We would send hard copy of Journal by speed post to the address of correspondence author after online publication of paper.
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The document discusses using a laser micrometer to measure dimensional changes in clear polymer contact lens samples while they are submerged in saline solution during testing. The laser micrometer can distinguish between the glass enclosure, saline solution, and polymer samples using multi-segment mode and a programmable threshold. It offers accuracy of 1 micron, resolution of 0.2 microns or better, and a measurement speed of 2300 per second, making it suitable for measuring the challenging target of transparent materials submerged in liquid.
See the video presentation: http://bit.ly/1vtsaCb
Question: For precision sizing of weld flaws using OmniScan phased array inspection, which is the preferred technique: Shear wave tip diffraction or amplitude drop sizing?
Answer: The decision to use shear wave tip diffraction or amplitude drop sizing is dependent on the flaw type, size, and orientation. In general, if the flaw is larger than the beam size and is near perpendicular to the beam as is typical in side wall lack of fusion, amplitude drop sizing will produce most accurate results. If the flaw is smaller than the beam size such as a crack ligament then tip diffraction will be most accurate.
Sign up for our Newsletter: http://bit.ly/1sQqOyj
This document discusses fiber optic sensors for measuring the hot spot temperature of transformer windings. It begins by explaining that the winding temperature is not uniform, with hot spots limiting the transformer's loading capacity, and that conventional measurement methods make assumptions. It then discusses how fiber optic sensors were previously neglected due to fragility and cost but now offer advantages like reliability. Recent developments have created more robust fiber optic probes using GaAs technology. The document explains how the sensors work and details their specifications, installation process, and concludes that fiber optic sensors will likely be widely used for transformer monitoring.
The Low-Background HPGE Γ-Spectrometer OBELIX for the Investigation of the Do...IOSRJAP
A new ultra-low-background spectrometer based on a HPGe detector with a sensitive volume of 600 cm 3 was developed to investigate rare nuclear processes, such as resonant neutrino-less double electron capture (0νEC/EC) and double beta decay processes (2ν2β – , 2νβ+EC, 2νEC/EC) to the excited states of daughter nuclei. The spectrometer was installed at the Modane underground laboratory (LSM, France, 4800 m w.e.). Sensitivity of the spectrometer and its background were tested. A new method for the efficiency calibration in measurements of low-active samples was developed. A spectrometer was used for the measurements of low active materials and samples. Results obtained in 395 h investigation of resonant 0νEC/EC decay of 106Cd to the 2718 keV and 2741 keV excited states of 106Pd with ~23.2 g of enriched 106Cd, β +EC, EC/EC decays of 58Ni in measurements of ~21.7 kg sample of natural nickel and 2ν2β – decay of 100Mo sample with the mass of 2588 g to the 0+ , 1130 keV and 2+ , 539.5 keV excited states of 100Ru are presented.
Advances in Phased Array Weld Inspection Scan Plan DesignsOlympus IMS
The compound S-scan improves on traditional phased array weld inspection scan plan strategies by combining the S-scan and E-scan inspections as defined in ASME V, Article I into a single acquisition group providing more inspection coverage of the weld volume and heat affected zone. The compound S-scan improves the range and performance of existing phased array 1D pulse-echo probes, wedges, and instrumentation via new functionality in focal law calculators that are commercially available today from Olympus and other manufacturers.
Additional benefits of the compound S-scan inspection include ability to use pre-defined configurations over a larger range of weld bevels and thicknesses, enforcement of fewer essential variables in the inspection work procedure, and a more efficient work flow for phased array inspection setup, calibration, acquisition, and data analysis IAW ASME V, Article 4, Phased Array Mandatory Appendixes IV and V.
This paper presents an overview of the compound S-scan and demonstration of its benefits including examples of weld inspection data analysis and flaw sizing.
The document describes three fiber optic sensor products - the T120, T130, and T140 - for measuring strain and temperature. The T120 is a small, high sensitivity fiber optic ribbon sensor embedded in composites or mounted on surfaces. The T130 is a similar small diameter cable sensor for embedded or surface applications. The T140 is an armored temperature cable sensor designed for harsh environments requiring high tensile strength and long-term stability. All three products use fiber Bragg grating sensors in a glass fiber reinforced polymer coating for protection and ruggedness.
Magnetic beads in MedLab Magazine issue 02.009Fabrice Sultan
The document discusses magnetic nanoparticles and microspheres, including Estapor® microspheres and MagPrep® particles, and their various applications. Estapor® microspheres offer advantages for immobilizing antibodies or antigens due to their ability to efficiently bind target molecules. Magnetic particles provide an alternative to conventional chromatography that allows automation and replacement of centrifugation or organic solvents with simple magnetic separation. Estapor® microspheres and MagPrep® particles combine these benefits with features like high magnetite content and a non-porous surface, enabling fast migration in magnetic fields while binding targets with high signal and low noise.
Fibre optic pressure and temperature sensorI'am Ajas
This document describes a fibre optic sensor for measuring pressure and temperature in geothermal wells. The sensor uses an extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer to measure pressure and a fibre Bragg grating to measure temperature. It was tested under simulated wellbore conditions and demonstrated the ability to accurately measure both pressure and temperature. The sensor provides a simple, miniature, and robust solution for downhole monitoring in geothermal applications.
The document discusses using a laser micrometer to measure dimensional changes in clear polymer contact lens samples while they are submerged in saline solution during testing. The laser micrometer can distinguish between the glass enclosure, saline solution, and polymer samples using multi-segment mode and a programmable threshold. It offers accuracy of 1 micron, resolution of 0.2 microns or better, and a measurement speed of 2300 per second, making it suitable for measuring the challenging target of transparent materials submerged in liquid.
See the video presentation: http://bit.ly/1vtsaCb
Question: For precision sizing of weld flaws using OmniScan phased array inspection, which is the preferred technique: Shear wave tip diffraction or amplitude drop sizing?
Answer: The decision to use shear wave tip diffraction or amplitude drop sizing is dependent on the flaw type, size, and orientation. In general, if the flaw is larger than the beam size and is near perpendicular to the beam as is typical in side wall lack of fusion, amplitude drop sizing will produce most accurate results. If the flaw is smaller than the beam size such as a crack ligament then tip diffraction will be most accurate.
Sign up for our Newsletter: http://bit.ly/1sQqOyj
This document discusses fiber optic sensors for measuring the hot spot temperature of transformer windings. It begins by explaining that the winding temperature is not uniform, with hot spots limiting the transformer's loading capacity, and that conventional measurement methods make assumptions. It then discusses how fiber optic sensors were previously neglected due to fragility and cost but now offer advantages like reliability. Recent developments have created more robust fiber optic probes using GaAs technology. The document explains how the sensors work and details their specifications, installation process, and concludes that fiber optic sensors will likely be widely used for transformer monitoring.
The Low-Background HPGE Γ-Spectrometer OBELIX for the Investigation of the Do...IOSRJAP
A new ultra-low-background spectrometer based on a HPGe detector with a sensitive volume of 600 cm 3 was developed to investigate rare nuclear processes, such as resonant neutrino-less double electron capture (0νEC/EC) and double beta decay processes (2ν2β – , 2νβ+EC, 2νEC/EC) to the excited states of daughter nuclei. The spectrometer was installed at the Modane underground laboratory (LSM, France, 4800 m w.e.). Sensitivity of the spectrometer and its background were tested. A new method for the efficiency calibration in measurements of low-active samples was developed. A spectrometer was used for the measurements of low active materials and samples. Results obtained in 395 h investigation of resonant 0νEC/EC decay of 106Cd to the 2718 keV and 2741 keV excited states of 106Pd with ~23.2 g of enriched 106Cd, β +EC, EC/EC decays of 58Ni in measurements of ~21.7 kg sample of natural nickel and 2ν2β – decay of 100Mo sample with the mass of 2588 g to the 0+ , 1130 keV and 2+ , 539.5 keV excited states of 100Ru are presented.
Advances in Phased Array Weld Inspection Scan Plan DesignsOlympus IMS
The compound S-scan improves on traditional phased array weld inspection scan plan strategies by combining the S-scan and E-scan inspections as defined in ASME V, Article I into a single acquisition group providing more inspection coverage of the weld volume and heat affected zone. The compound S-scan improves the range and performance of existing phased array 1D pulse-echo probes, wedges, and instrumentation via new functionality in focal law calculators that are commercially available today from Olympus and other manufacturers.
Additional benefits of the compound S-scan inspection include ability to use pre-defined configurations over a larger range of weld bevels and thicknesses, enforcement of fewer essential variables in the inspection work procedure, and a more efficient work flow for phased array inspection setup, calibration, acquisition, and data analysis IAW ASME V, Article 4, Phased Array Mandatory Appendixes IV and V.
This paper presents an overview of the compound S-scan and demonstration of its benefits including examples of weld inspection data analysis and flaw sizing.
The document describes three fiber optic sensor products - the T120, T130, and T140 - for measuring strain and temperature. The T120 is a small, high sensitivity fiber optic ribbon sensor embedded in composites or mounted on surfaces. The T130 is a similar small diameter cable sensor for embedded or surface applications. The T140 is an armored temperature cable sensor designed for harsh environments requiring high tensile strength and long-term stability. All three products use fiber Bragg grating sensors in a glass fiber reinforced polymer coating for protection and ruggedness.
Magnetic beads in MedLab Magazine issue 02.009Fabrice Sultan
The document discusses magnetic nanoparticles and microspheres, including Estapor® microspheres and MagPrep® particles, and their various applications. Estapor® microspheres offer advantages for immobilizing antibodies or antigens due to their ability to efficiently bind target molecules. Magnetic particles provide an alternative to conventional chromatography that allows automation and replacement of centrifugation or organic solvents with simple magnetic separation. Estapor® microspheres and MagPrep® particles combine these benefits with features like high magnetite content and a non-porous surface, enabling fast migration in magnetic fields while binding targets with high signal and low noise.
Fibre optic pressure and temperature sensorI'am Ajas
This document describes a fibre optic sensor for measuring pressure and temperature in geothermal wells. The sensor uses an extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer to measure pressure and a fibre Bragg grating to measure temperature. It was tested under simulated wellbore conditions and demonstrated the ability to accurately measure both pressure and temperature. The sensor provides a simple, miniature, and robust solution for downhole monitoring in geothermal applications.
The Braggs were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1915 for determining crystal structures including NaCl, ZnS, and diamond using X-ray diffraction. Bragg's law describes the angle at which X-rays of a particular wavelength diffract from a crystalline surface as 2dsinθ=nλ, relating inter-plane distance (d), wavelength (λ), diffraction order (n), and scattering angle (θ). Powder X-ray diffraction works by scattering X-rays in a sphere around a sample containing many randomly oriented crystallites, producing a Debye diffraction cone at each Bragg angle.
Temperature and strain sensitivity of long period grating fiber sensor revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
Long period grating fibers are special class of fibers which are produced by periodic modulation of the refractive index of the core. This perturbation leads to forward guiding mode to couple with co propagating cladding modes depending on the phase matching condition. This coupling causes the cladding modes to attenuate during propagation in the fiber and leads to dips in the attenuation bands at discrete wavelengths in the transmission spectrum. These bands are shifted when the LPG is exposed to temperature, strain, refractive index changes in surrounding environment etc. This forms the basis of LPG sensor. The properties of LPG are modified in order to achieve the required sensitivity towards any measurands as per the applications. The performance of LPG by modifying the properties of LPG is reviewed.
Keywords: Optical fiber, Optical fiber sensor, Fiber Bragg, Long period grating, Strain, Temperature
X-ray diffraction is a technique used to analyze the crystal structure of materials. When X-rays strike a crystalline material, they cause the atoms to diffract in predictable patterns. By analyzing these diffraction patterns, properties of the crystal such as its d-spacing and unit cell parameters can be determined. Powder XRD is commonly used, where a sample is finely powdered and exposed to monochromatic X-rays, producing a characteristic diffraction pattern that can identify unknown crystalline materials.
X-raydiffraction has a very significant role in crystal determination.. specially in the field of Pharmaceutical analysis.
It contains the requirement for M.pharm 1st year according to RGUHS syllabus.
T 1 transformer insulation oil sensing systemChung Da-woon
This document describes a carbon nanotube sensor system for monitoring transformer insulation oil. It consists of 3 sentences:
The system uses a carbon nanotube sensor to detect combustible gases produced from degradation of insulation oil. It can continuously monitor multiple transformers in real-time through a wireless network. Test results showed the carbon nanotube sensor accurately measured changes in combustible gases compared to gas chromatography analysis.
Dissolved Gas Analysis in Transformer OilSatish Patel
The document discusses transformer oil testing through dissolved gas analysis (DGA). DGA is the most important test as it can detect faults like overheating, partial discharges, and arcing by analyzing dissolved gases. Small oil samples are collected and gases are extracted and identified using gas chromatography. Elevated levels of different gases indicate different problems and transformers are given a condition rating based on total dissolved combustible gas levels. DGA is a low-cost, effective way to monitor transformer health without taking it offline.
Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) of transformer oil detects gases generated within oil-filled transformers that can indicate internal faults. Key gases include hydrogen, methane, ethylene and acetylene, which can identify thermal or electrical issues. DGA interpretation methods like the key gas method or IEC gas ratio method analyze individual and total dissolved combustible gas concentrations to evaluate transformer condition and risk of failure. Regular oil sampling per ASTM standards from the drain point helps assess the internal condition of transformers to support effective maintenance.
Bragg's law describes the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice. It was first proposed by William Lawrence Bragg and William Henry Bragg in 1913 to explain the patterns produced when X-rays interact with crystalline solids. Bragg's law states that constructive interference occurs when the path difference between scattered waves is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength. This leads to peaks in the diffraction pattern. The Braggs were awarded the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work determining crystal structures using X-ray diffraction and Bragg's law.
Fiber Bragg gratings are filters built into the core of optical fibers that reflect specific wavelengths of light and transmit others. They can be used as inline filters or wavelength-specific reflectors to improve optical signal quality. The document discusses several types of FBGs: uniform FBGs with consistent grating periods; chirped FBGs with varying periods that act as dispersion compensators; blazed FBGs with tilted grating planes that reflect light out of the fiber; phase-shifted FBGs with periodic index changes that create narrow transmission windows; and long-period FBGs that couple light into cladding modes, removing resonant wavelengths from the system. Each FBG type has distinct features and applications in optical communications, sensing, and laser
X-ray diffraction is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of crystals. When an X-ray beam hits a crystal, the beam diffracts into specific directions based on the atomic planes in the crystal. Bragg's law describes the diffraction pattern and is used to explain the angles and wavelengths of the diffracted X-rays. To collect diffraction data, crystals are mounted on a goniometer and bombarded with X-rays while being rotated, producing a diffraction pattern. The pattern can then be analyzed to determine information about the crystal structure like lattice parameters and atomic arrangement.
The document discusses optical fibers, which transmit light through total internal reflection. Optical fibers consist of a core and cladding material, with the core having a higher refractive index to allow light to reflect off the core-cladding boundary. Single mode fibers have a small core diameter of around 9 microns while multi-mode fibers have a larger core of around 50 microns. Optical fibers can transmit both analog and digital signals over long distances using transmitters to inject light and receivers to detect the light.
Fiber optic sensors have four potential functions in structural health monitoring: monitoring external manufacturing process parameters, serving as embedded sensors for non-destructive evaluation, functioning as a data-link network to support other SHM systems, and complementing performance monitoring and control systems. Fiber optic sensors have advantages over conventional electronic sensors in that they are made of silica-based materials, enable multiplexing, and have a lower cost. They can provide distributed sensing along structures like buildings to monitor temperature. Fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in concrete have been used to measure strain on the Confederation Bridge in Canada.
Optical fibers are thin glass rods wrapped in plastic that are used to transmit light signals for applications such as high-speed internet, telecommunications, endoscopy, and microscopy. They allow transmission of data over longer distances and in places where copper wires cannot reach. Optical fibers work via the phenomenon of total internal reflection, where light bouncing around the higher refractive index glass core is reflected back in rather than escaping at the lower refractive index cladding.
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communication. It begins with introducing optical fibers and how they guide light through total internal reflection. It then describes the different types of optical fibers, including step index and graded index fibers. The key elements of an optical fiber communication system are presented, along with the benefits such as high bandwidth, low loss, and electrical isolation. Applications include telecommunications networks, computing, and military systems. In conclusion, while optical fibers have some disadvantages, they have revolutionized communications due to their wide bandwidth and low transmission losses.
This document discusses optical fibers and fiber optic communication. It begins by explaining how total internal reflection allows optical fibers to guide light along their length. It then describes the principles and components of multimode and singlemode fibers. The document outlines the manufacturing process for optical fibers and their various applications, including telecommunications, sensing, and illumination. It concludes by noting how fiber optics transmits light and how new techniques continue to expand the capabilities of fiber optic systems.
Optical fiber is a flexible transparent fiber made of high quality glass or plastic that transmits light between two ends. It functions as a waveguide or light pipe. Optical fibers are widely used for fiber optic communications due to their ability to transmit signals over longer distances and higher bandwidths compared to other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are safe from electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers have been used for communication since the 1840s and are now used for transmitting data at rates as high as 400 gigabits per second. Optical fiber provides benefits such as greater bandwidth, immunity to electrical interference, and lower signal attenuation over long distances compared to conventional copper cables.
X-ray diffraction spectroscopy is presented. Key points include:
- X-rays were discovered by Röntgen in 1895 and have short wavelengths produced during electron transitions.
- Bragg's law describes the conditions under which x-ray diffraction occurs from lattice planes of a crystal.
- X-ray diffraction methods like rotating crystal and powder methods are used to determine structure like lattice constants and parameters. Applications include pharmaceuticals and determining protein structure.
This document provides an overview of optical fibers, including their evolution, structure, working principles, classification, communication systems, advantages and applications. It discusses how optical fibers guide light using total internal reflection. Fibers are classified based on mode (single or multi-mode) and refractive index profile (step or graded). Key advantages are high bandwidth, low attenuation, immunity to EMI, and security. Applications include telecommunications, broadband, medicine, military and more. Optical fibers have become the backbone of long-distance networks since the 1980s due to refinements in manufacturing.
Development of an End Platen to Integrate Fibre Bragg Grating Sensing Arrays ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development of an end platen designed to integrate fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensing arrays into triaxial rock testing. The end platen was manufactured from carbon fibre reinforced epoxy to allow FBG sensors to access the radial surface of rock samples inside a triaxial cell. A hydrostatic test was conducted using an aluminum plug instrumented with 6 FBG sensors attached in a spiral pattern. Strain measurements from the FBG sensors compared well to those from two orthogonal cantilever gauges, validating the functionality of the end platen design. The results indicate the platen enables high-resolution 3D strain mapping of rock samples using FBG sensors.
The Braggs were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1915 for determining crystal structures including NaCl, ZnS, and diamond using X-ray diffraction. Bragg's law describes the angle at which X-rays of a particular wavelength diffract from a crystalline surface as 2dsinθ=nλ, relating inter-plane distance (d), wavelength (λ), diffraction order (n), and scattering angle (θ). Powder X-ray diffraction works by scattering X-rays in a sphere around a sample containing many randomly oriented crystallites, producing a Debye diffraction cone at each Bragg angle.
Temperature and strain sensitivity of long period grating fiber sensor revieweSAT Journals
Abstract
Long period grating fibers are special class of fibers which are produced by periodic modulation of the refractive index of the core. This perturbation leads to forward guiding mode to couple with co propagating cladding modes depending on the phase matching condition. This coupling causes the cladding modes to attenuate during propagation in the fiber and leads to dips in the attenuation bands at discrete wavelengths in the transmission spectrum. These bands are shifted when the LPG is exposed to temperature, strain, refractive index changes in surrounding environment etc. This forms the basis of LPG sensor. The properties of LPG are modified in order to achieve the required sensitivity towards any measurands as per the applications. The performance of LPG by modifying the properties of LPG is reviewed.
Keywords: Optical fiber, Optical fiber sensor, Fiber Bragg, Long period grating, Strain, Temperature
X-ray diffraction is a technique used to analyze the crystal structure of materials. When X-rays strike a crystalline material, they cause the atoms to diffract in predictable patterns. By analyzing these diffraction patterns, properties of the crystal such as its d-spacing and unit cell parameters can be determined. Powder XRD is commonly used, where a sample is finely powdered and exposed to monochromatic X-rays, producing a characteristic diffraction pattern that can identify unknown crystalline materials.
X-raydiffraction has a very significant role in crystal determination.. specially in the field of Pharmaceutical analysis.
It contains the requirement for M.pharm 1st year according to RGUHS syllabus.
T 1 transformer insulation oil sensing systemChung Da-woon
This document describes a carbon nanotube sensor system for monitoring transformer insulation oil. It consists of 3 sentences:
The system uses a carbon nanotube sensor to detect combustible gases produced from degradation of insulation oil. It can continuously monitor multiple transformers in real-time through a wireless network. Test results showed the carbon nanotube sensor accurately measured changes in combustible gases compared to gas chromatography analysis.
Dissolved Gas Analysis in Transformer OilSatish Patel
The document discusses transformer oil testing through dissolved gas analysis (DGA). DGA is the most important test as it can detect faults like overheating, partial discharges, and arcing by analyzing dissolved gases. Small oil samples are collected and gases are extracted and identified using gas chromatography. Elevated levels of different gases indicate different problems and transformers are given a condition rating based on total dissolved combustible gas levels. DGA is a low-cost, effective way to monitor transformer health without taking it offline.
Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) of transformer oil detects gases generated within oil-filled transformers that can indicate internal faults. Key gases include hydrogen, methane, ethylene and acetylene, which can identify thermal or electrical issues. DGA interpretation methods like the key gas method or IEC gas ratio method analyze individual and total dissolved combustible gas concentrations to evaluate transformer condition and risk of failure. Regular oil sampling per ASTM standards from the drain point helps assess the internal condition of transformers to support effective maintenance.
Bragg's law describes the angles for coherent and incoherent scattering from a crystal lattice. It was first proposed by William Lawrence Bragg and William Henry Bragg in 1913 to explain the patterns produced when X-rays interact with crystalline solids. Bragg's law states that constructive interference occurs when the path difference between scattered waves is equal to an integer multiple of the wavelength. This leads to peaks in the diffraction pattern. The Braggs were awarded the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work determining crystal structures using X-ray diffraction and Bragg's law.
Fiber Bragg gratings are filters built into the core of optical fibers that reflect specific wavelengths of light and transmit others. They can be used as inline filters or wavelength-specific reflectors to improve optical signal quality. The document discusses several types of FBGs: uniform FBGs with consistent grating periods; chirped FBGs with varying periods that act as dispersion compensators; blazed FBGs with tilted grating planes that reflect light out of the fiber; phase-shifted FBGs with periodic index changes that create narrow transmission windows; and long-period FBGs that couple light into cladding modes, removing resonant wavelengths from the system. Each FBG type has distinct features and applications in optical communications, sensing, and laser
X-ray diffraction is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of crystals. When an X-ray beam hits a crystal, the beam diffracts into specific directions based on the atomic planes in the crystal. Bragg's law describes the diffraction pattern and is used to explain the angles and wavelengths of the diffracted X-rays. To collect diffraction data, crystals are mounted on a goniometer and bombarded with X-rays while being rotated, producing a diffraction pattern. The pattern can then be analyzed to determine information about the crystal structure like lattice parameters and atomic arrangement.
The document discusses optical fibers, which transmit light through total internal reflection. Optical fibers consist of a core and cladding material, with the core having a higher refractive index to allow light to reflect off the core-cladding boundary. Single mode fibers have a small core diameter of around 9 microns while multi-mode fibers have a larger core of around 50 microns. Optical fibers can transmit both analog and digital signals over long distances using transmitters to inject light and receivers to detect the light.
Fiber optic sensors have four potential functions in structural health monitoring: monitoring external manufacturing process parameters, serving as embedded sensors for non-destructive evaluation, functioning as a data-link network to support other SHM systems, and complementing performance monitoring and control systems. Fiber optic sensors have advantages over conventional electronic sensors in that they are made of silica-based materials, enable multiplexing, and have a lower cost. They can provide distributed sensing along structures like buildings to monitor temperature. Fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in concrete have been used to measure strain on the Confederation Bridge in Canada.
Optical fibers are thin glass rods wrapped in plastic that are used to transmit light signals for applications such as high-speed internet, telecommunications, endoscopy, and microscopy. They allow transmission of data over longer distances and in places where copper wires cannot reach. Optical fibers work via the phenomenon of total internal reflection, where light bouncing around the higher refractive index glass core is reflected back in rather than escaping at the lower refractive index cladding.
This document provides an overview of optical fiber communication. It begins with introducing optical fibers and how they guide light through total internal reflection. It then describes the different types of optical fibers, including step index and graded index fibers. The key elements of an optical fiber communication system are presented, along with the benefits such as high bandwidth, low loss, and electrical isolation. Applications include telecommunications networks, computing, and military systems. In conclusion, while optical fibers have some disadvantages, they have revolutionized communications due to their wide bandwidth and low transmission losses.
This document discusses optical fibers and fiber optic communication. It begins by explaining how total internal reflection allows optical fibers to guide light along their length. It then describes the principles and components of multimode and singlemode fibers. The document outlines the manufacturing process for optical fibers and their various applications, including telecommunications, sensing, and illumination. It concludes by noting how fiber optics transmits light and how new techniques continue to expand the capabilities of fiber optic systems.
Optical fiber is a flexible transparent fiber made of high quality glass or plastic that transmits light between two ends. It functions as a waveguide or light pipe. Optical fibers are widely used for fiber optic communications due to their ability to transmit signals over longer distances and higher bandwidths compared to other forms of communication. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss and are safe from electromagnetic interference. Optical fibers have been used for communication since the 1840s and are now used for transmitting data at rates as high as 400 gigabits per second. Optical fiber provides benefits such as greater bandwidth, immunity to electrical interference, and lower signal attenuation over long distances compared to conventional copper cables.
X-ray diffraction spectroscopy is presented. Key points include:
- X-rays were discovered by Röntgen in 1895 and have short wavelengths produced during electron transitions.
- Bragg's law describes the conditions under which x-ray diffraction occurs from lattice planes of a crystal.
- X-ray diffraction methods like rotating crystal and powder methods are used to determine structure like lattice constants and parameters. Applications include pharmaceuticals and determining protein structure.
This document provides an overview of optical fibers, including their evolution, structure, working principles, classification, communication systems, advantages and applications. It discusses how optical fibers guide light using total internal reflection. Fibers are classified based on mode (single or multi-mode) and refractive index profile (step or graded). Key advantages are high bandwidth, low attenuation, immunity to EMI, and security. Applications include telecommunications, broadband, medicine, military and more. Optical fibers have become the backbone of long-distance networks since the 1980s due to refinements in manufacturing.
Development of an End Platen to Integrate Fibre Bragg Grating Sensing Arrays ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the development of an end platen designed to integrate fibre Bragg grating (FBG) sensing arrays into triaxial rock testing. The end platen was manufactured from carbon fibre reinforced epoxy to allow FBG sensors to access the radial surface of rock samples inside a triaxial cell. A hydrostatic test was conducted using an aluminum plug instrumented with 6 FBG sensors attached in a spiral pattern. Strain measurements from the FBG sensors compared well to those from two orthogonal cantilever gauges, validating the functionality of the end platen design. The results indicate the platen enables high-resolution 3D strain mapping of rock samples using FBG sensors.
Microwave Radiometer Analysis for Imaging and Vehicular SystemsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper about using microwave radiometry for fire detection around moving vehicles. The paper proposes using a ground-based microwave radiometer mounted near a road or rail track to image potential fire areas on a passing vehicle. Simulations were conducted using 30 GHz microwave radiation to analyze transmission through typical vehicle walls of different materials, thicknesses, and properties. The research suggests microwave radiometry may provide early fire detection by measuring changes in emitted radiation transmitted through dielectric vehicle walls, as an alternative or supplement to existing infrared sensor systems.
The document discusses the use of optical fiber sensors for non-destructive testing applications. It notes that fiber optic sensors are well-suited for structural health monitoring due to their small size, light weight, and immunity to electromagnetic interference. The document outlines different types of fiber optic sensors and their advantages over conventional sensors. It also provides examples of how fiber optic sensors can be embedded in composite materials and structures to monitor factors like temperature, pressure, and strain for non-destructive testing.
This document provides an introduction to using lasers in non-destructive testing (NDT). It discusses three main laser testing methods: holography, shearography, and profilometry. Holography uses high-frequency vibration to identify irregular structures or disbonds. Shearography utilizes interferometry to identify out-of-plane deformation from subsurface flaws. Laser profilometry is preferred for cylindrical products like pipelines to assess corrosion. The document also covers ultrasonic flaw detection, describing how high-frequency sound waves can detect subsurface discontinuities using transmission and pulse-echo methods. Ultrasonic testing is widely used due to its safety, penetration, and ability to inspect thick sections.
IRJET- Design of Dual Frequency Probe Fed Microstrip Antenna using Shorting WallIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a dual frequency microstrip antenna using a shorting wall. It presents the cavity model used to simulate the antenna and analyzes the effects of the shorting wall on input impedance. The antenna was designed using ANSOFT HFSS software and fabricated using a substrate with a copper-clad on both sides. Results showed that increasing the height of the shorting wall causes the antenna to resonate at higher frequencies, while decreasing the height causes resonance at lower frequencies, allowing multi-band operation. Both simulated and experimental results agreed and demonstrated dual-band operation of the antenna.
IRJET - Survey on Etched Fiber Bragg Grating based Senor ApplicationsIRJET Journal
The document discusses etched fiber Bragg grating (EFBG) sensors and their applications. Some key points:
- EFBG sensors have advantages over other sensor types for chemical and biosensing due to properties like refractive index sensitivity, high sensitivity, and multiplexing capability. Sensitivity can be enhanced using nanostructured coatings.
- EFBG sensors have been used for applications like detecting ethanol concentrations as low as 0.5%, measuring nitrogen concentrations from 0-50 ppm, detecting thrombin concentrations from 10-80 nM, and measuring glucose concentrations from 10-50%. Sensitivity can be improved by different surface coatings.
- Future work may focus on improving reproducibility, reducing spectrum broadening issues,
The document discusses a hybrid phase shift beamforming technique that combines true time delay and phase shift approaches to mitigate beam squint over wide bandwidths. This technique is well-suited for 5G communications and wideband radar applications by improving accuracy and sensitivity. A comparison is made between traditional electronic phase shifters and proposed photonic integrated optical phase shifters, finding advantages in the optical approach such as wider bandwidth, higher resolution, lower power consumption and faster switching. Challenges with conventional electronic beamforming are outlined along with specifications for a proposed hybrid photonic/electronic architecture intended to overcome these limitations and enable applications such as indoor 5G and radar beam steering.
Paut based techniques developed for power industries and refinery in taiwan ...Yung how Wu
Although conventional ultrasonic method is still widely used elsewhere, PAUT technique is applied increasingly for improving the ISI of utility, refinery and as well the emerging wind power in Taiwan. PAUT together with scanner is one of the major advantages to precede conventional UT by enhancing the defect characterization or inspection speed. In this study, special scanners were designed and employed with PAUT for the inspection of composite blades, bolts of wind turbine and anchor bolts of nuclear RPV skirt. Results showed that delamination of composite and fatigue crack of bolt may be detected and sized in more confidence and convenience for in-situ inspections. Moreover, PAUT was also used to characterize carefully the inner crack of pressure vessel for FFS assessment. Crack was found in safe margin and hence remained to operate. In conclusions, PAUT together with manipulator designed for specific purpose may facilitate the applications of PAUT technique widely in ISI of various industrial sectors.
This document discusses vibration monitoring of industrial gearboxes using accelerometers. It provides examples of analyzing both low-frequency and high-frequency vibration data to diagnose various gearbox faults. Proper sensor selection and mounting are emphasized, as they can significantly impact the ability to detect high-frequency impacts and friction. Case studies demonstrate how the techniques can be used to identify issues like lack of lubrication, bearing faults, and torsional resonance in different industrial gearbox applications.
Final_41817_In situ and real time x-ray computed tomography _2015VJMehul Pancholi
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realize the scanning beams angle in the azimuth plane. The proposed model is simulated by CST
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between simulation and measurement results were achieved.
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An Aperture Coupled Printed Antenna for Broadband Radio ServicesIRJET Journal
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Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powder
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 4, Issue 6 (October 2012), PP. 40-44
The Application of Fiber Bragg Grating in the Real-time Casing
Damage Monitoring Work
Yi Pan, Chong Huang, Dandan Liang, Shuangchun Yang
(Liaoning Shihua University, Fushun, Liaoning, China 113001)
ABSTRACT: With the unceasing exploitation of gas fields, casing damage is an important element which
restrict oil-gas throughput. In this paper we present an distributed optical fiber Bragg grating analysical method
in the Real-time Casing Damage Monitoring Work which through the study of the main type and damage of
casing damage, analysis and comparison of the casing damage monitoring method, responding to the trait of oil
casing. The results prove that sensing detection system designed by this method have high feasibility, high
practicality and obviously effective to monitor coal. But it also has some disadvantages and must be improved
further.
Keywords . casing damage, Distribution, Fiber Bragg Grating, real time monitoring, sensors
I. INTRODUCTION
In well drilling and extracting oil process, the main function of casing is wellbore protection, shaft
strengthening and cementing complex formations. With the unceasing exploitation of gas fields and
continuously adjust the gas field development plan, which cause casing working condition becomes bad, even
damage, which seriously affecting the oil field regular production. In order to maintain the level of
predetermined production plan, production unit have to invest a lot of money in drilling new wells to replace
those abandoned well. Frequent casing damage will disturb the normal production plan. When the number of
casing damage Wells reaches a certain amount, which will destroyed the injection-production pattern system
and the oil well can only production in the unreasonable state. This will cause the waste of oil and gas resources
and influence on the improving economic benefit of oil well[1]. Therefore, real-time casing damage monitoring
work is very important.
At present, our current detecting casing damage methods such as supersonic imaging logging, multi-
arm caliper tool, hawk eye TV well logging, eight arm caliper logging, magnetic weight well logging, ultrasonic
casing imaging tool, downhole TV well logging technology[2-5], but all these methods still remains in the well
structure has been broken and the production process is unnormal. It is not difficult to find that this kind of
measurement method has the following disadvantages:
The interval of measurement large, so it can not guarantee for the measurement time is the best opportunity that
diagnosis and solve the problem of casing damage, and can not describe dynamic variation characteristics of
casing accurately.
Construction difficulty is big in ocean and remove areas, we can not collect data in wicked condition such as
wicked weather.
The well need to be closed when working, so it affect the normal production, and expand the unnecessary
cost. Because of these factors, the study and develop of “The undergrpund permanent senser”become the hot
spot in casing damage filed at present[6]. The undergrpund permanent senser need to provide data continuous
according to required, so we can identify problem and solve it in time . 20th, the develop of optical fiber sensor
in military an industry cause the attention of people. Compared with conventional electronic equipment, optical
fiber has the superiority. Mainly includes:
transmission signal is light, the influence of electromagnetic field is small, so it suitable for long-term on-line
monitor.after armour treatment, optical fiber sensor can work as usual underground under the condition of hight
temperature and pressure.length unit of measurement is wavelength, with nano for orders of magnitude,
precision is high.volume is small, easy of installation, technical progress fast, cost-effective. more kinds,
thereinto distributed optical fiber sensor can do continuous monitoring of spatial distribution. Because of these
advantages, optical fiber sensor becomes consummate underground permanent sensor.
II. THE BASIC PRINCIPLE OF FIBER BRAGG GRATING
The basic principle of fiber Bragg grating that interference fringe of uv laser irradiate the
photosensitivity optical in within limits, and the refractive index of fiber core occur permanent and periodic
change, so fiber Bragg grating was formed. In essence, fiber bragg grating equivalent to a narrow band filter,
when incident light that include certain spectrum range transfer to fiber Bragg grating, grating will reflect
40
2. The Application of Fiber Bragg Grating in the Real-time Casing Damage Monitoring Work
incident light that meet Bragg reflection condition and was modulated by external condition such as
temperature, pressure, stress, flow etc, according to demodulation of reflection spectrum, we can attain
information that we required, formation as shown in figure 1.
Fig. 1 Fiber Bragg grating structure diagram
Fiber Bragg grating meets the Bragg reflection condition:
B 2neff
B n
the Bragg grating reflection wavelength, eff the Effective refractive index of optical fiber core, the
period of grating[9].
As for fiber grating measured physical quantity (such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, stress, radiation
neff
intensity) changes, and change correspondingly, thereby the Fiber Bragg grating center reflection
B
wavelength B changes. In return, by detecting the change of , the change of measured physical quantity
can be inferred[8-12].
III. DISTRIBUTED OPTICAL FIBER BRAGG SENSORS
When the bushing works normally, it is damaged by various internal or external causes. for examples,
temperature changes lead to the change of soil around the pipeline, so the pipeline is deformed and even
damaged; the pipe wall is wore by the sediment of the crude oil unavoidable and corroded by other chemical
components in crude oil quickly, so that cause the damage of pipeline. Distributed optical fiber Bragg sensors
can detect the defects with small corrosion area (dozens of square centimeters) and about 50% corrosion depth.
The measurement range break the previous limitations and reach hundreds of kilometers, which can
continuously collect bushing damage data along the entire length of well completion , and then monitor all
bushing of the entire well and provides the qualitative and quantitative information of downhole damaged
bushing parameter changes. The traditional measurement tools only measure a given point parameters at any
given time. In order to test the full range parameters, point type sensor can only be achieved by back and forth
movement in the well, which impact the balance of downhole environment inevitably. Strengths of the
distributed optical fiber Bragg sensor is that the optical fiber wasn’t moved in surveyed area. This can ensure the
equilibrium state was unaffected. The optical fiber is placed in capillary tubing, so the distributed optical fiber
Bragg sensor is used for testing in the place where capillary tubing can reached. The distributed optical fiber
Bragg sensor technology can real-time monitoring the integrity of long distance pipeline in this field[13-16].
The most allowed loss of a distributed optical fiber Bragg sensor monitoring system is limited. So the
total loss of distributed optical fiber Bragg grating monitoring system must be estimated before site installation
to ensure it in the permissible range. If not, the system can’t work normally. When optical fiber is working, loss
would increase greatly with increasing distance. The adaptors, splicing and wellhead equipment docking would
generate loss. The most allowed loss of system need to be increased with using transmission fiber of low loss
and reducing the adaptors and the splicing to apply the optical fiber Bragg sensing system for best.
The installing for optical fiber real-time monitoring system on oil and gas well
41
3. The Application of Fiber Bragg Grating in the Real-time Casing Damage Monitoring Work
fig.2 The optical fiber real-time monitoring system installation schematic
1-the wellhead equipment; 2- ground instrument section;
3- sensing cable; 4- the distributed optical fiber Bragg sensor
Such as graph, this monitoring system consists of 3 sections: the underground sensing section, the wellhead
equipment and ground instrument section system[17].
Optical cable which consist of distributed optical fiber sensor, armored protection ventricular and fiber
was installed in the annular space between casing and production tubing, and then injected into well. This makes
the sensors easy to install and change. The function of the wellhead equipment is to bear the weight of all
sensing cables underground, and guarantee the smooth docking of the underground cable and aboveground
cable. It is noteworthy that the exit position must be sealed absolutely. The ground equipment system is used for
the acquisition, processing and interpretation of the data, as well as the subsequent network transmission.
IV. DATA PROCESSING
In the traditional control method, operation staffs supervise the production at operation station,
enterprise administrators can’t understand the practical running situation if they don’t pay a personal visit, let
alone implement the decision. At the end of 20th century, thanks to the rapid development of sensor, mobile
communication, computer and internet, the realization of the dynamic monitoring of casing had the technical
basis, and the industrial remote control can come true. Not only the technicians but also the managers can
understand the field condition and make decisions through computers and mobile devices. The concrete
processing is showed in Figure 3.
The environment temperature and pressure which downhole casing in, stress imposing on casing and so
on can be measured by sensor. Then these data will be collated and transmitted to database server. After
compared these data and the previous data, visualization charts of contrast result can be obtained. These charted
will be sent to web server and then published on the internet. Managers and technicians can supervise these data
anywhere through internet. At the same time, alarm procedures was set in database server, and they can sent
alarm information to the binding mobile through GPRS Modem when data anomaly [18].
Fig.3 Diagram of data processing network
Problems about fiber Bragg grating
A . high cost
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4. The Application of Fiber Bragg Grating in the Real-time Casing Damage Monitoring Work
At present,although the optical fiber Bragg grating research made a certain progress,confirmed that
optical fiber grating sensor is effective, reliable and advanced technology of sensor, but its cost especially
optical fiber grating demodulation devices cost is still high, in China widespread use conditions are not ripe,
which requires increased research efforts to develop more cost-effective practical optical fiber equipment.
B. Installation success rate need to further improve
Sensors in installation will be a lot of damage,the survival rate is low. In order to avoid direct impact
of optical fiber Bragg grating sensor about casing wall or bottom hole, design a sensor array protection room,
improve sensor encapsulation technology is necessary. Different packaging technology to improve the
performance of the sensor has played an active role.
C. The durability of the sensor
The lifetime about a well normally have for years, or even decades, as the sensor's long-term stability
and durability directly affects its service during the period of the condition monitoring. If fiber Bragg grating
used in actual production casing of monitoring, its durability must be further tested[19].
D. manufacture of sensor is difficult
Because the casing will be in the condition with high temperature and high pressure under the well in a
long time, it is difficult to make the casing adapt to this condition. The sensor will not work normally in a short
time when it contacted with the fluid under the well, so, the sensor need to be sealed by the protection
ventricular, but this skill in our country can’t satisfied with the need. The skill to make fiber grating sensor is
very skilled in a long time, but the production is very expensive and the shape of the fiber grating sensor and the
style to install it can’t adapt to the condition in our country.
V. CONCLUSIONS
With the development of the oil and gas field, the damage of the casing becomes more and more worse,
in order to prevent and manage early; we should get the accurate information of the casing in time. Distributed
optical fiber Bragg grating sensor system can carry on the dynamic monitoring; also, it can work in a high
temperature and can’t be disturbed by the electromagnetic and it can transfer much information. It attracted
more and more attention from the director. According to the high price and low success rate in installing, we
should increase the research efforts and input more manpower and material resources to develop the fiber with
low price and better performance. Now, dynamic monitoring become more and more important, distributed
optical fiber grating sensor is better than traditional sensor, it will have a wide prospect.
Fund project: the project for doctor start-up in Liao Ning Shi Hua University
Author brief introduction: Jinhui Zhang (1963-), male, master, professor, environment and bioengineering
academy in Liao Ning Shi Hua University,
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