This document summarizes a study on hazard reduction strategies for flood vulnerable communities in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study found that the 2012 floods had a major impact in Anambra State, displacing over 2.3 million people and killing 363. It analyzed the structure and operations of flood management agencies in Nigeria from the national to local levels. The study recommended sustainable strategies like improving coordination among agencies, developing flood maps and public participation techniques, building flood-resistant infrastructure, and empowering vulnerable communities through groups and capacity building. Adopting a multi-sector approach and reviewing agency policies and structures were also suggested to better mitigate flooding in Anambra State.
This presentation summarizes a sociology course on disaster risk, vulnerability, and reduction. The presentation is given by a group of 5 students and outlines the conceptual issues of disasters and risk, objectives of the course, major hazards in Bangladesh like floods and cyclones, and factors that determine risk such as hazards, exposure, and vulnerability. It also discusses risk identification and assessment, development/mitigation strategies, and concludes.
This chapter discusses exposure and vulnerability to hazards. It defines exposure as the elements at risk from a hazard, including people, infrastructure, and agriculture. Vulnerability is defined as characteristics that make something susceptible to harm from hazards. Factors that influence vulnerability include demographics, socioeconomics, preparedness, and ability to respond. There are four main types of vulnerability: physical, social, economic, and environmental. The chapter provides examples for each type to illustrate how different groups can be impacted.
This chapter discusses key concepts related to vulnerability and risk from natural hazards. It defines exposure as the elements at risk from hazards, such as people, buildings and infrastructure. Vulnerability is defined as the susceptibility of exposure to harm from hazards, which can be physical, social, economic or environmental. Certain sectors of society are more vulnerable due to demographic factors like age, socioeconomic factors like wealth and education, and lack of community preparedness. The chapter outlines different types of vulnerability in more detail and provides examples to illustrate each type. It concludes with learning outcomes related to identifying elements of exposure, defining vulnerability, and analyzing why some sectors and structures are more at risk.
This document defines disasters and disaster risk, discussing natural disasters like geological, meteorological, and hydrological events as well as human-made disasters from accidents and incidents. It provides examples of different types of disasters and identifies risk factors like exposure, gender, age, location in developing countries, and lack of social support. The effects of natural disasters on human life are outlined as displaced populations, health risks, food scarcity, and emotional aftereffects like post-traumatic stress disorder. The document states that an event becomes a disaster when it is sudden or progressive, causing widespread human, material, or environmental impacts.
The document presents a Venn diagram showing the relationship between extreme natural events, vulnerable populations, and the level of disaster. It shows that:
1) An extreme natural event with no vulnerable population results in no disaster.
2) An extreme event combined with a vulnerable population may result in a limited disaster.
3) The combination of an extreme event and a highly vulnerable population leads to a major disaster.
It defines disaster as a major hazardous event exacerbated by poor human preparedness and response.
This document discusses approaches to natural resource management that incorporate disaster risk reduction. It provides an overview of a presentation on the topic, including discussing how disaster impacts are increasing due to factors like population growth and environmental degradation. It notes that vulnerability is exacerbated by poverty, disease, and other issues. The document then defines disasters and discusses factors that affect disaster impacts like poor land use planning and climate change. Finally, it discusses the need for holistic approaches that combine disaster risk reduction with other development efforts.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
The document discusses exposure and vulnerability to natural hazards. Exposure refers to people, assets, or resources that could be affected by hazards, while vulnerability is the susceptibility to harm from stresses. The Philippines has high exposure due to its location in the Pacific typhoon belt and geography of small islands and rugged terrain. It is also highly vulnerable due to poverty, weak institutions, reliance on agriculture/fishing, and other social and economic factors. Multiple sectors in the Philippines, such as agriculture, watersheds, coastal areas and human health, are vulnerable to climate change impacts.
This presentation summarizes a sociology course on disaster risk, vulnerability, and reduction. The presentation is given by a group of 5 students and outlines the conceptual issues of disasters and risk, objectives of the course, major hazards in Bangladesh like floods and cyclones, and factors that determine risk such as hazards, exposure, and vulnerability. It also discusses risk identification and assessment, development/mitigation strategies, and concludes.
This chapter discusses exposure and vulnerability to hazards. It defines exposure as the elements at risk from a hazard, including people, infrastructure, and agriculture. Vulnerability is defined as characteristics that make something susceptible to harm from hazards. Factors that influence vulnerability include demographics, socioeconomics, preparedness, and ability to respond. There are four main types of vulnerability: physical, social, economic, and environmental. The chapter provides examples for each type to illustrate how different groups can be impacted.
This chapter discusses key concepts related to vulnerability and risk from natural hazards. It defines exposure as the elements at risk from hazards, such as people, buildings and infrastructure. Vulnerability is defined as the susceptibility of exposure to harm from hazards, which can be physical, social, economic or environmental. Certain sectors of society are more vulnerable due to demographic factors like age, socioeconomic factors like wealth and education, and lack of community preparedness. The chapter outlines different types of vulnerability in more detail and provides examples to illustrate each type. It concludes with learning outcomes related to identifying elements of exposure, defining vulnerability, and analyzing why some sectors and structures are more at risk.
This document defines disasters and disaster risk, discussing natural disasters like geological, meteorological, and hydrological events as well as human-made disasters from accidents and incidents. It provides examples of different types of disasters and identifies risk factors like exposure, gender, age, location in developing countries, and lack of social support. The effects of natural disasters on human life are outlined as displaced populations, health risks, food scarcity, and emotional aftereffects like post-traumatic stress disorder. The document states that an event becomes a disaster when it is sudden or progressive, causing widespread human, material, or environmental impacts.
The document presents a Venn diagram showing the relationship between extreme natural events, vulnerable populations, and the level of disaster. It shows that:
1) An extreme natural event with no vulnerable population results in no disaster.
2) An extreme event combined with a vulnerable population may result in a limited disaster.
3) The combination of an extreme event and a highly vulnerable population leads to a major disaster.
It defines disaster as a major hazardous event exacerbated by poor human preparedness and response.
This document discusses approaches to natural resource management that incorporate disaster risk reduction. It provides an overview of a presentation on the topic, including discussing how disaster impacts are increasing due to factors like population growth and environmental degradation. It notes that vulnerability is exacerbated by poverty, disease, and other issues. The document then defines disasters and discusses factors that affect disaster impacts like poor land use planning and climate change. Finally, it discusses the need for holistic approaches that combine disaster risk reduction with other development efforts.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
The document discusses exposure and vulnerability to natural hazards. Exposure refers to people, assets, or resources that could be affected by hazards, while vulnerability is the susceptibility to harm from stresses. The Philippines has high exposure due to its location in the Pacific typhoon belt and geography of small islands and rugged terrain. It is also highly vulnerable due to poverty, weak institutions, reliance on agriculture/fishing, and other social and economic factors. Multiple sectors in the Philippines, such as agriculture, watersheds, coastal areas and human health, are vulnerable to climate change impacts.
How a hazard event may turn into a disaster in the societyTarmin Akther
This document describes about hazard and disaster. Besides how hazard becomes a disaster and negatively affect in the society. Hazard is an incident which turns into a disaster in the long run.
Disaster risk management_final project_Grace P SapuayGrace Sapuay, EnP
This is the final project for MOOC WB online course on Risk and Opportunity. This is for class purposes only and not for publication. The information contained herein is the sole responsibility of the author and not of the World Bank nor its instructors.
1. The National Disaster Operation Centre (NDOC) was established in 1998 to coordinate disaster management in Kenya in response to adverse weather events and terrorist attacks.
2. NDOC monitors disasters 24/7, coordinates response efforts between government ministries and other stakeholders, and works to build national disaster preparedness and response capacity.
3. Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of disasters in Kenya through impacts like increased flooding, droughts, disease outbreaks, and damage to agriculture and biodiversity. NDOC plays a key role in national climate change adaptation efforts through its coordination of mitigation and response activities.
Philippines - Comprehensive DRM Framework End of Course Projectanne.orquiza
The document provides background information on disaster risks in the Philippines. It notes that the Philippines is highly vulnerable to natural hazards like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical cyclones and floods due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Tropical cyclones are the most frequent and damaging, with over 20 typhoons hitting the country annually. Floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions also frequently affect the Philippines. Climate change is exacerbating these risks, and poverty makes it difficult for many Filipinos to prepare for and recover from disasters.
This document outlines tools and methods for participatory disaster risk assessment (PDRA) with local communities. It discusses tools such as social mapping, hazard Venn diagrams, hazard mapping, livelihood seasonal calendars, timelines, hazard and resource maps, and transect walks that can help communities identify and analyze hazards, vulnerabilities, and coping capacities. The goal is to work with communities to understand disaster impacts on people's lives and livelihoods, vulnerable groups, local resources and challenges. Matrix ranking is also described as a tool to prioritize different hazards or disaster risks according to community-defined criteria.
Environmental refugees: Searching for the hauntIARI, NEW DELHI
Environmental refugees are the people,
who can no longer access a secure
livelihood in their motherlands because of
e n v i r o n m e n t a l c a l a m i t i e s l i k e
d e s e r t i c a t i o n , c l o u d b u r s t i n g ,
deforestation, ooding, tsunami,
e r o s i o n , l a n d s l i d i n g a n d o t h e r
environmental problems, together with
the associated problems of population
pressures and prevalent poverty.
The document summarizes environmental migration in Darfur, Sudan. It describes how drought and decreasing rainfall have led to degradation of natural resources and conflict between farmers and herders. Climate change is projected to further reduce the growing season. This has displaced millions within Sudan, including over 272,000 in Darfur as of 2019. The conflict in Darfur began in 2003 when rebels protested the government's disregard for the region. In response, government-backed militias terrorized civilians and prevented aid, leading to further displacement. Environmental issues like water scarcity, degradation, and climate change have exacerbated the conflict by increasing competition over scarce resources.
Socio economic impacts of natural disastersTiffany Newman
Natural disasters have significant socio-economic impacts that vary depending on whether they occur in a less economically developed country (LEDC) or more economically developed country (MEDC). In LEDCs, disasters can have more severe consequences due to factors like lower GDP, weaker infrastructure, lack of resources, and unstable governments. This hinders recovery efforts. Major international aid organizations like the UN and Red Cross provide relief in disasters worldwide, but their assistance is also more crucial in LEDCs with limited response capacities. The wealth and development level of a nation therefore influences the scale of damage and recovery from natural hazards.
1) NGOs and environmental organizations can play an important role in supporting the government's efforts to tackle environmental issues like air and water pollution.
2) There are over 3 million NGOs in India, many of which focus on environmental protection. They help create awareness, apply pressure on polluting industries, and provide data to help develop policies.
3) NGOs can help fill gaps by conducting research, building institutional capacity, and encouraging sustainable lifestyles through public engagement.
The media plays an important role in disaster management by covering natural and human-made disasters and raising awareness. To effectively fulfill this role, disaster management organizations should establish direct relationships with media. Experience shows that regular interactions with media before a disaster improves information sharing and coordination during the response. The media can contribute by prioritizing disaster risk issues, facilitating early warning systems, increasing international donations, and improving coordination between policymakers and donors. Engaging youth volunteers in all phases of disaster management from preparedness to recovery can strengthen community resilience.
This document provides an overview of disaster management concepts from a lecture by Dr. P. Sureshkumar. It defines key terms like hazard, risk, vulnerability and disasters. It describes different types of natural and human-induced disasters that occur in India. It discusses India's vulnerability to earthquakes, cyclones, floods, droughts and other hazards. Some major historical disasters in India are also listed, highlighting increasing impacts with time. The objectives are to educate students on coastal hazards and disaster preparedness strategies.
Flooding regularly occurs in the community of Kwaprow, Ghana due to its location in a low-lying floodplain area near the Kakum River. This causes damage to infrastructure, crops, property and disrupts education, health and livelihoods. The study aims to assess the socio-economic impacts of floods on Kwaprow's population of 1810 people, who rely on farming, fishing and trading for their livelihoods. It will identify vulnerable groups, evaluate coping strategies and make recommendations to reduce flood risks and vulnerability. The conceptual framework is based on disaster risk reduction to understand hazards and build resilience through mitigation and adaptation measures.
The document discusses factors that contribute to disasters including hazards, vulnerability, lack of capacity, and poverty. It defines hazard, disaster, and the different types of hazards including natural hazards like typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions as well as man-made hazards such as civil conflicts, industrial accidents, and environmental degradation. Combination hazards involve both natural and human elements. The exposure of vulnerable communities to hazards they cannot cope with leads to disasters characterized by loss of lives, injuries, property damage, and economic and environmental impacts.
This document summarizes the key points of a presentation on vulnerability assessment. It defines vulnerability as a set of conditions that adversely affect a community's ability to deal with hazards. Vulnerability has two components: exposure to hazards and the difficulty in coping with and recovering from them. The document outlines different categories of vulnerability, including physical/material, social/organizational, and motivational/attitudinal vulnerabilities. Several tools for conducting vulnerability assessments are also listed. The document stresses that vulnerability assessments should consider location and other specific factors.
This document discusses three approaches that explain why people live near hazards:
1. The fatalistic approach is where people accept that hazards happen and it is part of living in the area, showing little concern for safety.
2. The acceptance approach is where people understand hazards occur but choose to live in the area anyway because the advantages outweigh the risks.
3. The adaptation approach is where people see hazards can be predicted and protected against through modern technology and preparedness, so even if a disaster happens few people will be affected.
The document discusses the economic impacts of hydro-climatic disasters and the need for disaster risk reduction investments. It notes that the costs of natural disasters have increased 14-fold over the last 50 years. Direct impacts include damage to assets and infrastructure while indirect impacts include loss of earnings and productivity. Secondary impacts can persist for years and include declines in GDP, tax revenue, and increases in prices and debt levels. The document advocates for pre-disaster risk transfer mechanisms like insurance and contingency funds to provide immediate relief after disasters and argues that investments in water management can both reduce disaster risks and support development goals.
This document discusses the urgent need to prepare for climate displacement in Myanmar through establishing a Myanmar National Climate Land Bank (MNCLB). It summarizes field missions to communities in the Ayeyarwaddy Delta and Mon State that are vulnerable to climate impacts like sea level rise and erosion. The missions found that communities are concerned about effects on their livelihoods and lack preparedness. A MNCLB could help mitigate risks of conflict by identifying state land for planned relocation of displaced communities to ensure their rights are protected. The document concludes more action is needed to address climate displacement challenges in Myanmar.
Gully and flooding in anambra state the way forwardAlexander Decker
Gully erosion and flooding have become major environmental issues in Anambra State, Nigeria. Over 1,000 gully sites have been identified, with 600 that are actively eroding. Flooding is exacerbated by improper drainage planning and design, as well as waste blocking drainage channels. The paper assesses contributing factors like relief, slope instability, rainfall patterns, and human activities including urbanization, waste dumping, and deforestation. Solutions proposed include workshops to educate communities, planting vegetation, and constructing dams, ditches, and improved drainage systems. Adopting planning tools and increasing public awareness of environmental issues are also recommended to mitigate flooding and gully erosion in Anambra State.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
How a hazard event may turn into a disaster in the societyTarmin Akther
This document describes about hazard and disaster. Besides how hazard becomes a disaster and negatively affect in the society. Hazard is an incident which turns into a disaster in the long run.
Disaster risk management_final project_Grace P SapuayGrace Sapuay, EnP
This is the final project for MOOC WB online course on Risk and Opportunity. This is for class purposes only and not for publication. The information contained herein is the sole responsibility of the author and not of the World Bank nor its instructors.
1. The National Disaster Operation Centre (NDOC) was established in 1998 to coordinate disaster management in Kenya in response to adverse weather events and terrorist attacks.
2. NDOC monitors disasters 24/7, coordinates response efforts between government ministries and other stakeholders, and works to build national disaster preparedness and response capacity.
3. Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of disasters in Kenya through impacts like increased flooding, droughts, disease outbreaks, and damage to agriculture and biodiversity. NDOC plays a key role in national climate change adaptation efforts through its coordination of mitigation and response activities.
Philippines - Comprehensive DRM Framework End of Course Projectanne.orquiza
The document provides background information on disaster risks in the Philippines. It notes that the Philippines is highly vulnerable to natural hazards like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical cyclones and floods due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire. Tropical cyclones are the most frequent and damaging, with over 20 typhoons hitting the country annually. Floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions also frequently affect the Philippines. Climate change is exacerbating these risks, and poverty makes it difficult for many Filipinos to prepare for and recover from disasters.
This document outlines tools and methods for participatory disaster risk assessment (PDRA) with local communities. It discusses tools such as social mapping, hazard Venn diagrams, hazard mapping, livelihood seasonal calendars, timelines, hazard and resource maps, and transect walks that can help communities identify and analyze hazards, vulnerabilities, and coping capacities. The goal is to work with communities to understand disaster impacts on people's lives and livelihoods, vulnerable groups, local resources and challenges. Matrix ranking is also described as a tool to prioritize different hazards or disaster risks according to community-defined criteria.
Environmental refugees: Searching for the hauntIARI, NEW DELHI
Environmental refugees are the people,
who can no longer access a secure
livelihood in their motherlands because of
e n v i r o n m e n t a l c a l a m i t i e s l i k e
d e s e r t i c a t i o n , c l o u d b u r s t i n g ,
deforestation, ooding, tsunami,
e r o s i o n , l a n d s l i d i n g a n d o t h e r
environmental problems, together with
the associated problems of population
pressures and prevalent poverty.
The document summarizes environmental migration in Darfur, Sudan. It describes how drought and decreasing rainfall have led to degradation of natural resources and conflict between farmers and herders. Climate change is projected to further reduce the growing season. This has displaced millions within Sudan, including over 272,000 in Darfur as of 2019. The conflict in Darfur began in 2003 when rebels protested the government's disregard for the region. In response, government-backed militias terrorized civilians and prevented aid, leading to further displacement. Environmental issues like water scarcity, degradation, and climate change have exacerbated the conflict by increasing competition over scarce resources.
Socio economic impacts of natural disastersTiffany Newman
Natural disasters have significant socio-economic impacts that vary depending on whether they occur in a less economically developed country (LEDC) or more economically developed country (MEDC). In LEDCs, disasters can have more severe consequences due to factors like lower GDP, weaker infrastructure, lack of resources, and unstable governments. This hinders recovery efforts. Major international aid organizations like the UN and Red Cross provide relief in disasters worldwide, but their assistance is also more crucial in LEDCs with limited response capacities. The wealth and development level of a nation therefore influences the scale of damage and recovery from natural hazards.
1) NGOs and environmental organizations can play an important role in supporting the government's efforts to tackle environmental issues like air and water pollution.
2) There are over 3 million NGOs in India, many of which focus on environmental protection. They help create awareness, apply pressure on polluting industries, and provide data to help develop policies.
3) NGOs can help fill gaps by conducting research, building institutional capacity, and encouraging sustainable lifestyles through public engagement.
The media plays an important role in disaster management by covering natural and human-made disasters and raising awareness. To effectively fulfill this role, disaster management organizations should establish direct relationships with media. Experience shows that regular interactions with media before a disaster improves information sharing and coordination during the response. The media can contribute by prioritizing disaster risk issues, facilitating early warning systems, increasing international donations, and improving coordination between policymakers and donors. Engaging youth volunteers in all phases of disaster management from preparedness to recovery can strengthen community resilience.
This document provides an overview of disaster management concepts from a lecture by Dr. P. Sureshkumar. It defines key terms like hazard, risk, vulnerability and disasters. It describes different types of natural and human-induced disasters that occur in India. It discusses India's vulnerability to earthquakes, cyclones, floods, droughts and other hazards. Some major historical disasters in India are also listed, highlighting increasing impacts with time. The objectives are to educate students on coastal hazards and disaster preparedness strategies.
Flooding regularly occurs in the community of Kwaprow, Ghana due to its location in a low-lying floodplain area near the Kakum River. This causes damage to infrastructure, crops, property and disrupts education, health and livelihoods. The study aims to assess the socio-economic impacts of floods on Kwaprow's population of 1810 people, who rely on farming, fishing and trading for their livelihoods. It will identify vulnerable groups, evaluate coping strategies and make recommendations to reduce flood risks and vulnerability. The conceptual framework is based on disaster risk reduction to understand hazards and build resilience through mitigation and adaptation measures.
The document discusses factors that contribute to disasters including hazards, vulnerability, lack of capacity, and poverty. It defines hazard, disaster, and the different types of hazards including natural hazards like typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions as well as man-made hazards such as civil conflicts, industrial accidents, and environmental degradation. Combination hazards involve both natural and human elements. The exposure of vulnerable communities to hazards they cannot cope with leads to disasters characterized by loss of lives, injuries, property damage, and economic and environmental impacts.
This document summarizes the key points of a presentation on vulnerability assessment. It defines vulnerability as a set of conditions that adversely affect a community's ability to deal with hazards. Vulnerability has two components: exposure to hazards and the difficulty in coping with and recovering from them. The document outlines different categories of vulnerability, including physical/material, social/organizational, and motivational/attitudinal vulnerabilities. Several tools for conducting vulnerability assessments are also listed. The document stresses that vulnerability assessments should consider location and other specific factors.
This document discusses three approaches that explain why people live near hazards:
1. The fatalistic approach is where people accept that hazards happen and it is part of living in the area, showing little concern for safety.
2. The acceptance approach is where people understand hazards occur but choose to live in the area anyway because the advantages outweigh the risks.
3. The adaptation approach is where people see hazards can be predicted and protected against through modern technology and preparedness, so even if a disaster happens few people will be affected.
The document discusses the economic impacts of hydro-climatic disasters and the need for disaster risk reduction investments. It notes that the costs of natural disasters have increased 14-fold over the last 50 years. Direct impacts include damage to assets and infrastructure while indirect impacts include loss of earnings and productivity. Secondary impacts can persist for years and include declines in GDP, tax revenue, and increases in prices and debt levels. The document advocates for pre-disaster risk transfer mechanisms like insurance and contingency funds to provide immediate relief after disasters and argues that investments in water management can both reduce disaster risks and support development goals.
This document discusses the urgent need to prepare for climate displacement in Myanmar through establishing a Myanmar National Climate Land Bank (MNCLB). It summarizes field missions to communities in the Ayeyarwaddy Delta and Mon State that are vulnerable to climate impacts like sea level rise and erosion. The missions found that communities are concerned about effects on their livelihoods and lack preparedness. A MNCLB could help mitigate risks of conflict by identifying state land for planned relocation of displaced communities to ensure their rights are protected. The document concludes more action is needed to address climate displacement challenges in Myanmar.
Gully and flooding in anambra state the way forwardAlexander Decker
Gully erosion and flooding have become major environmental issues in Anambra State, Nigeria. Over 1,000 gully sites have been identified, with 600 that are actively eroding. Flooding is exacerbated by improper drainage planning and design, as well as waste blocking drainage channels. The paper assesses contributing factors like relief, slope instability, rainfall patterns, and human activities including urbanization, waste dumping, and deforestation. Solutions proposed include workshops to educate communities, planting vegetation, and constructing dams, ditches, and improved drainage systems. Adopting planning tools and increasing public awareness of environmental issues are also recommended to mitigate flooding and gully erosion in Anambra State.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
Urban flooding and vulnerability of nigerian citiesAlexander Decker
Urban flooding has become a recurring issue in many Nigerian cities, including Awka and Onitsha in Anambra State. The study examines the causes and impacts of flooding in these two cities, with the goal of recommending measures to address the problem. Primary and secondary data show that flooding causes major losses and disruption, but the cities have received limited government support to address environmental issues. Key factors contributing to flooding include inadequate drainage infrastructure, poor drainage design and construction, uncontrolled development that blocks drainage, and improper solid waste management. To reduce vulnerability, the study recommends developing and implementing comprehensive urban flooding control programs that involve the public.
Weekly Wetlands Sustainability Report - NET Africa (www.netafrica.be)NET Africa
This week we focus on water pollution in the Niger River, shared by five different countries within the West African region. We also learn about the #FossilFreeFuture Campaign in llaje, Ondo State. We then discuss the EIA as well as the process of becoming a paralegal to communicate what people can do to challenge environmental injustice.
The document proposes a project called "I-Green, U-Green; We-Clean" to raise awareness of climate change among children and youth in Nigeria. It would establish green clubs in schools to educate students and encourage hands-on environmental activities like tree planting. Over one year, it would operate in two local governments, reaching 15-30 schools. Activities include teacher training, distributing educational materials, films, and workshops. The goal is to empower children as environmental stewards and promote sustainable living practices.
Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters
This document summarizes a village vulnerability assessment and climate change adaptation planning process conducted in the villages of Mlingotini and Kitonga in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania. It describes the methodology used, which involved forming climate change committees in each village consisting of 6 men and 6 women. Through focus group discussions, the committees identified key climate trends observed, vulnerabilities faced, and potential adaptation options. The assessment aimed to raise awareness of climate change impacts and identify local solutions to build resilience. Key climate threats identified were changes in rainfall patterns, increased storms, sea level rise, and higher temperatures. The report documents the results of this assessment to help guide climate adaptation planning in these vulnerable coastal communities.
1. The village disaster management plan outlines how the village will prepare for and respond to disasters by assessing hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities.
2. It establishes response teams and assigns them roles in warning people, evacuating, providing first aid, sanitation, shelter management, relief, and damage assessment.
3. The plan also includes mitigation and preparedness measures like identifying evacuation routes and conducting drills, as well as utilizing existing financial mechanisms for disaster management and community resilience.
The document discusses the transition from relief to development following natural disasters. It notes that disasters disproportionately impact the most vulnerable groups, and that factors like population growth, urbanization, and environmental degradation have increased risks. The Red Cross aims to take a holistic approach linking preparedness, response, recovery, mitigation and development to create more disaster resilient communities. Examples from Iran, Europe, Vietnam and the Pacific show the importance of building local capacity and focusing on community strengths rather than just needs. The Indian Ocean tsunami presented both challenges and opportunities to further this approach.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Study of Diffusion of Flood Alert Camp...inventionjournals
This study evaluated the knowledge, attitude and behaviour of diffusion of flood alert campaign in Anambra State. The study is premised against the background of the warnings issued by the Nigerian Hydrological Services Agency and the National Emergency Management Agency, informing residents of suburb-basins about imminent flood disaster. The campaigns by the Federal Ministry of Information, which resulted from the warning alerts gave rise to this study. Anchored on the Diffusion of Innovation theory and the theory of Planned Behaviour/Reasoned Action, the study, among other things aimed at ascertaining the degree of the knowledge of the respondents of the 2016 flood disaster, the respondents disposition towards the flood disaster campaign, and the likelihood of the exposure to the campaign to motivate the respondents to relocate. The study adopted both the survey research design and the focus ground discussion and drew a sample of 400 respondents from a total population of 3,182,190 people living in the riverrine areas of Anambra State. Both the questionnaire and the interview guide were used as the instruments for data collection. The results obtained from the study revealed that the respondents knew about the 2016 flood disaster alert. The result also revealed that the high level of awareness did not significantly motivate the respondents to relocate. In line with these findings, the integrated communication approach is recommended for public communication campaign
Indigenous Knowledge, Disaster Risk Reduction Policy NoteNoralene Uy
This Policy Note aims to provide a directional path in mainstreaming Indigenous Knowledge in Disaster Risk Reduction for national authorities and ministries of disaster management, ministries of education, institutions of higher education in disaster management, and international and national NGOs in Asian countries.
The document summarizes the environmental effects of flooding in Nigeria using the 2012 flood as a case study. Some key points:
- The 2012 flood affected over 7 million people across 21-34 states, displacing over 2 million people. It caused widespread damage to infrastructure, settlements, farms and the environment.
- Environmental impacts included disrupted transportation, communication, drainage systems and aquatic life. Housing and agricultural lands were inundated. Health hazards like water pollution and diseases increased.
- NEMA (National Emergency Management Agency) intervened before, during and after the flood by issuing warnings, coordinating response efforts, providing relief supplies and supporting recovery activities with international partners like the UN.
- Long term impacts
Advancing Scenario on Disaster Risk Reduction: Cases in Southeast Asia RegionHijjaz Sutriadi
Advancing Scenario on Disaster Risk Reduction: Cases in Southeast Asia Region
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A disaster is defined as a sudden event that exceeds a community's ability to cope using its own resources. Disasters can be natural or human-caused. Natural disasters include hazards like earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones that kill thousands and cause billions in damage annually. Human-caused or manmade disasters result from technological hazards, wars, and deliberate attacks. Developing countries are often more vulnerable to natural disasters due to factors like population growth, deforestation, and lack of disaster prevention planning. Effective disaster management includes preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery efforts to minimize risks and impacts and return communities to normalcy.
The document discusses mainstreaming disaster risk reduction into sustainable national water resources development programs in Nigeria. It outlines challenges to water resources management in Nigeria including devastating erosion, perennial flooding, recurring droughts and increasing desertification. The national approach to reducing water resources management related disasters includes the National Water Policy and National Erosion and Flood Control Policy. Integrating disaster risk reduction concerns into integrated water resources management requires strengthening institutions and legal frameworks. The document recommends promoting integrated water resources management planning and developing national disaster prevention and response systems to institutionalize disaster risk reduction in water resources development.
American Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development is indexed, refereed and peer-reviewed journal, which is designed to publish research articles.
The document summarizes the key aspects of emergency and disaster management in the Philippines according to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) 2011–2028. It discusses the NDRRMP's objectives to strengthen disaster prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery. The plan is implemented by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council and coordinates efforts at national and local levels. It also identifies priority projects, resources, and partners to achieve its goals of building disaster-resilient communities nationwide.
The document discusses disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines. It notes that the Philippines is highly vulnerable to various natural hazards due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire and along the typhoon belt. It describes the country's governance structure for disaster risk management established by the Climate Change Act of 2010, which created national, regional, and local disaster risk reduction and management councils. It also emphasizes community participation and an integrated approach to reducing vulnerabilities and disaster risks.
The document discusses disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines. It notes that the Philippines is highly vulnerable to various natural hazards as it lies within the Pacific Ring of Fire and is frequently impacted by earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons and other disasters. It provides an overview of the key hazards affecting different regions of the country. The document also summarizes the country's disaster risk management framework and principles, highlighting the importance of integrated approaches and community participation. It outlines features of the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act that strengthens institutions and governance at national and local levels for coordinated multi-sectoral disaster risk management.
The document discusses disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines. It notes that the Philippines is highly vulnerable to various natural hazards due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire and being situated along the typhoon belt. It provides an overview of the key hazards affecting different regions of the country. It also summarizes the country's disaster risk profile, highlighting its high ranking in terms of number of people affected by disasters. The document outlines the basic concepts and framework of disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines as established by the Climate Change Act of 2010. It discusses the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders under the new governance structure.
The document discusses disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines. It notes that the Philippines is highly vulnerable to various natural hazards like earthquakes, typhoons, and floods due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire and along the typhoon belt. It provides an overview of the key hazards affecting different regions of the country. It also summarizes the country's history of disasters and their impacts. Furthermore, it outlines the basic concepts, framework and approaches to disaster risk reduction and management in the Philippines as established by the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010.
Flood Vulnerable Area Assessment of Abakaliki Metropolis South-eastern Nigeria.IJERA Editor
As a result of global warming, the climate change in Africa and Asia is predictably becoming more variable, and weather events expected to go more frequently extreme and severe. This includes increasing risk of drought and flooding in new areas. Inundation by extreme floods events is recorded every year worldwide. The potential consequences are profound increasing risk, particularly on environment and people in the less developed countries. Flooding cannot be totally avoided and maybe their occurrence will increase due to climate change. Absolute protection is both unachievable and unsustainable because of high costs and inherent uncertainties. Abilities to mitigate and or prevent flood disasters, cope with and recuperate from the effects have not been sufficiently taken into account nor developed. Communities within watershed or along the River system such as Abakaliki metropolis are mostly under threat of constant flooding menace. When flooding strike, the poor and socio-economically disadvantaged suffer the most and are least equipped to cope with impacts. Vulnerability assessment which many regions of the world recently commenced becomes the way forward. Assessing vulnerability and impacts requires and analysis of information on climate elements, such as temperature, rainfall and non-climatic data, such as situation on the soil, altitude and other characteristics of elements-at-risks indicators. This informs for a well thought-out monitoring (risk assessment), mitigation, coping strategies and adaptation measures which can be adopted by all the vulnerable stakeholders including Governments at all tiers.
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Hazard reduction strategies for flood vulnerable communities of anambra state, nigeria
1. International Affairs and Global Strategy
ISSN 2224-574X (Paper) ISSN 2224-8951 (Online)
Vol.16, 2013
www.iiste.org
Hazard Reduction Strategies for Flood Vulnerable Communities
of Anambra State, Nigeria: Towards Sustainability
1.
2.
Kingsley Efobi 1* Christopher Anierobi 2
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Nigeria, Enugu campus, PMB
01129,Nigeria
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Nigeria, Enugu campus, PMB
01129,Nigeria
* E-mail of the corresponding author: okey.efobi@unn.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
Anambra state was designated as the most acutely flood-affected state in Nigeria after the unprecedented flood
hazards of year-2012 which was seen as a national disaster in the history of the country. 57 communities in 8
local government areas of the state were affected. Reports has it that 7 million people were affected, 363 people
killed and 2.3 million fell victims of internal displacement and evacuated to the available 24Flood Refugee
Camps provide by government for Internally Displaced People. Federal, State and Local Governments spent
billions of naira on relief materials. International donor agencies like UNICEF, UN and EU as well as non
governmental organizations and philanthropists also supported the flood victims with relief materials worth
billions of naira. The flood has come and gone; leaving behind irreparable effects on the people and government.
Uncertainty, untold hardship and severe living condition are some of the resultant impact on the residents of the
affected areas who currently dwell in deplorable conditions. Major loses include human and animal lives;
agricultural products; housing, educational, health, transportation, commercial and other infrastructural facilities.
Family and social ties and activities were hampered while daily livelihood activities were disrupted, water
sources were polluted and the environment degraded thereby resulting to hunger, high cost of living and high
morbidity rate. This study seeks out sustainable strategies for enhancing the structure and mode of operations of
flood management agencies in Nigeria as a whole, and in the flood vulnerable communities of Anambra state in
particular. Secondary data from the records of national, state and local Emergency Management agency and
primary data through structure interview of the staff of the agencies used as respondents; were utilized.
Sustainably creating, reviewing and implementing, flood control and management policies while incorporating
public participation among other mitigation measures were recommended, towards ensuring social, economic
and environment empowerment of the people.
Key words: Hazard Reduction Strategies, Flood Vulnerable Communities in Anambra State and Sustainability
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Flooding displaces more people than any other disaster, because its frequency is higher. It is an annual
occurrence in most places particularly in the riverine areas of Anambra state. Studies have shown that about 20%
of the Nigerian population is at the risk of flooding (Etuonovbe, 2011). It causes death and displacement of
communities among other hazards. The nation wide effect of the 2010 flood in Nigeria, had about 1,555 people
killed; 258,000 people displaced and properties destroyed (Babatunde, 2011). In Nigeria, the 2012 flood reports
had far higher casualties than any other in the history of the country, (NEMA, 2012).
Floods occur when water particularly from rainfalls accumulates across an impermeable surface and cannot
rapidly dissipate or evaporate. Floods can also be caused by a series of storms moving over the same area. Even
dams can flood low-lying areas, often causing significant damages.
Globally, riverine areas are naturally prone to flooding. The flood hazard of year 2012 was unprecedented in
Nigeria and was seen as a national disaster. 94% of states of the Federation including Anambra state suffered
great losses in the flood. 38% of Local government areas in Anambra state including the Omambala area were
adversely affected. Houses and other public and private properties, infrastructure and facilities were submerged
and destroyed while many residents were displaced (SEMA, 2012). The essence of this paper is to seek for ways
of enhancing the structure and operations of the existing flood management in Nigeria as a whole and Anambra
state in particular.
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 FLOOD VULNERABILITY AND HAZARDS REDUCTION STRATEGY
Flood vulnerability can be defined as the measure of exposure of an individual, households, groups, communities
or an area to risk of falling victim to flooding. Flood vulnerability factor is seen as a function of geographical
(topographical and hydrological) characteristics of spatial location of activities or settlements. Flood risk is
expected to increase substantially in subsequent years as a result of both climate change and continued socioeconomic development activities that are unfriendly to the environment (Ibim , 2011). Also in practical terms,
46
2. International Affairs and Global Strategy
ISSN 2224-574X (Paper) ISSN 2224-8951 (Online)
Vol.16, 2013
www.iiste.org
incidence of flooding can never be eliminated entirely, but the hazards or consequences of flooding can be
properly mitigated by appropriate behaviors and actions. Successful flood risk management is dependent upon
the active support of all the affected communities that receive direct flood impact and those directly at risk,
coupled with the civil authorities and the wider community and its leaders, as well as governments of national
and international communities. Recent studies have revealed that socially vulnerable or disadvantaged
households have lower levels of disaster preparedness. Proper documentation of long-term flood impacts on
communities is thus a necessity.
2.2 FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Flood risk poses significant threat to many communities and nations, hence the need to reduce the hazards.
Whereas measures can be taken to reduce the likely hazards and impacts of flooding, the risk can never be
eliminated altogether. This was also the opinion of Crossman, et al. 2006:41who pointed out, that in the UK;
flood risks represent a significant threat to many communities and that around 1.8 million households and
140,000 commercial properties in England and Wales are located in floodplain areas and that this affects at
least 4-5 million people. They further pointed out that a range of flood risk management activities were
undertaken by the authorities.
In England, the flood and water management Act of 2010 empowers the Environmental Agency to develop,
maintain, apply and monitor a strategy for flood and coastal erosion risk management. The strategy was
developed in line with government policy on National Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk Management strategy for
England, 2010 (FCERM) and other related issues. It is heavily informed by stakeholder inputs and public
consultation processes. The strategy describes what needs to be done by all organizations involved in flood and
coastal erosion risk management which include local authorities, internal drainage board, water and sewerage
companies, highway authorities, and the environmental agency. They all act to reduce the risk of flooding and
coastal erosion, and manage its consequences. The strategy sets out a statutory framework which will help
communities, the public sector and other organization to work together in the management flood and coastal
erosion risks. It seeks to support local decision making and engagement in the National Flood and Coastal
Erosion Risk Management strategy for England, 2010(FCERM), making sure that risks are managed in a
coordinated way across catchment areas and along each stretch of coastland. This includes the development of
local flood management strategies by lead flood authorities, as well as a strategic overview of all source of
flooding and coastal erosion.
The national strategy further sets out what needs to be done to manage risks, by improving understanding of
them, reducing the likelihood of incidents happening, as well as managing the potential consequences to people,
business, infrastructure and services. Using the strategy, all the organizations listed above were to work together
with communities to:
•
Manage the risk of flooding and coastal erosion to people and their property while improving on the
standards of protection according to trends over time.
•
Help householders, business and communities better understand and manage the flood and coastal
erosion risks which they face.
•
Respond better to flood and coastal erosion incidents and during recovery.
•
Move the focus from national government-funded activities towards a new approach that gives more
power to local people, either at an individual community or local authority level. Local innovations and solutions
were also to be encouraged too.
•
Put sustainability at the heart of the actions taken, so as to work with nature and benefit the
environment, people and the economy.
The overall aim of the strategy was to ensure that flooding and coastal erosion risks are well-managed and coordinate, so that the impact of floods are minimized.
3.0 FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
Nations with flood vulnerable communities strive to reduce the hazards by evolving policies and actions which
are suitable to them. In the opinion of Ibem (2011); every tier of Government shall build the capacity of their
emergency management institution to prepare for, prevent against, respond to and recover from disaster events.
Here in Nigeria, the opinion is that the Federal, State, Local Government and relevant agencies, civil society
organization among others should strive to develop their capacities in disaster management while community
institutions shall acquire disaster management capabilities as first respondents while emergency management
volunteers would complement the organized structures. Disaster response units have been established in different
military formations across the country to provide assistance to civil authorities during emergencies. The Nigerian
Government being the prime mover, has instituted a whole range of agencies, policies and activities to achieve
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mechanisms which seek to prevent and prepare for natural and man-made disasters especially flooding and such
agencies include:
•
FEMA (2012) Federal Emergency Management Agency: the goal of FEMA is to reduce flood risks in
exchange for federally funded insurance protection, which property owners could purchase.
•
NIMET (2013) Nigerian Meteorological Agency: It is an agency that is responsible for issuing various
warnings to all states about expected weather and rainfall patterns as well as imminent risks.
•
NEMA (2012) - National Emergency Management Agency: NEMA is responsible for disaster risk
management aimed at containing any disaster or emergency through proactive deployment of resources,
personnel and development of early warning system and response mechanisms.
•
SEMA- State Emergency Management Agencies: SEMA formulates policies on all activities relating to
disaster management in the States and co-ordinate plans and programs for efficient and effective response to
disasters in the States.
•
LEMA- Local Emergency Management Agency: The local government arms of SEMA.
These statutory agencies who are now champions of all effort which are aimed at controlling flood hazards and
flood reduction in Nigeria, were hitherto not in existence. However, recent incidences of hazards have ushered
them to the scene, with enormous challenges which must be addressed in a holistic and sustainable manner, both
in policy formulations and actions, as against the current haphazard and unsustainable approach which is
ineffective and expensive.
4.0 Hazard Reduction Strategies for Flood Vulnerable Communities of Anambra State, Nigeria
This study utilized secondary and primary data sources. The structured interview of the hierarchy of NEMA,
SEMA and LEMA staff gave insight into the flood risk management operations in the state. Respondents
revealed that the 2012 flood had a terrible impact on the socio-economic, socio-cultural and religious lives of the
people of Anambra state with women, children, the disabled and the aged recorded as the most vulnerable
victims while the poor were the most hit. They were of the opinion that over 2.3 million people were victims of
internal displacement while 363 people were reported killed. Victims in the state; they said cut across 57
communities in 8 local government areas, namely: Ayamelum, Anambra east, Anambra west, Ogbaru, Awka
north, Ihiala, Ekwusigo and Idemili local government areas. Furthermore, the respondents revealed that the
agencies listed above performed tremendously in the aspect of evacuation of displaced victims to refugee camps
and also helped in the provision of relief materials which were identified as their major preoccupation in the
state. In terms of organizational structure, it was found that NEMA a governing council and a Chairman,
followed by a Director General, Departmental Directors and Zonal Directors. The agency is structured into six
departments, namely: Planning, Research and Forecasting, Administration and Supplies, Relief and
Rehabilitation, Search and Rescue, Training, Finance and Accounts. The observed structure revealed that no
efforts were made to include public participation in flood hazard reduction. It was also observed that there was
little or no coordination among the various levels of the flood risk management agencies right from the national
(NEMA) to the states (SEMA) and down to the local governments (LEMA). This was attributed to poor staffing
and training as Anambra state had only 20 staff. The study also revealed that inadequate equipment and overconcentration of authority, resources and logistics at the national level (NEMA) coupled with the awkward
bureaucratic forces and administrative bottle necks which tend to hamper the effective response to emergency
situations and public participation.
Warnings about expected weather and rainfall patterns as well as imminent risks are poorly utilized and grossly
ignored due to poor level of public participation and awareness programs organized by the agency. Relief
materials such as food stuffs, clothing, bed materials, drugs and Medicare worth billions of naira were provided.
However, prompt and proper distribution of relief materials remains a major challenge to the agency. Their
activities are hampered by delays and poor targeted operations, hence leading to anger, bickering and acrimony
among victims in the flood affected areas. The random and indiscriminate estimation and distribution methods of
relief materials to vulnerable communities is therefore inadequate, faulty and unsustainable, at cushioning the
effects of flooding and for hazard reduction on the vulnerable people and communities in Anambra state.
Sometimes, some unaffected people even took the advantage and collected relief material while some adversely
affected people especially the poor, got little or no relief materials.
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The recent unprecedented devastating effects of flooding in Nigeria has made it urgent for us as a Nation and as
people in the flood vulnerable communities of Anambra state to seek for proactive and sustainable measures
which will help reduce the hazards of flooding in these communities. In the light of the impact of the 2012 flood
in Anambra state, there is need for all the flood management agencies right from the National level; National
Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) with its state (SEMA) and local government area (LEMA)
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counterparts to rise to the challenge of ensuring sustainable hazard reduction of flooding in the vulnerable
communities in the country as a whole and Anambra state in particular so as to ensure environmental, social, and
economic development of citizens of the country. Such efforts must be crafted to enable the agencies rise
decisively against the various challenges observed in the study in relation to their organizational structures and
mode of operations. The following recommendations are therefore posited towards ensuring sustainability in the
vulnerable communities which are mostly riverine and low-lying areas.
1. Since flood affects various sectors of national life, there is need to evolve multi-sectoral approach to
flood mitigation, as opposed to single sector flood management procedures.
2. There is need to review the organizational structure and implementation approach to policies of
agencies involved in flood management.
3. Flood management agencies must develop maps of flood zones well delineated while adopting effective
public participation techniques.
4. The flood management agencies must learn to utilize local peculiarities and administrative structure in
achieving effective flood management strategies such as early warnings, relocations, land use plans,
creation and clearance of water ways and drainage channels among others.
5. Urban and Rural Planning and Flood management agencies must ensure that houses are constructed
with durable building materials away from flood prone areas.
6. Anambra state and her flood management agencies should organize vulnerable people into groups of
cooperative societies for mutual support and benefits, through capacity building, pulling resources
together, education and information sharing and effective public participation in self-help programs.
This will enhance proper identification and targeting of vulnerable people so as to better equip,
empower and build resiliency into them, while curbing the tendency of rural-urban migration.
7. The state Ministry of Agriculture through the Cooperative societies should provide quick maturing crop
and animal species, as well as finances and other inputs to farmers, while also providing Extension
Services and quick harvest and storage mechanisms and facilities so as to encourage Communities to
increase area cultivated and to enhance food security.
8. Infrastructure should be put in place for harvesting of excess flood water for power generation in form
of dams, irrigation for agriculture, provision of water reservoir and water treatment plants for potable
water supply, for sustainable development in the areas.
9. The state government should construct canals and drainage channels in the affected areas, for easy
drains of water after heavy rainfalls.
REFERENCES:
1. Babatunde, Abdulfatah(2011): “Evolving an efficient flood management strategy”. 234
Next.<http:/www.next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/News/5711837-147/story.csp>
2. Crossman, M., Richardson, D. and Mime, J. (2006): A partnership approach to Managing Flood Risk.
Proceedings of the In Civil Engineers. Civil Engineering. Journal, 159 (2):41-45.
3. England, the flood and water management Act (2010): National Flood and Coastal Erosion Risk
Management strategy for England (FCERM).
4. Etounovbe, A.K. (2011). “The Devastating Effect of Flooding in Nigeria”
<http:/www.fig.net/pub/fig2011/papers/ts06jetuonovbe5002.pdf>
5. Ibem, Eziyi O. (2011) “Challenges of Dissaster Vulnerability Reduction in Lagos Megacity Area,
Nigeria.” Disaster Prevention and Management. 20(1): 27-4
6. National Emergency Management Agency, NEMA (2012): Annual report on Flood, Official gazette,
Abuja.
7. Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA) (2013): Annual Flood Outlook (AFO) for Nigeria.
Official gazette, Abuja.
8. Nigerian Metrological Agency Nimet (2011: Official gazette on Rainfall data of Onitsha station,
Anambra State. Lagos.
9. National Population Commission, NPC (2006): Population census figures for 2OO6. Official gazette,
Abuja.
10. State Emergency Management Agencies, SEMA (2012): Report on flood in Anambra state. Official
report, Awka.
49
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