Database normalization is the process of refining the data in accordance with a series of normal forms. This is done to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity. This process divides large tables into small tables and links them using relationships.
Here is the link of full article: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/database-normalization
Functional dependencies in Database Management SystemKevin Jadiya
Slides attached here describes mainly Functional dependencies in database management system, how to find closure set of functional dependencies and in last how decomposition is done in any database tables
You can get clear knowledge about the functional dependencies in "Normalization". And also the rules, types of FDs and finally the closure and its applications
The normal forms (NF) of relational database theory provide criteria for determining a table’s degree of vulnerability to logical inconsistencies and anomalies.
Database normalization is the process of refining the data in accordance with a series of normal forms. This is done to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity. This process divides large tables into small tables and links them using relationships.
Here is the link of full article: https://www.support.dbagenesis.com/post/database-normalization
Functional dependencies in Database Management SystemKevin Jadiya
Slides attached here describes mainly Functional dependencies in database management system, how to find closure set of functional dependencies and in last how decomposition is done in any database tables
You can get clear knowledge about the functional dependencies in "Normalization". And also the rules, types of FDs and finally the closure and its applications
The normal forms (NF) of relational database theory provide criteria for determining a table’s degree of vulnerability to logical inconsistencies and anomalies.
Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database. This includes creating tables and establishing relationships between those tables according to rules designed both to protect the data and to make the database more flexible by eliminating redundancy and inconsistent dependency.
Normalization is the process of removing redundant data from your tables to improve storage efficiency, data integrity, and scalability.
Normalization generally involves splitting existing tables into multiple ones, which must be re-joined or linked each time a query is issued.
Why normalization?
The relation derived from the user view or data store will most likely be unnormalized.
The problem usually happens when an existing system uses unstructured file, e.g. in MS Excel.
What is Normalization in Database Management System (DBMS) ?
What is the history of the system of normalization?
Types of Normalizations,
and why this is needed all details in the presentation.
Database normalization is the process of structuring a relational database in accordance with a series of so-called normal forms in order to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity. It was first proposed by Edgar F. Codd as part of his relational model.
Agenda
What Is Normalization?
Why We Use Normalization?
Various Levels Of Normalization
Any Tools For Generate Normalization?
By Harsiddhi Thakkar
If you have any query
Contact me on : harsiddhithakkar94@gmail.com
Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database. This includes creating tables and establishing relationships between those tables according to rules designed both to protect the data and to make the database more flexible by eliminating redundancy and inconsistent dependency.
Normalization is the process of removing redundant data from your tables to improve storage efficiency, data integrity, and scalability.
Normalization generally involves splitting existing tables into multiple ones, which must be re-joined or linked each time a query is issued.
Why normalization?
The relation derived from the user view or data store will most likely be unnormalized.
The problem usually happens when an existing system uses unstructured file, e.g. in MS Excel.
What is Normalization in Database Management System (DBMS) ?
What is the history of the system of normalization?
Types of Normalizations,
and why this is needed all details in the presentation.
Database normalization is the process of structuring a relational database in accordance with a series of so-called normal forms in order to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity. It was first proposed by Edgar F. Codd as part of his relational model.
Agenda
What Is Normalization?
Why We Use Normalization?
Various Levels Of Normalization
Any Tools For Generate Normalization?
By Harsiddhi Thakkar
If you have any query
Contact me on : harsiddhithakkar94@gmail.com
chapter 4-Functional Dependency and Normilization.pdfMisganawAbeje1
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. NORMALIZATION
If a database design is not perfect, it may contain anomalies, which are like a bad dream for
any database administrator. Managing a database with anomalies is next to impossible.
Update anomalies − If data items are scattered and are not linked to each other properly,
then it could lead to strange situations. For example, when we try to update one data item
having its copies scattered over several places, a few instances get updated properly while a
few others are left with old values. Such instances leave the database in an inconsistent state.
Deletion anomalies − We tried to delete a record, but parts of it was left undeleted because
of unawareness, the data is also saved somewhere else.
Insert anomalies − We tried to insert data in a record that does not exist at all.
Normalization is a method to remove all these anomalies and bring the database to a
consistent state.
3. 1NF (FIRST NORMAL FORM)
First Normal Form is defined in the definition of relations (tables) itself. This rule
defines that all the attributes in a relation must have atomic domains. The values in
an atomic domain are indivisible units.
We re-arrange the relation (table) as below, to convert it to First Normal Form.
Each attribute must contain only a single value from its pre-defined domain.
4. 2NF(SECOND NORMAL FORM)
Before we learn about the second normal form, we need to understand the
following −
Prime attribute − An attribute, which is a part of the prime-key, is
known as a prime attribute.
Non-prime attribute − An attribute, which is not a part of the prime
key, is said to be a non-prime attribute.
If we follow second normal form, then every non-prime attribute should be fully
functionally dependent on prime key attribute.
That is, if X → A holds, then there should not be any proper subset Y of X, for
which Y → A also holds true.
5. 2NF(SECOND NORMAL FORM)(COUNT.)
We see here in Student_Project relation that the prime key attributes are Stu_ID and
Proj_ID.
According to the rule, non-key attributes, i.e. Stu_Name and Proj_Name must be dependent
upon both and not on any of the prime key attribute individually.
But we find that Stu_Name can be identified by Stu_ID and Proj_Name can be identified
by Proj_ID independently.
This is calledpartial dependency, which is not allowed in Second Normal Form.
6. 2NF(SECOND NORMAL FORM)(COUNT.)
We broke the relation in two as depicted in the above picture. So there exists no
partial dependency.
7. 3NF(THIRD NORMAL FORM)
For a relation to be in Third Normal Form, it must be in Second Normal form and
the following must satisfy −
No non-prime attribute is transitively dependent on prime key attribute.
For any non-trivial functional dependency, X → A, then either −
X is a super key or,
A is prime attribute.
8. 3NF(THIRD NORMAL FORM)(COUNT.)
We find that in the above Student_detail relation, Stu_ID is the key and only prime
key attribute.
We find that City can be identified by Stu_ID as well as Zip itself. Neither Zip is a
superkey nor is City a prime attribute.
Additionally, Stu_ID → Zip → City, so there exists transitive dependency.
To bring this relation into third normal form, we break the relation into two
relations as follows −
9. BCNF(BOYCE- CODD NORMAL FORM)
Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) is an extension of Third Normal Form on strict
terms. BCNF states that −
For any non-trivial functional dependency, X → A, X must be a super-key.
In the above image, Stu_ID is the super-key in the relation Student_Detail and Zip
is the super-key in the relation ZipCodes. So,
Stu_ID → Stu_Name, Zip
and
Zip → City
Which confirms that both the relations are in BCNF.