It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: DNA Replication. It also talks about the definition, and the concepts about DNA Replication.
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: DNA Replication. It also talks about the definition, and the concepts about DNA Replication.
DNA replication is fundamental process occurring in all living organism to copy their DNA. The process is called replication in sense that each strand of dsDNA serve as template for reproduction of complementary strand.
“This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest.”
This may be the science most famous statement, which appeared in April 1953 in the scientific paper where James Watson and Francis Crick presented the structure of the DNA-helix.
“It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material."
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Unit 5:
DNA & Protein Synthesis
Section 2: DNA Replication
Biology
Mrs. DeFord
2.
3. DNA Replication
• Before a cell divides, the DNA must
make a second copy of the DNA.
This process of making a copy of
the DNA is called DNA replication.
• DNA replication is:
– Semi-conservative
– Semi-discontinuous
– bidirectional
4. DNA Replication
• DNA is maintained in a compressed,
supercoiled state. Before DNA can
be replicated, the DNA strands must
unwind and separate.
5. DNA Replication
• Helicase is the enzyme that
unwinds and unzips the DNA.
• As the helicase moves along the
DNA molecule, the weak hydrogen
bonds between the complimentary
nitrogen bases are broken.
• The DNA unzips, exposing the
nucleotides.
• The junction of the unwound
molecules is called a replication
fork.
6. DNA Replication
• Each strand of the double helix of
DNA is a template, or model, for
making the new strand.
• A new strand is formed by pairing
complementary bases with the old
strand.
• Two molecules are made. Each
has one new and one old DNA
strand. This is called semi-
conservative replication.
9. DNA Replication
• All known DNA polymerases work in a 5` to 3` direction,
so DNA replication is semi-discontinuous because one
strand is copied continuously and one strand is copied
discontinuously.
– The continuous strand is called the leading strand.
The 5’ carbon is located at the top of the leading
strand.
– The other strand, called the lagging strand, must
start replication in the replication fork and is made in
segments called Okazaki fragments. The 3’ carbon
is located at the lower section of the lagging strand.
10. • RNA primers are required for initiation of DNA synthesis
• Leading strand requires only one RNA primer
• Lagging strand requires one RNA primer for every
Okazaki fragment
• RNA primers are removed by specific enzymes and
replaced with DNA nucleotides
• Gaps are sealed with DNA ligases.
DNA Replication
11. • DNA polymerases
add on new
nucleotides to the
growing DNA
strand.
• Free floating
nucleotides attach
to their
complimentary
bases on the
template strand of
the DNA.
DNA Replication
12. The Telomere Problem
• When the DNA polymerase reaches the 5' end of the
leading template, synthesis of the leading daughter strand
is almost complete. When the RNA primer, which
occupied the daughter strand's 5' end is removed, the
overlapping single strand cannot be replicated. This
primer was located at the beginning of the leading strand
and at the end of the lagging strand. Thus, the 5' end of
each of these antiparallel daughter strands is one primer-
length shorter. With each succeeding replication, the
chromosome grows shorter and shorter.
DNA Replication
13. The Telomere Problem
• Fortunately, our chromosomes contains protective ends
called telomeres. Telomeres are highly repeated
sequences that cap both ends of our chromosomes like
the wax tips on shoelaces. Because telomeres are
nonsense DNA (i.e., they do not encode proteins), there is
no immediate consequences when telomeric sequence is
lost. Given enough replication events, telomere shortening
is correlated with triggering a natural cell death called
apoptosis. Cellular aging occurs when the cells are no
longer able to divide.
DNA Replication
14. The Telomere Problem
• Cells use a special enzyme called telomerase to fix this
problem. Telomerase makes it less likely that genes will be
damaged or lost during replication of rapidly dividing cells
by adding nonsense DNA to the ends of the lagging
strands.
• Telomerase is often switched off in normal adult cells. But
in cancer cells, telomerase may be switched on, resulting
in their ability to grow and divide rapidly.
DNA Replication
