Handout abpsych
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This document summarizes key aspects of behavioral neuroscience and behavioral genetics. It describes how neurons transmit electrical signals using neurotransmitters, and lists some major neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, dopamine, and serotonin. Too much or too little of these neurotransmitters can lead to conditions like depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and others. The document also outlines methods used in behavioral genetics, including studying families and twins, to determine the genetic and environmental influences on behaviors and traits.
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and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
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Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
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As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
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genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
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during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
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Handout abpsych
- 1. BEHAVIORALNEUROSCIENCE Neuroscience- scientificstudy of the nervoussystem Neurons- carriesneurotransmittersthatispassedonto the otherneurons,muscles,heart,brain - It has 2 specializedextensions; o One isfor receivingelectricsignals o The other,longerextension,isfortransmittingelectricsignals. Parts ofthe neurons 1. Nucleus- powerhouse of the neuron;providefoodandenergy 2. Cell Body(or Soma)- providesfuel,manufactureschemicalsandmaintainsthe entire neuron workingtogether. 3. Dendrites- receive signalsfromotherneurons,musclesandsense organs 4. Axon- carriessignalsawayfromthe cell bodytoneighbouringneurons,organsandmuscles 5. MyelinSheath- preventsinterference fromelectricsignalsgeneratedinadjacentaxons. 6. End Bulbs (or Terminal Bulbs)- storesneurotransmittersusedtocommunicate with neighbouringcells 7. Synapse- isan infinitelysmallspace( 20-30 bilionthsof ameter) thatexistbetweenanendbulb and itsadjacentbodyorgan (heart),muscles, (head)or cell body.Thisis wherethe neurotransmitterscrossto information. Neurotransmitters- chemicals made byneuronsandthenusedforcommunicationbetweenneurons duringthe performance of mental orphysical activities. Neurotransmitters- theyplayarole inthe waywe behave,learn,feel,andsleep.Andsome playarole in mental illness. End bulbs
- 2. Neurotransmitters 1. Acetylcholine- involvedininvoluntarymovements,learning,memory and sleep a. Too much will leadto depression b. Too little will leadto dementia 2. Dopamine- correlatedwith movement,attention,learning a. Too much will leadto schizophrenia b. Too little will leadto depression,muscularrigidity& tremors foundin Parkinsons’ disease 3. Norepinephrine- associatedwith alertness,eating a. Too little will leadto depression b. Too much will leadto schizophrenia 4. Epinephrine- involvedin energy,glucose,metabolism a. Too little will leadto depression 5. Serotonin- playa role in mood,sleep,appetite,impulsiveand aggression behaviour a. Too little will leadto depression,anxiety,OCD b. Some anti-depressantsmedicationincreasethe availabilityof Serotonin;usedtotreat depression,anxiety c. Happy neuron 6. GABA (Gamma-AminoButyricAcid)- inhibits excitation and anxiety a. Too little will leadtoanxiety,anxietydisorder b. Some anti-anxietymedicationincreasethe availabilityof GABA;usedtotreatanxiety 7. Endorphins- pain relief and feelingsof pleasure BEHAVIORAL GENETICS Studyof howinheritedgenescontribute toabnormal behaviour Genotype- total geneticmakeup,composedof genes Genotype- example:DNA structure Phenotype-observablebehaviouralprofile Phenotype-example:eye color 4 Methodsof Behavioral Genetics 1. FamilyMethod (indexcases/probards)- studyingafamilymember,usuallythe one whoseeks medical attention. Thisway they can tracethe genetic disorderfound in their family. a. Parents; sister-brother- share50% genes b. Grandparents;aunts-uncles- share25% genes c. Great-grandparents;greataunts-uncles- share12.5% genes
- 3. d. General populationshare very fewgenes 2. Twin Method(concordance)- presence of the same traitintwins Monozygotic(identical twins) Dizygotic (fraternal twins) 1 eggcell isfertilizedby1 sperm There isa divisionofthe zygote Theyalwayshave the same gender They share 100% of genes 2 different egg cells are fertilized by 2 different sperm There are two separate zygotes They may be same or of different gender They share 50% of genes 3. AdopteesMethod(controlsenvironment)-evaluate geneticandenvironmental influence on phenotype 4. Linkage Analysis(future directions)- serve asa wayof gene testing