The regulatory system in the human body consists of the neural system, endocrine system, and sensory organs. The neural system contains nerve cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body to coordinate functions. Disorders can occur if there are imbalances in neurotransmitters in the neural system, which can be caused by conditions like Parkinson's disease or affected by drugs that influence neurotransmitters.

1. Human
Regulatory
System
Consist of:
1. Neural System
2. Endocrine System
3. Sensoric Organ

2. Neural System
•Contains: nucleus,
mitochondria, other
Nerve cell body organelles typical of eukaryotic
cells
•Grey colour
Neuron/Nerve Cell receive information from another cell
Dendrites and transmit the message to the cell
(± 100 billion) body
Neural
Axon conducts messages away from the cell body.
System
transmit nerve messages
Cell
Neuroglia/Glial Cell
in direct contact with neurons and often surround them

3. Nerve Cells and Astrocyte (SEM x2,250)

5. Neural System

6. Cross section of myelin sheaths that surround axons

7. 3 kinds of neuron based their function
•have a long dendrite and •have a long axon and short
short axon dendrites
•carry messages from •transmit messages from the
sensory receptors to the central nervous system to the
central nervous system muscles (or to glands)
•found only in the central nervous system
•they connect neuron to neuron

8. Neural System

9. 3 kinds of neuron based their structure

10. Neural System
Otak besar/serebrum
Otak tengah/mesencephalon
Otak Otak depan/prosencephalon
Saraf sadar
Saraf pusat (brain) Otak belakang/rhombencephalon
(central n.s) Otak kecil/serebellum
CNS Sumsum lanjutan/medula oblongata
Sumsum tulang belakang (spinal cord/medula spinalis)
Neural
System 12 pasang saraf otak (saraf kranial)
Organization Somatic
sensory
31 pasang saraf sumsum tulang
Saraf tepi belakang (saraf spinal)
(peripheral n.s)
PNS Saraf simpatetik
tak sadar
Saraf
Saraf otonom
(unvoluntary) Saraf parasimpatetik

12. Central Neural System
Three basic functions are performed by nervous systems:
1. Receive sensory input from internal and external environments
Sensory input can be in many forms, including pressure, taste, sound,
light, blood pH, or hormone levels, that are converted to a signal and
sent to the brain or spinal cord
2. Integrate the input and output
The response, a motor output, is a signal transmitted to organs than can
convert the signal into some form of action, such as movement,
changes in heart rate, release of hormones, etc
3. Respond to stimuli

13. Central Neural System
Impulse is stimuli that receive by
receptor and than bring by neuron.
Commonly in electrical charge form
There are two mechanism of impulse conducting:
1. By neuron
2. By synapses

14. Central Neural System
1. By neuron
Caused by: unequal distribution of ions and electrical charges between
the two sides of the membrane. The outside of the membrane has a
positive charge (Sodium/Na), inside has a negative charge
(potassium/K). Changed polarity of the membrane, the action potential,
results in propagation of the nerve impulse along the membrane
Steps in an Action Potential
1. At rest the outside of the membrane is more positive than the inside.
2. Sodium moves inside the cell causing an action potential, the influx
of positive sodium ions makes the inside of the membrane
more positive than the outside.
3. Potassium ions flow out of the cell, restoring the resting potential net
charges.
4. Sodium ions are pumped out of the cell and potassium ions are
pumped into the cell, restoring the original distribution of ions.

15. Central Neural System
2. By synapses
Synapses? The junction between a nerve cell and another cell

16. Central Neural System
How is the process?
Impulse arrives at synapses  vesicle move to the end of
pra synapses membrane  vesicle discharge
neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)  Acetylcholine diffuse
trough the synapse cleft  bind to the receptor of post
synapses membrane  cause impulse on next axon.
Acetylcholine degrade by Acetylcholineterase that
produced by post synapses membrane

17. Central Neural System
Ordinary movement
stimuli  receptor  sensory nerve  CNS (brain)
 motor nerve  effector (muscle)  response
Reflex movement
stimuli  receptor  sensory nerve  spinal cord
(connector)  motor nerve  effector (muscle) 
response

18. Central Neural System
(Brain)
Brain save in skull bone, covered by meninges membrane.
Meninges composed by 3 layers:
1. duramater: outer, stick in bone
2. arachnoid: between dura and pia
Subarachnoid: between rachnoid and pia
consist of ventricle that contain cerebrospinal liquid
cerebrospinal  feeding brain
 save brain from quake
3. piamater: inner
The functions of brain are:
1. Menerima rangsang sensori dari dalam dan luar tubuh
2. Memproses and mengkoorsinasikan respon rangsang
3. Mempertahankan gerak tak sadar
4. Mengontrol aktivitas yang kita sadari
5. Fungsi mental yang lebih tinggi

19. Central Neural System
Brain
Prosen Mesen Rhomben
cephalon cephalon cephalon
Kolikuli
cerebrum Hipotalamus cerebellum
superior
Lobus Kolikuli Medula
oksipitalis inferior oblongata
Lobus parietalis Pons varolii
Lobus
temporalis
Lobus frontalis

20. Central Neural System
Cerebrum cover by two layer. Those are:
Korteks: outer, grey  grisea layer
contain nerve cell, neuron ajustor
center of most activities control
Medula: inner, white  alba layer
contain nerve fiber

21. Central Neural System

22. Central Neural System

23. Central Neural System

24. Neural System

25. Central Neural System
Spinal cord/medula spinalis
Sumsum tulang belakang
Badan sel saraf motorik
ganglion
Badan sel saraf sensorik
Ruas-ruas tulang belakang

26. Central Neural System
Spinal cord/medula spinalis:
Outer  white matter, made up of bundles of inter neuronal axons
(tracts).
1. dorsalis  sensoric/ascending tract
(carrying messages to the brain)
2. ventralis  motoric/descending tract
(carrying messages from the brain)
3.Spinal nerve (sensoric and motoric)
Inner  gray matter (H formation/butterfly wings), consists mostly of
cell bodies, synapses, connector cell without myelin, and dendrites.
Central tract  consist of cerebrospinal
The spinal cord is also involved in reflexes that do not immediately
involve the brain.

27. Peripheral Neural System
Based on their impulse pathways:
• sensory(afferent) pathways that provide input from the body
into the CNS.
• motor (efferent) pathways that carry signals to muscles and
glands (effectors).
Based on their activities manner:
• Somatic PNS:
Cranial n.s  composed by brain nerve fiber (12 pairs)
Spinal n.s  composed by spinal cord nerve system (31 pairs)
• Otonom PNS:
sympathetic  increase organ activities
parasympathetic:  decrease organ activities

28. Peripheral Neural System

29. Peripheral Neural System

30. Neural System Disorders
Some neurotransmitters are excitory, such as acetylcholine,
norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. Some are
associated with relaxation, such as dopamine and serotonin.
Dopamine release seems related to sensations of pleasure.
Endorphins are natural opioids that produce elation and
reduction of pain, as do artificial chemicals such as opium and
heroin.
Neurological diseases, for example Parkinson's disease and
Huntington's disease, are due to imbalances of
neurotransmitters. Parkinson's is due to a dopamine
deficiency. Huntington's disease is thought to be cause by
malfunctioning of an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Alzheimer's
disease is associated with protein plaques in the brain.

31. Neural System Disorders
Drugs are stimulants or depressants that block or
enhance certain neurotransmitters.
Marijuana, material from the Indian hemp plant (Cannabis
sativa), has a potent chemical THC (tetrahydracannibinol) that in
low, concentrations causes a euphoric high (if inhaled, the most
common form of action is smoke inhalation). High dosages may
cause severe effects such as hallucinations, anxiety, depression,
and psychotic symptoms.

32. Neural System Disorders
Cocaine is derives from the plant Erthoxylon coca. Inhaled,
smoked or injected. Cocaine users report a "rush" of euphoria
following use. Following the rush is a short (5-30 minute) period of
arousal followed by a depression. Repeated cycle of use terminate
in a "crash" when the cocaine is gone. Prolonged used causes
production of less dopamine, causing the user to need more of the
drug.

33. Neural System Disorders
Heroin is a derivative of morphine, which in turn is obtained from
opium, the milky secretions obtained from the opium poppy,
Papaver somniferum. Heroin is usually injected intravenously,
although snorting and smoking serve as alternative delivery
methods. Heroin binds to ophioid receptors in the brain, where the
natural chemical endorphins are involved in the cessation pain.
Heroin is physically addictive, and prolonged use causes less
endorphin production. Once this happens, the euphoria is no
longer felt, only dependence and delay of withdrawal symptoms.