This document discusses using magnetic methods to map iron bodies and anomalies in Aceh Jaya Province, Indonesia. It provides background on manganese mineralogy, the magnetic properties of rocks and minerals, and the earth's magnetic field. The study area is in Babahlo Region, Aceh Jaya Province. Geomagnetic data was collected over several days in July 2011 to measure the total magnetic field and identify anomalies, which could indicate locations of iron deposits for potential exploitation.
Integrated ERT and Magnetic Surveys in a Mineralization Zone in Erkowit - Red...IJERA Editor
The present study focus on integrated geophysical surveys carried out in the mineralization zone in Erkowit region, Eastern Sudan to determine the extensions of the potential ore deposits on the topographically high hilly area and under the cover of alluvium along the nearby wadi and to locate other occurrences if any. The magnetic method (MAG) and the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were employed for the survey. Eleven traverses were aligned approximately at right angles to the general strike of the rock formations. The disseminated sulfides are located on the alteration shear zone which is composed of granitic and dioritic highly ferruginated rock occupying the southwestern and central parts of the area, this was confirmed using thin and polished sections mineralogical analysis. The magnetic data indicates low magnetic values for wadi sedimentary deposits in its southern part of the area, and high anomalies which are suspected as gossans due to magnetite formed during wall rock alteration consequent to mineralization. The significant ERT imagesdefinelow resistivity zone as traced as sheared zones which may associated with the main loci of ore deposition. The study designates that correlation of magnetic and ERT anomalies with lithology are extremely useful in mineral exploration due to variations in some specific physical properties of rocks.
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...IJERA Editor
Two Dimensional of geoelectric method can be used to find out the conductive formation in the earth surface. The purpose of this research is to give the description about the geological subsurface formation, that the high resistivity value is indicate the potential area of cave and void in the limestone rocks. The dipole dipolegeoelectric method is used in this research with the path of lines is 250 m with 10 m electrode spacing. The total lines is 7 and the azimuth is from east to west. Resistivity method is started with inject the electrical current into the earth by current electrode, then potential difference will arise and measured by potential electrode. Variation value of resistance for each layer rock can calculated by divided potential defference with current value. The existence of the cavity is known by the resistivity value is more than 2500 ohm-m, while the cracks have a resistivity of 1500 to 2500 ohm-m.
This document summarizes a study of soil geochemistry in Eruku and its environs, located in southwestern Nigeria. Twenty-five soil samples were collected and analyzed for trace element concentrations. Statistical analysis identified eleven factor groups in the data, with factors 2 and 5 related to mineralization. Isograde maps show peaks for elements like Be, Nb, Sn, and Ta in the northeast part of the study area. The study concludes that the area has anomalous concentrations of cassiterite, tantalite, and columbite hosted by pegmatites, particularly in the northeast quadrant, establishing a similar mineralization to the nearby Egbe area.
Mobile Metal Ion (MMI) soil geochemistry surveys have been conducted over a large magnetic anomaly in the Ramot Menashe area, known as the Galed Anomaly. Analysis of soil samples from four MMI surveys found anomalous concentrations of metals that are indicators of mafic and ultramafic rocks. Kimberlite indicator minerals have also been found in the area, including garnet compositions that provide evidence of possible kimberlites. Together, the geophysical data, geochemistry, and indicator mineral evidence suggest the presence of kimberlitic or mafic rocks at depth, making the Galed Anomaly a priority target for diamond exploration.
The document reports on a geological field mapping exercise conducted by a group of students in Oyo State, Nigeria. It includes an introduction, objectives, description of the study area location and accessibility. The dominant rock types identified are granite and gneiss. Structural features like folds, fractures, joints and veins were observed. Mapping tools used included a compass, GPS, hammer and sample bags. Economic minerals identified include quartz, feldspar and mica. The rocks have potential uses in construction. A geological map and cross-section of the study area are presented.
Dr. Ali Osman Oncel is a seismologist and geophysicist who received his MS and PhD from the University of Istanbul. He has over 20 years of experience in geophysics research and teaching. His research focuses on seismic imaging, rock physics, seismic hazards, and time-lapse 4D seismology. He has published over 20 papers and worked on funded research projects in Turkey, Canada, Japan, and Saudi Arabia. Currently, he is a Research Associate at the University of Alberta studying reservoir characterization.
1) The document analyzes the sediment source of the Putaohua reservoir in the Gulongnan area through heavy mineral analysis and sandstone percentage analysis.
2) Heavy mineral analysis showed that the main sources are located in the north and northwest, as stability coefficients increase from west to east and south to north.
3) Sandstone percentage is highest in the northwest and north and decreases towards the southeast, also indicating northern and western sources.
4) In conclusion, the Putaohua reservoir is primarily controlled by northern and northwestern sediment sources.
Integrated ERT and Magnetic Surveys in a Mineralization Zone in Erkowit - Red...IJERA Editor
The present study focus on integrated geophysical surveys carried out in the mineralization zone in Erkowit region, Eastern Sudan to determine the extensions of the potential ore deposits on the topographically high hilly area and under the cover of alluvium along the nearby wadi and to locate other occurrences if any. The magnetic method (MAG) and the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were employed for the survey. Eleven traverses were aligned approximately at right angles to the general strike of the rock formations. The disseminated sulfides are located on the alteration shear zone which is composed of granitic and dioritic highly ferruginated rock occupying the southwestern and central parts of the area, this was confirmed using thin and polished sections mineralogical analysis. The magnetic data indicates low magnetic values for wadi sedimentary deposits in its southern part of the area, and high anomalies which are suspected as gossans due to magnetite formed during wall rock alteration consequent to mineralization. The significant ERT imagesdefinelow resistivity zone as traced as sheared zones which may associated with the main loci of ore deposition. The study designates that correlation of magnetic and ERT anomalies with lithology are extremely useful in mineral exploration due to variations in some specific physical properties of rocks.
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...IJERA Editor
Two Dimensional of geoelectric method can be used to find out the conductive formation in the earth surface. The purpose of this research is to give the description about the geological subsurface formation, that the high resistivity value is indicate the potential area of cave and void in the limestone rocks. The dipole dipolegeoelectric method is used in this research with the path of lines is 250 m with 10 m electrode spacing. The total lines is 7 and the azimuth is from east to west. Resistivity method is started with inject the electrical current into the earth by current electrode, then potential difference will arise and measured by potential electrode. Variation value of resistance for each layer rock can calculated by divided potential defference with current value. The existence of the cavity is known by the resistivity value is more than 2500 ohm-m, while the cracks have a resistivity of 1500 to 2500 ohm-m.
This document summarizes a study of soil geochemistry in Eruku and its environs, located in southwestern Nigeria. Twenty-five soil samples were collected and analyzed for trace element concentrations. Statistical analysis identified eleven factor groups in the data, with factors 2 and 5 related to mineralization. Isograde maps show peaks for elements like Be, Nb, Sn, and Ta in the northeast part of the study area. The study concludes that the area has anomalous concentrations of cassiterite, tantalite, and columbite hosted by pegmatites, particularly in the northeast quadrant, establishing a similar mineralization to the nearby Egbe area.
Mobile Metal Ion (MMI) soil geochemistry surveys have been conducted over a large magnetic anomaly in the Ramot Menashe area, known as the Galed Anomaly. Analysis of soil samples from four MMI surveys found anomalous concentrations of metals that are indicators of mafic and ultramafic rocks. Kimberlite indicator minerals have also been found in the area, including garnet compositions that provide evidence of possible kimberlites. Together, the geophysical data, geochemistry, and indicator mineral evidence suggest the presence of kimberlitic or mafic rocks at depth, making the Galed Anomaly a priority target for diamond exploration.
The document reports on a geological field mapping exercise conducted by a group of students in Oyo State, Nigeria. It includes an introduction, objectives, description of the study area location and accessibility. The dominant rock types identified are granite and gneiss. Structural features like folds, fractures, joints and veins were observed. Mapping tools used included a compass, GPS, hammer and sample bags. Economic minerals identified include quartz, feldspar and mica. The rocks have potential uses in construction. A geological map and cross-section of the study area are presented.
Dr. Ali Osman Oncel is a seismologist and geophysicist who received his MS and PhD from the University of Istanbul. He has over 20 years of experience in geophysics research and teaching. His research focuses on seismic imaging, rock physics, seismic hazards, and time-lapse 4D seismology. He has published over 20 papers and worked on funded research projects in Turkey, Canada, Japan, and Saudi Arabia. Currently, he is a Research Associate at the University of Alberta studying reservoir characterization.
1) The document analyzes the sediment source of the Putaohua reservoir in the Gulongnan area through heavy mineral analysis and sandstone percentage analysis.
2) Heavy mineral analysis showed that the main sources are located in the north and northwest, as stability coefficients increase from west to east and south to north.
3) Sandstone percentage is highest in the northwest and north and decreases towards the southeast, also indicating northern and western sources.
4) In conclusion, the Putaohua reservoir is primarily controlled by northern and northwestern sediment sources.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Este documento define la naturaleza como equivalente al mundo natural o universo material, incluyendo fenómenos físicos y vida en general. Explica que la palabra "naturaleza" proviene del latín "natura" y del griego "physis", refiriéndose originalmente a cómo crecen espontáneamente plantas y animales. También discute los diversos usos actuales del término, como referirse al dominio de seres vivos y procesos asociados con objetos inanimados en el entorno natural.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
1) The document analyzes linear morphometric parameters of the Jia Bhareli river basin in northeast India to understand drainage development and landform evolution.
2) It finds that drainage patterns (dendritic, trellis, rectangular) reflect underlying lithology and tectonic structures like faults. Number of stream segments and their order decreases with increasing stream order, following the law of stream numbers.
3) Total stream length and number are generally higher in the mountainous areas compared to the alluvial plains, and increase from south to north reflecting more dissected terrain. Drainage development in the basin is controlled by both geological factors and climate.
This document summarizes research on generalized β-closure spaces and β-connectedness. It defines key concepts such as β-closure functions, β-separated sets, and β-connectedness. Several important results are proven, including: (1) A set is β-connected if its subsets satisfy the Hausdorff-Lennes condition; (2) If a function between neighborhood spaces is β-continuous, the preimage of a β-connected set is β-connected; (3) The β-closure of a β-connected set is β-connected. The document establishes relationships between β-closure, β-separation, and β-connectedness in generalized closure spaces.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document presents a unique common fixed point theorem for three pairs of weakly compatible mappings satisfying an integral type contractive condition in a complete G-metric space. It extends previous results by proving that if mappings P, Q, R, N, L, and M satisfy certain conditions, including a generalized contractive integral inequality, then they have a unique common fixed point. The proof involves showing that a sequence constructed from the mappings is G-Cauchy and converges, which implies the existence of a unique common fixed point.
This document provides an overview of magnetic maps and magnetic anomalies. It discusses how magnetic anomalies are caused by lateral changes in magnetic mineral content. Basalt and other igneous rocks are the primary source of magnetic anomalies due to minerals like magnetite. The shape and scale of anomalies depends on factors like the orientation and depth of magnetized bodies. Magnetic maps can reveal information about tectonics, faults, igneous intrusions, and ore deposits by mapping variations in Earth's magnetic field.
The document discusses magnetic prospecting, which uses measurements of magnetic field anomalies caused by differences in rock magnetization to locate ore deposits. It describes how the Earth behaves like a large magnet and how instruments like magnetometers can measure variations in the magnetic field. Magnetic prospecting relies on differences between paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and diamagnetic minerals. It has applications in locating deposits of iron, manganese, and other economically important minerals.
This document discusses magnetic properties of ferrites and their applications. It begins by explaining how ferrites exhibit quantum size effects and changes in magnetic behavior at the nanoscale due to increased surface area. It then describes the crystal structure of ferrites and the different types of magnetic ordering they can exhibit. Applications discussed include use of ferrites in transformers, sensors, data storage, and biomedical technologies. Magnesium ferrite is highlighted as a potential humidity sensor due to its porous structure and semiconducting properties.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
This document summarizes recent developments in magnetic separation techniques. It discusses how magnetic separation works by exploiting differences in magnetic susceptibility between materials. Advances in permanent magnets and electromagnets have allowed generation of stronger magnetic fields and gradients, enabling separation of finer and less magnetic particles. The key developments include more powerful rare-earth permanent magnets generating over 1.9T fields, resistive electromagnets producing over 2T, and use of ferromagnetic matrices increasing field gradients over 50,000T/m. These innovations have expanded the range of materials that can be separated magnetically from coarse to colloidal sizes.
1) Ferrites are magnetic ceramic materials that have a wide variety of applications from microwave to radio frequencies due to their properties like high resistivity and permeability.
2) They are classified based on their crystal structure into spinel, garnet, ortho, and hexagonal ferrites. Soft ferrites are used in transformers while hard ferrites are used in permanent magnets.
3) Ferrites are synthesized using methods like solid state reaction, sol-gel, and precipitation. Their properties can be modified by controlling synthesis parameters.
4) Major applications of ferrites include transformers, inductors, antennas, recording heads, and magnetic shielding due to their advantages over metals.
This document classifies and defines different types of magnetic materials:
- Ferromagnetic materials can form permanent magnets and are strongly attracted to magnetic fields. Ferrimagnetic materials also have populations of atoms with opposing but unequal magnetic moments.
- Paramagnetic materials are only attracted to external magnetic fields and have relative permeability greater than 1.
- Diamagnetic materials are repelled by external magnetic fields and have relative permeability less than 1. Diamagnetism is a weak quantum effect in all materials.
This study uses in situ characterization techniques to analyze five solid inclusions found in diamonds from Siberia. The inclusions are identified as upper mantle minerals including olivine, enstatite orthopyroxene, omphacite clinopyroxene, and two grains of majoritic garnet. Synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence, diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy indicate the inclusions have a homogeneous eclogitic composition and formed under high temperatures and reducing conditions in the upper mantle. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy shows the iron in the inclusions is predominantly in the ferrous state, suggesting low oxygen fugacity during formation.
Report on Giant Magnetoresistance(GMR) & Spintronicsaltafmahmood1
This document provides background information on giant magnetoresistance (GMR). It discusses how GMR was discovered in 1988 by two research groups who found that thin film structures made of alternating ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers exhibited a significant decrease in electrical resistance of up to 80% in the presence of an external magnetic field. This effect occurs because the magnetization of adjacent ferromagnetic layers changes from antiparallel to parallel when a field is applied, lowering magnetic scattering and resistance. The discovery of GMR opened up new possibilities for data storage technologies and magnetic sensors.
The document discusses four main types of magnetism:
1) Diamagnetism - a weak form where the magnetization opposes the applied magnetic field. It is found in all materials.
2) Paramagnetism - atoms have magnetic moments that align with an external field, resulting in a small positive susceptibility. It occurs in materials with unpaired electrons.
3) Ferromagnetism - spontaneous alignment of atomic magnetic moments leads to a large net magnetic moment. It is responsible for permanent magnets and occurs below the Curie temperature.
4) Antiferromagnetism - neighboring spins point in opposite directions, resulting in no net magnetic moment. It occurs below the Néel temperature.
1. The document summarizes a presentation on magnetic survey methods given on May 21, 2020. It discusses concepts like magnetic susceptibility of rocks, elements that make up Earth's magnetic field like the core and mantle, and how magnetic polarity reversals are recorded in rocks.
2. Key factors that control magnetic susceptibility of rocks are magnetic minerals like olivine and magnetite. Susceptibility can also depend on mineral grain alignment. Magnetic fabrics provide information on rock composition and formation processes.
3. Earth has layers of increasing density, from less dense continental crust to denser mantle and core. The outer core generates convection currents that power the magnetic field, and the inner solid core rotates to produce it.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
www.irjes.com
Este documento define la naturaleza como equivalente al mundo natural o universo material, incluyendo fenómenos físicos y vida en general. Explica que la palabra "naturaleza" proviene del latín "natura" y del griego "physis", refiriéndose originalmente a cómo crecen espontáneamente plantas y animales. También discute los diversos usos actuales del término, como referirse al dominio de seres vivos y procesos asociados con objetos inanimados en el entorno natural.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
1) The document analyzes linear morphometric parameters of the Jia Bhareli river basin in northeast India to understand drainage development and landform evolution.
2) It finds that drainage patterns (dendritic, trellis, rectangular) reflect underlying lithology and tectonic structures like faults. Number of stream segments and their order decreases with increasing stream order, following the law of stream numbers.
3) Total stream length and number are generally higher in the mountainous areas compared to the alluvial plains, and increase from south to north reflecting more dissected terrain. Drainage development in the basin is controlled by both geological factors and climate.
This document summarizes research on generalized β-closure spaces and β-connectedness. It defines key concepts such as β-closure functions, β-separated sets, and β-connectedness. Several important results are proven, including: (1) A set is β-connected if its subsets satisfy the Hausdorff-Lennes condition; (2) If a function between neighborhood spaces is β-continuous, the preimage of a β-connected set is β-connected; (3) The β-closure of a β-connected set is β-connected. The document establishes relationships between β-closure, β-separation, and β-connectedness in generalized closure spaces.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a peer reviewed online journal for professionals and researchers in the field of computer science. The main aim is to resolve emerging and outstanding problems revealed by recent social and technological change. IJRES provides the platform for the researchers to present and evaluate their work from both theoretical and technical aspects and to share their views.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document presents a unique common fixed point theorem for three pairs of weakly compatible mappings satisfying an integral type contractive condition in a complete G-metric space. It extends previous results by proving that if mappings P, Q, R, N, L, and M satisfy certain conditions, including a generalized contractive integral inequality, then they have a unique common fixed point. The proof involves showing that a sequence constructed from the mappings is G-Cauchy and converges, which implies the existence of a unique common fixed point.
This document provides an overview of magnetic maps and magnetic anomalies. It discusses how magnetic anomalies are caused by lateral changes in magnetic mineral content. Basalt and other igneous rocks are the primary source of magnetic anomalies due to minerals like magnetite. The shape and scale of anomalies depends on factors like the orientation and depth of magnetized bodies. Magnetic maps can reveal information about tectonics, faults, igneous intrusions, and ore deposits by mapping variations in Earth's magnetic field.
The document discusses magnetic prospecting, which uses measurements of magnetic field anomalies caused by differences in rock magnetization to locate ore deposits. It describes how the Earth behaves like a large magnet and how instruments like magnetometers can measure variations in the magnetic field. Magnetic prospecting relies on differences between paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and diamagnetic minerals. It has applications in locating deposits of iron, manganese, and other economically important minerals.
This document discusses magnetic properties of ferrites and their applications. It begins by explaining how ferrites exhibit quantum size effects and changes in magnetic behavior at the nanoscale due to increased surface area. It then describes the crystal structure of ferrites and the different types of magnetic ordering they can exhibit. Applications discussed include use of ferrites in transformers, sensors, data storage, and biomedical technologies. Magnesium ferrite is highlighted as a potential humidity sensor due to its porous structure and semiconducting properties.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
This document summarizes recent developments in magnetic separation techniques. It discusses how magnetic separation works by exploiting differences in magnetic susceptibility between materials. Advances in permanent magnets and electromagnets have allowed generation of stronger magnetic fields and gradients, enabling separation of finer and less magnetic particles. The key developments include more powerful rare-earth permanent magnets generating over 1.9T fields, resistive electromagnets producing over 2T, and use of ferromagnetic matrices increasing field gradients over 50,000T/m. These innovations have expanded the range of materials that can be separated magnetically from coarse to colloidal sizes.
1) Ferrites are magnetic ceramic materials that have a wide variety of applications from microwave to radio frequencies due to their properties like high resistivity and permeability.
2) They are classified based on their crystal structure into spinel, garnet, ortho, and hexagonal ferrites. Soft ferrites are used in transformers while hard ferrites are used in permanent magnets.
3) Ferrites are synthesized using methods like solid state reaction, sol-gel, and precipitation. Their properties can be modified by controlling synthesis parameters.
4) Major applications of ferrites include transformers, inductors, antennas, recording heads, and magnetic shielding due to their advantages over metals.
This document classifies and defines different types of magnetic materials:
- Ferromagnetic materials can form permanent magnets and are strongly attracted to magnetic fields. Ferrimagnetic materials also have populations of atoms with opposing but unequal magnetic moments.
- Paramagnetic materials are only attracted to external magnetic fields and have relative permeability greater than 1.
- Diamagnetic materials are repelled by external magnetic fields and have relative permeability less than 1. Diamagnetism is a weak quantum effect in all materials.
This study uses in situ characterization techniques to analyze five solid inclusions found in diamonds from Siberia. The inclusions are identified as upper mantle minerals including olivine, enstatite orthopyroxene, omphacite clinopyroxene, and two grains of majoritic garnet. Synchrotron X-ray microfluorescence, diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy indicate the inclusions have a homogeneous eclogitic composition and formed under high temperatures and reducing conditions in the upper mantle. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy shows the iron in the inclusions is predominantly in the ferrous state, suggesting low oxygen fugacity during formation.
Report on Giant Magnetoresistance(GMR) & Spintronicsaltafmahmood1
This document provides background information on giant magnetoresistance (GMR). It discusses how GMR was discovered in 1988 by two research groups who found that thin film structures made of alternating ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers exhibited a significant decrease in electrical resistance of up to 80% in the presence of an external magnetic field. This effect occurs because the magnetization of adjacent ferromagnetic layers changes from antiparallel to parallel when a field is applied, lowering magnetic scattering and resistance. The discovery of GMR opened up new possibilities for data storage technologies and magnetic sensors.
The document discusses four main types of magnetism:
1) Diamagnetism - a weak form where the magnetization opposes the applied magnetic field. It is found in all materials.
2) Paramagnetism - atoms have magnetic moments that align with an external field, resulting in a small positive susceptibility. It occurs in materials with unpaired electrons.
3) Ferromagnetism - spontaneous alignment of atomic magnetic moments leads to a large net magnetic moment. It is responsible for permanent magnets and occurs below the Curie temperature.
4) Antiferromagnetism - neighboring spins point in opposite directions, resulting in no net magnetic moment. It occurs below the Néel temperature.
1. The document summarizes a presentation on magnetic survey methods given on May 21, 2020. It discusses concepts like magnetic susceptibility of rocks, elements that make up Earth's magnetic field like the core and mantle, and how magnetic polarity reversals are recorded in rocks.
2. Key factors that control magnetic susceptibility of rocks are magnetic minerals like olivine and magnetite. Susceptibility can also depend on mineral grain alignment. Magnetic fabrics provide information on rock composition and formation processes.
3. Earth has layers of increasing density, from less dense continental crust to denser mantle and core. The outer core generates convection currents that power the magnetic field, and the inner solid core rotates to produce it.
Ferromagnetic materials have three main characteristics:
1) They become spontaneously magnetized in the absence of an external magnetic field due to parallel alignment of magnetic moments.
2) They have a magnetic ordering temperature called the Curie temperature, above which they become paramagnetic.
3) They are used in many devices like transformers, electromagnets, and computer hard drives due to their magnetic properties.
This document discusses various geophysical methods used to study the subsurface of the earth, including gravity, magnetic, electrical, seismic, radiometric, and geothermal methods. It explains the basic principles of each method, what physical properties are measured, how variations in those properties can provide information about subsurface features like rock types and structures. Applications are mentioned like mineral and groundwater exploration. Both advantages and limitations of each geophysical method are summarized.
The Wadi Sikait Complex:
A Fertile- Post-Collisionl Granite-Pegmatite Suite, Eastern Desert, Egypt.
The Pan-African, Wadi Sikait Complex (WSC), in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt, is a late-tectonic, subsolvus strongly peraluminous, S-type, post-collisionl granite in the Sikait area that features an unambiguous genetic linkage with a proximal, zoned cluster of Be-, REE- and Nb-Ta bearing pegmatites (Abu Rusheid and Nugrus-Sikait area). The WSC is an arcuate belt of orthogneisses, migmatites and other high-grade metamorphic rocks, which mark the boundary between the central Eastern and the south Eastern Deserts of Egypt. The WSC consists of seven internal units (WSC-1 to -3 and PL-1 to -4) that range from chemically primitive biotite, garnet and sillimanite granites (WSC-1 and –2) to a highly evolved, tourmaline- and muscovite- bearing pegmatite granite facies (PL-1 to –4) locally containing endogenous emerald/beryl, molybdinite and cassiterite. Salient petrochemical attributes include A/CNK molar which varies from 1.15 to 1.75, a wide range of SiO2 (68.7-76.9%), high Al2O3 (14.1-16.0%), low CaO (<2.35%) and FeOt+MgO+TiO2 (0.36-6.62%), and with increasing fractionation, enrichment of Na2O, K2O, B, F, Be, Rb, Ga and Li, and depletion of Ba, Sr, Zr, REE and LREE. Strong fractionation is also revealed by Al/Ga (1370-6789), Ba/Rb (<0.01-12), Ca/Sr (21-201), K/Ba (19-9545), Mg/Li (4.26-1421), Na2O/K2O (0.21-34), (Ce/Yb)CN (0.89-83.25), and Eu/Eu* (<0.05-2.29). REE distribution patterns of rare-element pegmatites are lower in REE contents and flatter with prominent negative Eu anomaly than those of the related granites. The REE concentration and the (Ce/Yb)CN ratio decrease from the WSC-1 and -2 through PL-1 and -2 (fine-grained leucogranite) and PL-3 (pegmatitic leucogranite) to the PL-4 (potassic pegmatites).
Genesis of the strongly peraluminous, S-type granite and the associated rare-element pegmatite in the Sikait-Nugrus area is explained by a complex interplay of petrogenetic processes. Rare-elements and boron were previously concentrated in (wackes and mudstone) pelitic sediments deposited in large basins. These rocks underwent step-wise rock dehydration reactions involving muscovite and biotite, under fluid-absent conditions, and successively released these elements to anatectic melt. Rare-elements and volatiles were progressively concentrated via crystal-melt fractionation, the Harker trends of which were obscured by two stages of extraction of residual melt and by episodic, subsolidus redistribution via base-cation leaching. The late magmatic history of the WSC is marked by widespread exsolution of a volatile-rich phase, dispersion of a rare-element- F-B-Be-rich fluid along shear zones and ensuing emigration of rare-element-rich melt-fluid systems upward from the cupola, which led to the regionally zoned Sikait-Nugrus area
This document provides an introduction to magnetic particle testing as a non-destructive testing method. It can detect surface and near surface flaws in ferromagnetic materials. The method works by magnetizing a part, applying iron particles, and looking for particles clustering at flaws which indicate flux leakage. It is a simple, low-cost method but can only inspect accessible surfaces of magnetic materials. The document then discusses magnetic fields and properties of materials' reactions to magnetic fields to provide background on the basic principles of how magnetic particle testing works.
Geochemistry and petrogenesis of gneisses around kafur yari bori-tsiga area w...Alexander Decker
1) The document analyzes the geochemistry and petrogenesis of gneisses from the Kafur-Yari Bori-Tsiga area in northwestern Nigeria.
2) Major minerals in the gneisses include microcline, plagioclase, quartz, hornblende and biotite, while garnet, zircon and sphene are accessory minerals.
3) Geochemical analysis found the gneisses have high SiO2 content between 63.85-73.84 wt% and Al2O3 between 12.77-16.05 wt%, suggesting an igneous protolith.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
Grossular bearing jadeite omphacite rock in the myanmar jadeite areaYMCA Mandalay
The Myanmar jadeitite deposits near Hpakant have attracted remarkable attention of geologists and gemologists not only for being the largest jadeite jade deposit in the world, producing high quality jade with the glassy imperial green for more then 300 years.
Magnets produce magnetic fields and attract ferromagnetic materials like iron. There are permanent magnets, which maintain their magnetism, and electromagnets, which are temporarily magnetic when near an electric current. The strongest permanent magnets are made from neodymium alloy and have high remanence and coercivity, allowing them to maintain strong magnetic fields.
This document describes an automatic safety door lock system for cars that uses infrared sensors and a hydraulic piston to prevent injuries caused by closing car doors. The system uses IR sensors placed along the door and outer panel connected to a microcontroller. When an object is detected between the closing door and outer panel, the sensors transmit a signal to the microcontroller which activates a relay driver to extend the hydraulic piston to stop the door from closing. The system aims to prevent the over 120,000 injuries that occur annually from unexpected car door closings.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Possible limits of accuracy in measurement of fundamental physical constantsirjes
The measurement uncertainties of Fundamental Physical Constants should take into account all
possible and most influencing factors. One from them is the finiteness of the model that causes the existence of
a-priori error. The proposed formula for calculation of this error provides a comparison of its value with the
actual experimental measurement error that cannot be done an arbitrarily small. According to the suggested
approach, the error of the researched Fundamental Physical Constant, measured in conventional field studies,
will always be higher than the error caused by the finite number of dimensional recorded variables of physicalmathematical
models. Examples of practical application of the considered concept for measurement of fine
structure constant, speed of light and Newtonian constant of gravitation are discussed.
Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for Cogniti...irjes
With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing
demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the policy of fixed spectrum assignment produces a bottleneck for more
efficient spectrum utilization, such that a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. So the concept of
cognitive radio was introduced to address this issue.The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum necessitates the
development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
Flip bifurcation and chaos control in discrete-time Prey-predator model irjes
The dynamics of discrete-time prey-predator model are investigated. The result indicates that the
model undergo a flip bifurcation which found by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory.
Numerical simulation not only illustrate our results, but also exhibit the complex dynamic behavior, such as the
periodic doubling in period-2, -4 -8, quasi- periodic orbits and chaotic set. Finally, the feedback control method
is used to stabilize chaotic orbits at an unstable interior point.
Energy Awareness and the Role of “Critical Mass” In Smart Citiesirjes
This document proposes a novel analytical model to define a new concept of critical mass in the context of spreading energy awareness in smart cities. The model incorporates centrality measures in both single-layer and multilayer social networks. Simulation results show that including centrality measures and a multilayer approach lowers the critical mass needed to trigger and spread good consumer habits. Specifically, the model calculates critical mass values using eigenvector centrality in single layers and a heterogeneous eigenvector-like centrality in multilayers. Considering network structure and central nodes' influence allows a smaller critical mass to foster diffusion compared to models that do not account for centrality. Extending the analysis to multilayers further reduces critical mass by increasing tie strength between nodes.
A Firefly Algorithm for Optimizing Spur Gear Parameters Under Non-Lubricated ...irjes
Firefly algorithm is one of the emerging evolutionary approaches for complex and non-linear
optimization problems. It is inspired by natural firefly‟s behavior such as movement of fireflies based on
brightness and by overcoming the constraints such as light absorption, obstacles, distance, etc. In this research,
firefly‟s movement had been simulated computationally to identify the best parameters for spur gear pair by
considering the design and manufacturing constraints. The proposed algorithm was tested with the traditional
design parameters and found the results are at par in less computational time by satisfying the constraints.
The Effect of Orientation of Vortex Generators on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction ...irjes
One of the main reasons for the aerodynamic drag in automotive vehicles is the flow separation
near the vehicle’s rear end. To delay this flow separation, vortex generators are used in recent vehicles. The
vortex generators are commonly used in aircrafts to prevent flow separation. Even though vortex generators
themselves create drag, but they also reduce drag by delaying flow separation at downstream. The overall effect
of vortex generators is more beneficial and proved by experimentation. The effect depends on the shape,size and
orientation of vortex generators. Hence optimized shape with proper orientation is essential for getting better
results.This paper presents the effect of vortex generators at different orientation to the flow field and the
mechanism by which these effects takes place.
An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resou...irjes
The availability of financial resources is an important element in impacting the success of a planning
process for an effective physical planning. The extent to which however, they are articulated in the process
remained elusive both in scholarly and public discourse. The objective of this study wastherefore, to examine
the extent to which financial resources affect physical planning. In doing so, the study examinedwhether
financial resources were adequate or not to facilitate planning processes in Paidha. According to the study
findings,budget prioritization and ceilings are still a challenge in Paidha Town Council. This is partly due
limited level of knowledge of physical planning among the officials of Paidha Town Council. As a result, there
were no dedicated budget line for routine inspection of physical development plan compliance and enforcement
tools in Paidha. In conclusion, in addressing uncoordinated patterns of physical development that characterize
Uganda‟s urban centres, a critical starting point ought to be the analysis of physical planning process. The
research of this kind is not only significant to other emerging urban centres facing poor a road network,
mushrooming informal settlements and poor social services including poor pattern of residential and commercial
developments but also to all institutions that are involved in planning these towns. Knowing the extent of need
for financial influences in planning may assist local authorities to take the processes of planning seriously which
will help enhance the sustainable development of emerging urban centres including Paidha.
The Choice of Antenatal Care and Delivery Place in Surabaya (Based on Prefere...irjes
This study analyzed factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care and delivery places in Surabaya, Indonesia based on preferences and choice theory. The study found that:
1) Nearly half of women chose healthcare for delivery based on information from others
2) Most women's main criteria for choosing a delivery place was that it was safe, comfortable and cheap
3) The majority of women's primary choice for a delivery place was one that was close, comfortable and cheap
Prediction of the daily global solar irradiance received on a horizontal surf...irjes
This document presents a new approach for predicting the daily global solar irradiance received on a horizontal surface as a function of local daytime and the maximum daily value. An exponential distribution function is suggested and compared to experimental data from several locations. The maximum daily value (qmax) is estimated theoretically in terms of the solar constant adjusted for earth-sun distance variation. Computed values using the new approach show good agreement with experimental data, within 16% error except for some extreme points.
HARMONIC ANALYSIS ASSOCIATED WITH A GENERALIZED BESSEL-STRUVE OPERATOR ON THE...irjes
This document summarizes a research paper that considers a generalized Bessel-Struve operator on the real line. It defines generalized Bessel-Struve and Weyl integral transforms, which are shown to be transmutation operators relating the generalized Bessel-Struve operator to derivatives. These tools are then used to develop a new harmonic analysis associated with the generalized Bessel-Struve operator, including generalized Sonine integral transforms. Key results proven include Paley-Wiener theorems and properties of the various integral transforms.
The Role of Community Participation in Planning Processes of Emerging Urban C...irjes
This document summarizes a research study examining the level of community participation in the physical planning process in Paidha Town, Uganda. The study found that community participation in planning is very low, limited mostly to a few mass meetings. Few community members are actually involved in planning. Even those involved do not understand their rights and roles. Physical planning has not been adequately prioritized or funded. To improve participation, the study recommends involving communities at different administrative levels from villages to the town council, and using a wider range of participatory methods beyond just meetings. Overall, the study finds that community participation in planning is still limited and needs to be strengthened for more sustainable urban development.
Understanding the Concept of Strategic Intentirjes
This document summarizes the concept of strategic intent in strategic management. It begins by discussing the origins and evolution of strategic management from Greek history to modern theories. It then defines strategic intent, comparing various authors' definitions. A key model by Hamel and Prahalad links strategic intent to other strategic components like foresight and core competencies. Strategic intent inspires long-term thinking beyond strategic planning alone. It provides direction and commitment to help organizations shape competitive priorities and capabilities for the future. Chief executives play a critical role in developing strategic intent to guide organizational progress over 10-20 years.
The (R, Q) Control of A Mixture Inventory Model with Backorders and Lost Sale...irjes
This document summarizes an inventory model that considers a mixture of backorders and lost sales when stockouts occur. The model has the following key features:
1) The set-up cost and lead time are controllable variables that can be optimized.
2) Instead of minimizing stockout costs, the model employs a service level constraint to bound the stockout level per cycle.
3) The model is solved using a genetic algorithm approach to find optimal values for ordering quantity, set-up cost, and lead time that minimize total costs while satisfying the service level constraint.
Relation Between Stress And Menstrual Cycle At 18-21 Years Of Ageirjes
The document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between stress and menstrual cycles in Indonesian nursing students ages 18-21. It found:
1) Nearly half (45.5%) of the 132 students studied experienced irregular menstrual cycles.
2) Slightly over half (50.8%) of students reported experiencing stress.
3) There was a significant relationship between stress and irregular menstrual cycles, with stressed students over 4 times more likely to have irregular cycles.
The study concluded that most of the nursing students experienced irregular menstrual cycles and stress, and that stress was strongly correlated with irregular menstrual periods.
Wave Transmission on Submerged Breakwater with Interlocking D-Block Armorirjes
1. The document summarizes a study on wave transmission through a submerged breakwater with interlocking D-block armor. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine how water depth, wave period, structure height, and wave steepness influence the transmission coefficient.
2. Regression analysis showed that transmission coefficient (Kt) is most influenced by the ratio of wave length to top width, ratio of structure height to water depth, and ratio of wave height to wave period squared. A formula for Kt in terms of these parameters was developed.
3. Comparisons with previous studies show the same trend that higher wave steepness results in lower transmission coefficient, validating the results. The study provides useful insights into breakwater design using inter
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
Leveraging the Graph for Clinical Trials and Standards
H244654
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 2, Issue 4(April 2013), PP.46-54
www.irjes.com
www.irjes.com 46 | Page
Mapping of Iron body or anomaly by using magnetic methods in
Aceh Jaya Province Indonesia
Adi Susilo1
and Walid Mohamed,2
1
Geophysics, Brawijaya University,Malang, Indonesia,
2
Geophysics, Brawijaya University,Malang, Indonesia,
ABSTRACT : In Indonesia, manganese is often found in the shape of sediment mining grain, which is mostly
composed of oxide. It is usually associated with volcanic activity and alkali rock. Manganese may be presented
in the form of minerals such as Pirolusit and Psilomelan, or sometimes in the form of Rhodokrosit, Rhodonit,
Manganit, Brausit, and Nsutit. Manganese reserve of Indonesia is very huge and distributed throughout many
locations. The presence may be in various degrees of small lens shape. The already observed manganese
reserve is 5.35 millions tones, while the mining reserve is 490 thousands tones. The mining is operated by the
private mining company.
Manganese rock exploration is looking for the lateritic form or primary rock. Prospect region shall be
determined before exploration. Nangro Aceh Province is a promising region for exploration due to its geology.
During the exploration and the geological mapping, manganese rock deposit is identified based on the previous
Geological Mapping Report (Rahmat, 2011) which indicates that manganese rock at Babahlo Nangro Aceh
Region (KP Area of PT SURYA TAMBANG PERKASA) is very potential for exploitation.
Keywords : geological mapping, magnetic, Aceh Jaya Province Indonesia
I. INTRODUCTION
Manganese rock at KP of PT SURYA TAMBANG PERKASA, Aceh Jaya, Nangro Aceh Province has
great prospect for exploitation because the result of geological mapping shows that the manganese reserve is
abundant. However, in Aceh Jaya, none manganese rock is exploited for industry, export and domestic interests.
The development of manganese rock resource, hydrogeology, and the access and mining of manganese are not
considered, possibly due to community issue in the prospect region.
The report of manganese rock sediment exploration shall be submitted as the condition of the mining
activity. Exploration activity must consider the result of preliminary study because it gives a more detail
description of the sediment condition of excavated material. The result of this study will determine the reliability
and the prospect of sediment before going toward exploitation stage (the mining process).
Exploration survey against manganese rock deposit may involve geophysic, in this case using
Geomagnet method. This method measures magnetic field variation on the earth surface due to the magnetized
thing below earth surface. The measurement data can inform the physic of rock, the geometry of rock below
surface, and the position of depth. This information will be useful for us to understand the relationship between
the physic nature and observation data. This relationship will always include mathematic equation (mathematic
model). Using this mathematic model, we can obtain the precise information of physic nature below the surface
and the depth position.
II. MINERALOGY OF MAGNESIUM
Worldwide manganese mineral is only 0.1 % of earth crust, but being one of 12 substances with
greatest rate within earth crust. There are more than 300 manganese minerals acknowledged, but only 13
minerals are often found in the commercial grain deposit. The main grains of manganese are Pirolusit and
Psilomelan.
III. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF ROCKS.
The magnetic properties describe the behavior of substance under the effect of magnetic field. This
magnetic phenomenon occurs from the electric loaded movement in the substance. There are three groups of
material based on its magnetic properties:
A- DIAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCE.
Electron shell of the substance under the effect of electron magnetic field will rotate and produce magnetization
in the reverse direction against Lenz Law. Rock-forming atoms have paired electron shell. If it obtains magnetic
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field from beyond orbit, the electron will produce low magnetic field to challenge against the outer magnetic
field. This substance has negative and small k susceptibility, and does not depend on outer magnetic field. The
example substances are bismuth, graphite, gypsum, marble, quartz, and salt.
B- PARAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCE.
This substance has less saturated outer most part of electron shell, with not-paired spun electron. If the
outsider magnetic field is presented, the spin is processing to produces magnetic field with parallel direction to
the outside field to strengthen this field. However, magnetic moment is randomly oriented by thermal agitation,
and therefore, its k susceptibility is positive and > 1, and also depending on temperature. The example
substances are manganese, pyroxene, olivine, garnete, biotite, amphybolite and others.
Within magnetic things, the field produced by permanent atomic magnetic moments tends to empower the
outside field, while the field dielectrics from dipoles always challenge against the outside field, whether these
dielectrics have either induced or oriented dipoles. In both cases, the power of induced M (magnetic moment per
unit volume) directly relates with H magnetic field:
where k is magnetic susceptibility, and thus
In general, susceptibility is two-rank tensor. Indeed, k symbolizes "quasi isotropic" of the susceptibility.
Diamagnetic Substance, therefore, has negative susceptibility. This measure is suitable for the rock which makes
up the mineral (Tarling and Hrouda, 1993). Diamagnetic susceptibility does not depend on temperature. The
dependability on temperature of paramagnetic susceptibility is explained by Curie Law or Curie-Weiss Law.
C- FERROMAGNETIC SUBSTANCE .
Many electron shells are only filled by one electron, and therefore, the shell is easily induced by the
outside field. The inducement is further supported by the presence of parallel spun groups with establishing
magnetic dipoles (domain) with similar direction, especially in the outside magnetic field. Its k susceptibility is
positive and >> 1, and depending on temperature. The example substances are iron, nickel and cobalt.
D- Anti-Ferromagnetic.
Some domains are producing magnetic dipole with reverse direction such that whole magnetic moment
is very small. Anti-ferromagnetic material has crystal defect, small magnetic field, and small susceptibility. Its
susceptibility may be similar to paramagnetic field but the price of anti-ferromagnetic will increase until Curie
point but decrease again based on Curie-Weiss Law. The example substance is hematite (Fe2O3).
E- Ferrimagnetic
Some domains are anti-parallel but the number of dipole in each direction is not similar. Therefore, it
has relatively huge magnetization resultant. The susceptibility is high depending on temperature. The example
substances are magnetite (Fe3O4), ilmenite (FeTiO3), and pirhotite (FeS).
IV. Magnetic Properties of Mineral.
Mineral is also classified as:
a. Diamagnetic Mineral
b. Paramagnetic Mineral
c. Ferromagnetic Mineral
d. Ferrimagnetic Mineral
e. Anti-ferromagnetic Mineral
a) Diamagnetic Mineral and Paramagnetic Mineral
Because of the presence of non-stoichiometry-Fe or Mn-ion (Manganese), some minerals are
paramagnetic (Petersen, 1985). Some degrees of these minerals are shown by Dortman (1976) as positive and
relatively higher, and thus, it is assumed that the sample observed has dirt (Fe, Ti) which produces positive
superimposed component.
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Figure 1 The Table of Susceptibility Rate of Paramagnetic Mineral (Dortman, 1976).
Figure 1. Order tectonic and sedimentary basins in Kalimantan.
Iron (Rao and Bhimasnkaram, 1960)
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Figure 2. The Table of Susceptibility Rate of Manganese Mineral Associated with Iron (Rao and
Bhimasnkaram, 1960).
b- Ferro-, Antiferro-, and Ferromagnetic Minerals
The most important mineral which is abundant in the ferromagnetic rocks is titanium oxide. Iron, iron
oxyhydroxide and iron sulfide are also presented but not abundant (Beil and Petersen, 1982).
Fe-Ti-oxide is "substance" dominated magnet, and it is a magnetic rock which is particularly presented in Terner
System.FeO (wustite) - Fe2O3 (hematit, maghemite) - TiO2 (Rutile)
This system provides “the most fundamental knowledge about the characteristic of general
ferromagnetic rocks” (Nagata, 1966). Terner System contains chemical compositions such as:
● Mineral oxide in the rock magnetism (Nagata, 1961): FeO (wustite), Fe3O4 (magnetite), γ-Fe2O3
(maghemite), α-Fe2O3 (hematite), FeTiO3 (ilmenite), Fe2TiO4 (ulvospinel), Fe2TiO5 (pseudobrookite) and
FeTi2O5 (ilmeno-rutil, ferropseudobrookite); and
● Four-series (solid solution serial), including titanomagnetit, ilmeno-hematit, pseudobrookite, and
titanomaghemite.
Below is the elaboration of some relevant parameters.
Figure 3.. The Terner System of Rock Ferromagnetic Characteristic (Nagata, 1966).
Serial titanomaghemite: its structure of cubic / inverse spinal. This serial has final member of magnet,
ulvospinel, which has equation of Fe3-X TixO4 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. It is characterized by saturated magnetization,
early susceptibility, and reduction Currie-temperature with increased x, as shown as follows (Bleil and Petersen,
1982):
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Tc = 851 - 580x-150x2
In relative with titanomagnetitues abundance, Bleil and Petersen (1982) explain that: "titanomagnetities ... ... is
the most common magnetic mineral in the rocks.... Magnetite aggregate may occur in some kinds of rocks such
as frozen rock, metamorph, and sediment. This aggregate is found in certain meteorite, but not observed in the
moon sample. Usually, it is produced from various subsolidous reactions. Due to its magnetism on rocks, Serial
Ilmenite-hematite: the structure is hexagonal/rombohedral. This serial has final member of ilmenite and
hematite, and the formula is
Fe2-x TixO4 with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
For the detail of complex relationship between the characteristic and composition, see Bleil and Petersen (1982).
The serial produces natural characteristic orientation. Hematite is the carrier of remanent magnetization is the
sediment (mainly in the specular grain and pigment). In the frozen rock, the main composition of serial is
chemical properties of the rock. Due to the reduction of alkalinity,
ilmenit is reduced, but subsolidus reaction increases ilmenite. This serial is also found in various metamorph
rocks.
Serial Pseudobrookite: The structure is ortorombik. The serial is defined by the final member of
Pseudobrookite Fe2TiO5 and FeTi2O5 ferroPseudobrookite. At room temperature, Pseudobrookites is
obviously paramagnetic (Bleil and Petersen 1982). It is found in the natural occurrence of frozen and
metamorph rocks.
Serial Titanomaghemite: The structure is spinal. Titanimaghemite is produced by oxidation of
titanomagneties at 300°C (Petersen, 1985) with +. change on Fe2 + Fe3. In maghemite, one member and other
are shown by formulation (Fe, Ti, δ) 3O4, where δ shows that the emptiness is variable at metal ion sites in
crystal structure. The magnetic properties are controlled by the composition and affected by “ratio of oxidation”,
Fe2O3 / (Fe2O3 + FeO). The ratio of oxidation to Currie temperature is increased. Titanonaghemite is the main
magnet constituent in the basaltic sea basement, but it is also found in the continent frozen rock (Bleol and
Peterson 1982). Pyrrotite FeS1-x is a representative from iron sulfide (monoclinier and hexagonal) with
ferrimagnetik behavior. The representative of iron oxyhydroxides α gutit-FeOOH and lepidocrocite γ-FeOOH
are ortorombic.
V. Earth Magnetic Field
Earth magnetic field is characterized by physic parameters, which are also called as the element of
earth magnetic field (Figure 1). These are measured by direction and intensity of magnetization.
These physic parameters are:
a. Declination (D), which is the angle between magnetic north and horizontal component, as
counted from north toward east.
b. Inclination (I), which is the angle between total magnetic field and horizontal plane, counted
from horizontal plane toward vertical plane at the below.
c. Horizontal Intensity (H), which is the rate of total magnetic field on the horizontal plane.
d. Total Magnetic Field (F), which is the rate of total magnetic field vector.
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Figure 4. There Elements of Earth Magnetic Field
Main magnetic field in the earth is changing with time. To keep the uniformity of earth magnetic field values,
the standard is made, which is called International Geomagnetics Reference Field (IGRF), which is revised once
in 5 years. IGRF values are obtained from the measurement of the average of width coverage of 1 million km2
in the one year period.
Earth magnetic field comprises to three parts:
1-Main magnetic field (main field)
Main magnetic field is defined as the average field which is the result of measurement at long term and covering
the width more than 106 km2.
2- Outside magnetic field (external field)
The effect of outside magnetic field may come from the outside the earth, and it represents the result of
ionization in the atmosphere caused by ultraviolet beam from the sun. This external field source associates with
the electric current flown in the ionized layer at atmosphere, and thus, the field change is accelerated with time.
3-Anomaly magnetic field (main field)
Anomaly magnetic field is also called as local magnetic field (crustal field). This magnetic field is produced by
rocks composed of magnetized mineral such as magnetite ( 87 SFe ), titanomagnetite ( 42 OTF ie ) and others in
the earth crust
In the survey on magnetic method, the target of measurement is the variation of magnetic field measured on the
surface (magnetic anomaly). In general, magnetic field anomaly is caused by remanent magnetic field and
induced magnetic field. The remanent magnetic field plays great role in the rocks magnetization because it
determines the rate and direction of magnetic field. However, it always associates with previous magnetic event
such that it is complex for observation. Anomaly found in survey is the result of mixture of ermanent and
induced magnetic fields. If the direction of remanent magnetic field is parallel with induced magnetic field, the
anomaly is greater, and so is the reverse. In the magnetic survey, the effect of remanent field is negligible, if
magnetic field anomaly is less than 25 % of main magnetic field of earth (Telford, 1976), such that the
measurement of magnetic field is as follows
ALMT HHHH
where : TH
: total magnetic field of the earth
MH
: main magnetic field of the earth
LH
: external magnetic field
AH
: anomaly magnetic field .
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VI. Conclusion and Results
The measurement of geomagnetic data is conducted by surevy team from University of Brawijaya Malang, East
Java, from 15-21 July of 201 at Babahlo Region, IE Jeureungeh Region, Sampoinet Subdistrict, Aceh Jaya
District, Nangro Aceh Darussalam Province. The location of survey is at the following coordinates:
POINT LONGITUDE (EAST) LATITUDE (NORTH/SOUTH)
A 95o
30'49.74'' 4o
56'59.26''
B 95o
31'12.53'' 4o
56'59.26''
C 95o
31'12.53'' 4o
56'13.30''
D 95o
30'49.76'' 4o
56'13.30''
AREA WIDTH: 100 Ha
Table 1. The Coordinate Points of The Location of KP.Exploration of PT. Surya Tambang Perkasa
Figure 4.1. The Survey Location Map at Babahlo Region, IE Jeureungeh Region, Aceh Jaya District
Figure .2. The Survey Location Map at Babahlo Region in 3D
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Data are collected using Magnetometer Device, in the Proton Precision Magnetometer (PPM). Data collection
spread includes 1624 data collecting points, as shown in Figure 4.3 as follows.
Figure 4.3. The geomagnetic data collecting points which are correlated with the contour of magnetic value
spread at survey location.
The result of data measurement correlated with topographic contour at Babahlo region is shown in Figure 4.4
and 4.5.
Figure 4.4. Topography Contour Map which is overlaid with magnetic value spread from the result of
measurement at survey location in 2D.
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Figure 4.5. Topography Contour Map which is overlaid with magnetic value spread from the result of
measurement at survey location in 2D.
Figure 5. Topography Contour Map which is overlaid with magnetic value spread from the result of
measurement at survey location in 2D.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, many thanks to my big family (My mother, my Father, my sisters, my brothers Mostfa,
ali,almhde) for their prayer, patience and invaluable support during my long lasting study in a distant country.
I would like to say thanks to our Lord Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala and to the Messenger Zoher alhdad peace be
upon him that guide me to the beautiful path in my live. I dedicated all of my life and work to them totally
Second My special thanks to Adi Susilo, PhD for providing me with the opportunity to work on this paper. I
also appreciated their guidance, encouragement to make this paper, spending extensive time in the field during
data processing, and always being available to discuss interpretation of the data. I would like to thank, Dr. Eng.
Didik R., for reviewing this paper. Their suggestion improved significantly this manuscript.
Finally I would like say thank to all of my friends: Mr. Ramdahan, Mr. Abdulrazak et al. And also my friend
Nabil in Libya , thank you so much for your friendship.
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