMI has three physically separate communication channels, which are the DDC, TMDS, and
the optional CEC
– The HDMI cable and connectors carry four differential pairs that make up the TMDS data
and clock channels.
» Audio, video and auxiliary data is transmitted across the three TMDS
data channels.
» A TMDS clock, typically running at the video pixel rate, is transmitted on
the TMDS clock channel

5. HDMI Overview
– HDMI carries a VESA DDC channel. The DDC is
used for configuration and status exchange
between a single transmitter and a single receiver.
» The DDC is used by the transmitter to read the receiver’s
Enhanced Extended Display Identification Data (E-EDID) in
order to discover the receiver’s configuration and
capabilities.
– The optional CEC protocol provides high-level
control functions between all of the various
audiovisual products in a user’s environment.

6. HDMI Overview
• There are 3 Types of HDMI connector, Type A , B and C. All
three connectors carry all required HDMI signals, including a
TMDS link.
• The Type B connector is slightly larger and carries a second
TMDS link, which is necessary to support very high resolution
displays using dual link.
• The Type C connector carries the same signals as the Type A
but is more compact and intended for mobile applications.
• The HDMI connector provides a pin allowing the transmitter
to supply +5.0 Volts to the cable and receiver.
• All HDMI transmitters shall assert the +5V Power signal
whenever the transmitter is using the DDC or TMDS signals

7. HDMI Overview

8. HDMI Link
• The HDMI link operates in one of three modes:
• Video Data Period - the active pixels of an active
video line are transmitted
• Data Island period - audio and auxiliary data are
transmitted using a series of packets.
– This auxiliary data includes InfoFrames and other data
describing the active audio or video stream or describing
the transmitter.
• Control period- It is used when no video, audio, or
auxiliary data needs to be transmitted. It is required
between any two periods that are not control
periods.

9. Video Data on HDMI
• Video data can have a pixel size of 24, 30, 36 or 48 bits. Color
depths greater than 24 bits are defined to be “Deep Color”
modes.
• Video at the default 24-bit color depth is
carried at a TMDS clock rate equal to the pixel clock rate.
• Video Pixels Video Data Coding is such that the 8 bits
converted to 10 bits by HDMI transmitter.
• The video pixels can be encoded in either RGB, YCBCR 4:4:4 or
YCBCR 4:2:2 formats.
• Deep Color modes are optional though if an HDMI transmitter
or receiver supports any Deep Color mode*, it shall support
36-bit mode.

10. HDMI Frame Composition
•Example frame: 1280x1024
resolution
•Vertical and horizontal
blanking filled by control
sequences
– Color depth control
information
– TERC4 encoding used
– HDMI specific
controls
•Pixel periods filled with
TMDS-encoded active pixel
data
•Quick pixel clock Calculation:
•HT*VT*Refresh Rate
•1440*1054*60=91.0656MHz

11. EDID
Extended display identification data
• HDMI transmitter shall read the EDID and first CEA Extension
to determine the capabilities supported by the receiver.
• HDMI transmitter shall check the E-EDID for the presence of
an HDMI Vendor Specific Data Block within the first CEA
Extension to determine whether it is an HDMI/DVI device.
• All the receiver supports 640 * 480P video format by default.

12. Hot-Plug detect
• An HDMI receiver shall assert high voltage
level on its Hot Plug Detect pin when the E-
EDID is available for reading.
• HDMI receiver shall indicate any change to the
contents of the E-EDID by driving a low
voltage level pulse on the Hot Plug Detect pin.

13. HDMI Usage
History: HDMI is based on DVI
• HDMI is REQUIRED BY SPEC to interoperate with DVI
– Simple cable adapter is all that is allowed
• DVI = Digital Visual Interface; used on PC’s (and some TV’s)
• Almost identical electrical spec, same coding and clocking
• HDMI connector is smaller than DVI, but same digital signals
• HDMI adds audio packets, “info frames”, compliance testing
Interface to Consumer Electronics displays (TV)
• Set-top box to TV
• DVD player to TV
• Input to DVD burner (Content protection application)
Interoperate with DVI
• HDMI on DVD player to DVI on PC display
• DVI on PC to HDMI display
OR
External Cable
LCD Monitor
DVI
HDMI HDCP
CE TV

14. Red 1TMDS Red
TMDS CLK
Green 1TMDS Green
Blue 1TMDS Blue
Red 2
Green 2
Blue 2
Red 3
Green 3
Blue 3
Red 4
Green 4
Blue 4
10-bit
TMDS Code
10-bit
TMDS Code
10-bit
TMDS Code
10-bit
TMDS Code
Red 5
Green 5
Blue 5
10-bit
TMDS Code
TMDS Code and Clock
HPD
•HDMI main link is called the “TMDS Channel”
– Three “TMDS” differential data lanes
• Red, Green, Blue each have a lane
• 10 bit “TMDS” coded data
– TMDS is only used on HDMI and DVI
– TMDS Clock lane
• Clock is 1/10 bit rate
– We send TMDS clock as a data pattern:
0000011111

15. HDMI TMDS Clock to Pixel Relationship
TMDS Clock is 1/10 bit transfer rate
8 Bit Per Component Example:
• 8 bits per color = 24 bits per pixel
• Each 8 bit color value is coded as a 10-bit TMDS code, mapped to one Tx lane
• TMDS clock runs at 1/10 the serialized bit rate, so …
• 1 TMDS clock = 1 pixel
For 1600x1200@24bpp, 60Hz refresh, pixel clock ~162MHz
TMDS Clock = 162MHz; Bit rate per lane = 1.62GT/s
Red 1TMDS Red
TMDS CLK
Green 1TMDS Green
Blue 1TMDS Blue
Red 2
Green 2
Blue 2
Red 3
Green 3
Blue 3
Red 4
Green 4
Blue 4
10-bit
TMDS Code
10-bit
TMDS Code
10-bit
TMDS Code
10-bit
TMDS Code
Red 5
Green 5
Blue 5
10-bit
TMDS Code
Pixel 1 Pixel 2 Pixel 3 Pixel 4 Pixel 5

16. HDMI/DVI Main Link Topology
– DC coupled to Rx 3.3V termination
• Process scaling issues
• Back-power issues for Tx
– Signal amplitude is the same for all modes /
speeds / channels
• No power or EMI savings for short cables
• Signal integrity suffers at higher speed
HDMI or DVI
“Spec” Tx
HDMI TV
Or DVI MONITOR
AVcc =
3.3V RT = 50ohmsRT
MOTHER
BOARD
HDMI
SOURCE SINK
HDMISource
CONNECTOR
~11”
Trace
HDMISink
CONNECTOR
2m – 15m
Cable
(TYP)HDMI
CABLE
TMDS Data or Clock Lane:
Electrical Spec and
Compliance Testing at
Connectors

17. HDMI* Connector Design
HDMI Type A
14 mm(W) x 5 mm(H)
37 mm(W) x 10 mm(H)
DVI1.0 Connector HDMI Type C
10.5 mm(W) x 2.5 mm(H)
• HDMI main link, HPD and DDC signals match
single channel DVI
• HDMI type A and C connectors have the
same signals
• Type C targets small form factors
• HDMI type B connectors are not in use