This slide was made for my University presentation .
In this slide is full of the basic of Tree.I hope, you will get most basic information from this slide.
This slide was made for my University presentation .
In this slide is full of the basic of Tree.I hope, you will get most basic information from this slide.
The presentation is an introduction the hash algorithm application, dealing with random data and sorting it for fast accessing and implications with normal hashing techniques.
Codd's Rules for Relational Database Management SystemsRajeev Srivastava
An introduction to Codd's 13 (12+1) rules defined by Dr. E.F. Codd for a True Relational Database Management Systems. ACID Properties of a Transaction.
hashing is encryption process mostly used in programming language for security purpose.
This presentation will you understand all about hashing and also different techniques used in it for encryption process
The presentation is an introduction the hash algorithm application, dealing with random data and sorting it for fast accessing and implications with normal hashing techniques.
Codd's Rules for Relational Database Management SystemsRajeev Srivastava
An introduction to Codd's 13 (12+1) rules defined by Dr. E.F. Codd for a True Relational Database Management Systems. ACID Properties of a Transaction.
hashing is encryption process mostly used in programming language for security purpose.
This presentation will you understand all about hashing and also different techniques used in it for encryption process
Searching is a fundamental operation in data structures and algorithms, and it involves locating a specific item within a collection of data. Various searching techniques exist, and the choice of which one to use depends on factors like the data structure, the nature of the data, and the efficiency requirements.
this ppt is on the topic of system security. there are some topic which are introduce very nicely.there are some commont topic introduce in the
1. firewall
2.antivirus
3.malware
and IOT
these are the sub topic..
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. Hashing
• The searching time of Linear and binary searching techniques
depends on the number of elements.
• Hashing is a search technique, its searching time does not depend
on the number of elements.
• Hashing technique is a search technique in which the required
record is located by using a function. Search time is independent
of the position of the record in the file. The function used to
locate the record is called the hash function.
• A hash function h transforms a key K into a table index L at which
the record with key K is placed and h(K) is called the hash of key
K.
h(K) = k L
• Hash functions
• The main criteria for the selection of a hash function are
– it should be easy and quick to compute
– should produce an even distribution of keys across the range of indices
– should produce distinct indices
3. Hashing• There are several basic methods that can be used to
build a hash function.
• Division
An integer key is divided by the table size and the
remainder is taken as the hash value.
Hash value = (key) mod (table_size)
or
Hash value = (key) mod (table_size) + 1
The second one starts the hash value from 1 instead of 0
Best hash values are obtained when table_size is a
prime.
Truncation
Part of the key is ignored and the remaining portion is
used as the index. The method, though simple, fails to
give uniform distribution.
Ex: Given a key of seven digits, then the first, fourth and
seventh digits can make hash function so that the key
2345678 maps to 258.
4. Hashing
• Folding
The key is divided into several parts and the parts are
combined in a convenient way to get the index. Often
addition or multiplication is used for combining the parts.
This process, termed folding, makes use of all the
information in the key and hence can produce better
distribution of the indices.
Ex: Given a key of seven digits can be divided into groups of
three, two and two digits, the groups are added and the
result according to requirement can be used as such or
processed further.
2345678 maps to 234+56+78 = 368.
• Midsquare method
The key is multiplied by itself and the middle few digits of
the square is taken as index. The number of middle digits to
be taken is dependent on the number of digits allowed in
the index. Since the middle digits of a square is dependent
on all the digits in the key, the chances of keys hashing into
same indices are expected to be small.
5. Hashing
• Hash collision
• Given a set of keys k1, k2, ….kn a perfect hash function is defined as
one wherein hash-value of ki is not equal to hash value of kj for all
distinct i and j.
• Some times more than one distinct keys give the same hash value.
This is called hash collision or hash clash. This situation is resolved
in several ways.
• Linear probing or linear open
• The simplest method of resolving hash clashes is to search the table
sequentially for the desired key or the empty location. The search is
started from the location the collision occurs. The colliding record is
placed in the next available space. The storage space is considered
as a circular linear space so that when the last location is reached
the search goes to the first location. The method is called linear
probing because of the linear nature of searching.
7. Hashing
• Rehashing or double hashing
• In the method called rehashing a secondary
hash function is used on the hash key. The
hash value is used as input to the rehash
function and a new hash value is computed.
The rehash function is used successively until
a distinct hash value is resulted.
9. Hashing
• Quadratic probing
• This approach tries to correct the clustering problem
of linear probing by introducing a quadratic
increment function. Probing is done at locations
given by
( Hash value + j2 ) mod (table_ size) with
j=1,2,3………..
• Quadratic probing reduces clustering considerably
but all the locations are not probed by this method.
When table_size is a prime almost half of the
locations are probed. But if the table_size is a power
of two, relatively few locations are probed.
11. Hashing
• Hashing with buckets
• In this approach multiple keys are hashed to a single
location. The locations are slotted to contain more than
one key. Each of this multi-key location is called a
bucket. Each of these buckets can hold multiple entries
up to a point. This approach allows multiple entries to
hash at the same location. When the bucket is full
collisions are to be handled again.
• Chaining
• In this method called chaining, a linked list of all items
whose key hash into the same value is built. During the
search hash function is first applied to the key and then
the linked list, called chain, is searched sequentially for
the target key. In this technique an extra link field is
added to each table position.
13. Hashing
• There are several advantages by this approach.
• Considerable space is saved when the records are large.
Since hash table is an array and the array space is allocated
at the time of compilation, considerable amount of space is
wasted if some array elements are not occupied. As the
space required for pointers are small, the space wasted will
not be much even if the space allocated remains empty.
• Adding a link to the record and organizing all the records
with a single hash address as a linked list handle collision.
Good hash function will give short linked list enabling quick
search. Clustering is prevented as keys with distinct hash
addresses go to different lists.
• The average length of the linked lists remain small and the
efficiency of the sequential search of the lists is maintained.
• Deletion becomes easy and quick in chained hash table.
14. Hashing
• There are disadvantages also in the chained hash
table method.
• When the records are small, the space used for
links becomes considerable in comparison with
the space required for storing the records.
• When the hash table is small, there would be
collisions making some of the chains long. This
slows down searching
• However, a good hash function minimizes the
collision and spreads the records uniformly
throughout the file. Larger the range of hash
functions less chances of hash clashes. This
involves the trade-offs between time and space.
15. Hashing
• Hashing facilitates direct access to a table. For
this reason this scheme is preferable to other
search techniques. The biggest draw back in this
scheme is that the records in a hash table are
not stored in the sorted order of keys.
• They do not minimize hash collisions and hence
cannot access any record directly from its key
thus defeating the basic purpose of hashing.
• In view of speed the hash methods compare
better than other search methods when the size
of the file is large.