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A trade-off design of microstrip broadband power amplifier for UHF applications IJECEIAES
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5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
A trade-off design of microstrip broadband power amplifier for UHF applications IJECEIAES
In this paper, the design of a Broadband Power Amplifier for UHF applications is presented. The proposed BPA is based on ATF13876 Agilent active device. The biasing and matching networks both are implemented by using microstrip transmission lines. The input and output matching circuits are designed by combining two broadband matching techniques: a binomial multi-section quarter wave impedance transformer and an approximate transformation of previously designed lumped elements. The proposed BPA shows excellent performances in terms of impedance matching, power gain and unconditionally stability over the operating bandwidth ranging from 1.2 GHz to 3.3 GHz. At 2.2 GHz, the large signal simulation shows a saturated output power of 18.875 dBm with an output 1-dB compression point of 6.5 dBm of input level and a maximum PAE of 36.26%.
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
A Simple Uhf Rfid Circularly-Polarized Reader Antenna DesignIJERA Editor
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(RFID) application. It is designed to achieve circular polarization with unidirectional beam. The antenna is
composed of the truncated radiation patch and ground plane. The simulation results show that the antenna
achieves the return loss of -31.92 dB, gain of 8 dBic, axial ratio (AR) of 1.8 dB and 3 dB AR beamwidth of 60
degree over the band width of 915-928 MHz.
The Approach on Influence of Biasing Circuit in Wideband Low Noise Amplifier ...IJEACS
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circuit in the ultra-wideband microwave low noise amplifier
which operates between 3GHz to 10GHz. The complete circuit is
visualized the importance of every component in the design with
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loss under unconditionally stable condition. The design and
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necessary and frequently the difficult step in the design of an
LNA is 'biasing circuit design'. The difficulty situation arises
because traditional methods LNA by using S-parameters data
files in EDA tools provides almost all linear measurements.
Hence a number of time consuming iterations of different biasing
circuits with optimization methods may be required to reach
targeted specifications with the fixed operating point at the
desired points in the load line. Considering this behavior, various
alternate biasing circuit schemes are prepared and founded the
results associated with it. Furthermore, this paper unmistakably
clarifies the impacts of the biasing circuit by utilizing
intermodulation and harmonics distortion technique for
portrayal characterization. Different cases and sorts of the
biasing circuits with various biasing focuses have been tested and given clear perspective of the biasing ideas.
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTEENA USING METAMATERIAL SUBSTRATEPrateek Kumar
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Overlaying flourishing 10 Gb/s services with additional co-propagating 10 Gb/s channels in different colors, or wavelengths, is already common practice. Network operators eager to increase capacity have begun overlaying 40 Gb/s channels onto available fiber without leasing more dark fibers as the best pragmatic approach. With the advent of 100G technology, the interest is now shifting from 40G to 100G installations.
In this paper, a novel multi-frequency microstrip antenna with complementary ring slot resonator (CRSR) structure that satisfies Bluetooth, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed. The conventional antenna consists of a circular microstrip patch at a resonance frequency band of 2.5 GHz. By loading two CRSR at the radiating element, three operating frequency bands 2.5 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5.2 GHz are achieved. The operational bands covered by the antenna are Bluetooth 2.5 GHz, WiMAX 3.6 GHz, and WLAN 5.2 GHz. The insertion of CRSR to patch antenna has made it possible to compact and simple design, and miniaturized antenna for cognitive radio. Moreover, the directivity of the proposed antenna is adequate with acceptable radiation properties and perfectly matches with the simulated and measured results.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
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1. فاللهم
إنى
التدبير أحسن ال فأنا امرى لي ودبر وكيل خير فأنت أمرى وكلتك
” Optical Advanced Hybrid
phase shift approach for
RF beamforming and 5G
wideband radar
Presented By:
YOSRA Bouchoucha
PhD student
SysCom Laboratory, National Engineering School of Tunis (ENIT) University
of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
2. Outline
I. General objective
II. Objectives and Scopes
III.General Background
IV.Specification & requirements
V. Simulations
VI.Planning & Strategy
VII.Conclusion & perspectives
2
22/07/2023
The objectives of the study • The
background • The research
questions • Methods • Results •
Conclusions and
recommendations
3. I. GENEAL OBJECTIVE
Implementation of a complete Beamforming Network
BFN based on Hybrid Integrated Beamforming
approaches for Millimeter Wave Communication for
RF beamforming and wideband radar Applications
• Requirement of 5G?
High Throughput To The Users.
Better Efficiency In Resource Allocation And Power Consumption.
More extended use of the frequency spectrum
3
22/07/2023
4. II. Objectives and Scopes
The main purpose of this comparative study paper is to discuss the state-of-the-art research on the most
advantageous types of Phased shifted antenna array techniques
• Phased-shifted antenna arrays are commonly used in radar and communication systems.
• Beam squint is a phenomenon where the direction of the beam shifts with varying frequencies, leading to
reduced performance and accuracy of the antenna array.
• Time delay techniques are used to introduce phase shifts between the elements of the antenna array, which can
mitigate beam squint.
• RF photonics is one technology that can be used to implement time delay techniques.
• A hybrid phase shift beamforming technique has been proposed, which combines True Time Delay (TTD) and
Phase Shift (PS) techniques to overcome the limitations of beam squint over wide bandwidths.
• The proposed hybrid phase shift beamforming technique is well-suited for high bit-rate 5G communications and
wideband radar applications.
• By mitigating beam squint, this technique can improve the accuracy and sensitivity of radar systems and increase
the system's bandwidth.
Overall, phased shifted antenna arrays and the hybrid phase shift beamforming technique offer a powerful approach
to improving the performance and accuracy of radar and communication systems.
22/07/2023 4
5. III.General Background
a. Concept of beamforming
Beamforming (BF) is a signal processing technique used in antenna arrays to steer the direction of
electromagnetic or acoustic waves.
The goal of BF is to focus the energy of the waves in a specific direction and minimize interference from
other directions.
BF adjusts the relative phase and amplitude of signals received or transmitted by each antenna element in
the array, allowing waves from each element to combine constructively in the desired direction while
canceling out waves from other directions.
There are two main types of BF: analog and digital.
Analog beamforming uses phase shifters and attenuators to adjust the signals in the analog domain.
Digital beamforming uses digital signal processing techniques to adjust the signals in the digital domain.
BF has applications in wireless communication, radar systems, sonar, and medical imaging.
BF allows for improved signal quality, increased range, and better interference rejection, making it an
essential technique for many modern technologies.
22/07/2023 5
6. b. Beamforming Techniques
• In general, beam-forming (BF) can be implemented following
two possible approaches: true-time delay (TTD) or phase
shift (PS).
• PS is suitable for small bandwidth but it has the main
limitation of beam squint.
If the number of array elements (NAE) is small , the effect of squint
can be tolerable.
• TTD techniques present the advantage of totally avoiding the beam
squint effect, since a real time delay is introduced between the signals
feeding the PAA elements.
22/07/2023 6
7. A. Equations OF Time-delay Beam steering
• Szolnok's paper is demonstrated that the array factor of a uniformly spaced linear array
is:
• Expression for the array Factor of an array steered with phase shifters.
• The resulting expression provides the amplitude and phase of the radiation pattern
and is dependent on the steering angle and element spacing.
7
• Expression for the array Factor of an array steered with True Time delay
• The resulting expression provides the amplitude and phase of the radiation pattern of
the array and is dependent on the steering angle, element spacing, and the true time
delays applied to each element.
8. Plot for Beamforming using the Phase shift with different frequency
8
Practical time delay circuits do not have a perfectly linear phase-frequency characteristic. When these
delay circuits are applied in a phased-array system, this frequency dependency shows up as a
frequency-dependent beam direction (“beam squinting”).
22/07/2023
9. IV. Motivations
Beam Squint (Bs) in words, means that an antenna pattern points to
θ0+Δθ at frequency f0+Δf instead of θ0, which was the pointing
direction at frequency f0.
• Reduction of the gain
• Limitation of bandwidth in phased array antenna in wideband
systems…
22/07/2023 9
10. Beam Squint Effects
Phased-array antenna systems have wide range of applications for
instance in radar, imaging ,sensors, and communication systems.
• The design of phased array systems is challenging, particularly when
we require a wide band of operation .
• A significant phenomenon that can limit bandwidth in phased array
antenna systems is beam squinting (Bs), for example the altering of
the beam direction as a function of the operating frequency.
• However, It can limit the bandwidth in phased array antenna systems
and may affect uniform linear arrays (ULA) characteristics.
• In fact, as bandwidth increases, beam squint increases too .
22/07/2023 10
11. A. Why we need an hybrid beamforming?
The solution for beam-squint is using TTD instead of PAAs because the TTD is
working with frequency-dependent constant time delay.
Large antenna arrays need TTD circuits that have a large total delay amount.
we suggest hybrid beamforming (PAAs + TTDs) architecture that will cover wide
bandwidth and large array size.
The proposed hybrid structure provides not only high resolution (resolution of
PAAs + resolution of TTD) but also a large total delay (due to analog TTD).
11
22/07/2023
12. • B. Electronic versus-optical Phase shifter
• BF can be realized following two possible approaches, namely true-time delay (TTD) or
phase shift (PS).
• Beamforming (BF) can be realized through the true-time delay (TTD) or phase shift (PS).
• Photonics-assisted BF for microwave and mm-wave signals using PICs in SOI technology.
• TTD can be electronically implemented through switched delay lines or MMICs, but they
have limitations such as limited bandwidth and operation frequency range, low power
handling, and narrow scanning angles.
• Photonics offer advantages such as immunity to electromagnetic interferences, broadband
operation, high phase accuracy, and fast response time.
• PICs are the most promising approach for practical MWP-based PS implementation due to
increased stability, minimized size and weight, and low operating power.
• An optical beamformer is a promising solution for antenna pointing accuracy, low losses,
reduced power consumption, and small size, but research is needed to control delays.
• Photonics can provide promising solutions to meet the requirements and potentially reduce
the cost of BFN elements through photonic integration.
• .
22/07/2023 12
13. V. A Comparison Between RF And Photonic Phase Shifter
• TABLE I reports the comparison between the photonic integrated OPS and classical RF phase shifters,
available on the market from different companies.
• Fundamental parameters like number of elements, BW, PS range, PS resolution, PS error, gain, maximum
power consumption, OP1, IIP3, switching time are considered [1].
• As shown in Table I, the proposed OPS exhibits better performance than the average of the RF devices,
especially in terms of PS range, error, power consumption, and switching time. The power loss, calculated
as 28 dB RF-equivalent loss, but can be possibly reduced to 20 dB, by reducing the coupling loss [1].
22/07/2023 13
Kratos 7928A Analog Devices
HMC247
RF-Lambda
RFPSHT
MiteqDSP-0618-
360-5-5.6
Photonic PS
BW 6-18 5-18 6-18 6-18 10-16
36-42
62-68
………
PS range [°] 0-360 0-400 0-360 0-360 0-475
PS resolution [°] 1.4 Continuous 5.625 5.6 Continuous
PS error[°] ±15 n/a ±15 3 <2
Max Insertion Loss [dB]
Max Power Consumption[W]
12 12 12 12 28 dB
Switching Time [ns]
Analog/Digital
5OO 20 100 20 <1
Digital
(8bit)
Analog Digital
(6 bit)
Digital
(6 bit)
Analog
14. II. Problems with current systems & The
Proposed Architecture
• For beam-forming, conventionally phase delays are implemented in the electrical domain using
digital /analong schemes.
• Electronics based beamforming have following limitations:
Time delay inaccuracy
Limited Signal bandwidth
High insertion loss
Physical size and weight, electromagnetic interference
High power consumption (DC)
High cost
Limited or no Frequency Agility
Proposed architecture
the implementation of high-performance beamforming networks in the optical domain based on
microwave photonics technology have been proposed as a powerful alternative
14
22/07/2023
15. III. Specification &Requirements
Frequency range for 5G range for EU: 24,5-27,5 GHz
The freq operation range for the antenna arrays:27 GHz
the characteristics of the antenna arrays:
Number of radiators 10*10=100 Array Element
Spacing (also imposed by freq. range)= lambda/2
Size :
The size Antenna should be minimum =lambda/4
Size of 10 Array Antenna=(10*(lambda/4)+(9*lambda/2))
Applications:
This kind of array can only work in indoor applications
Application can be user specific beam steering machine to machine,MIMO communication ,
applications for beam steering in 5G,Radar applications
22/07/2023 15
16. a. Proposed Methodology
• Block chain of Advanced Beamforming
16
Laser
Source
MZM
Splitter
𝑇𝑇𝐷 1
𝑇𝑇𝐷 2
𝑇𝑇𝐷 3
𝑇𝑇𝐷 35
PS
RF
DC
…
…
……
…
…
…
…
MIMO
Arrayed
PD
22/07/2023
1.MZM to modulate
a laser with an RF
signal
2.An hybrid beam
former is applied to
give the PS.
3.And then ,give to
antenna
4. For each antenna
we need an hybrid
beam former
Optical HBF
17. a. Proposed Methodology
• The Main idea
• The proposed system consists of a TTD and PS based phase shift.
• The TTD section provides discrete phase shift with a step size of 10⁰,
• while the one PS section can provide a phase shift of 0-10⁰.
• The TTD section contains 35 paths each with an increment of 10⁰ thus providing the maximum
phase shift of 350⁰.
• there by the complete hybrid system can provide 2pi PS.
• The TTD section and PS sections are connected in series.
22/07/2023 17
18. PROPOSED SOLUTION
• The schematic structure and the operation principle of the proposed MWP-PS are illustrated in
the block chain.
• The core element of the architecture, highlighted in the figure, comprises an optical Hybrid phase
shifter (OHPS), a Laser source (LS), Modulator(MZM), and a photodiode (PD).
• At the input of the circuit, the microwave signal to be phase-shifted, which is considered to show
a given power spectral density around the carrier frequency fRF, drives a single-sideband electro-
optic modulator (SSB-EOM) to generate a sideband centered at the optical frequency νsb, spaced
by fRF from the optical carrier at frequency νc provided by a laser source (LS).
• The hybrid approach benefits from the best of both worlds i.e. TTD and PS-based systems.
• The operation of the scheme of the MWP-HPS relies on an optical domain.
22/07/2023 18
19. Expected Results
• As mentioned earlier, the TTD and PS based beamforming systems have their limitations namely large size, higher cost,
beam squint and limited bandwidth tunability. For the mmWave communication, a hybrid approach is proposed here.
• As we know from previous section, TTD approach provides a frequency dependent phase shift with no beam squint. On the
other hand, the minimum resolution of phase shift is dependent linearly on number of paths/waveguides. For obtaining a
phase resolution of 1⁰, 360 paths are required.
• This approach is costly as it requires a larger area on the Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC).
• Phase shift based approach implemented using ring resonators and PN junctions, can provide a higher degree of phase
resolution but as the phase shift is independent of wavelength, it creates beam squint for large bandwidth signals (as required
by 5G).
• Thus, we propose a hybrid approach which benefits from TTD as well as PS.
• The proposed system consists of a TTD and PS based phase shift. The TTD section provides discrete phase shift with a step
size of 10⁰, while the one PS section can provide a phase shift of 0-10⁰.
• The TTD section contains 35 paths each with an increment of 10⁰ thus providing the maximum phase shift of 350⁰.
• The PS section will provide the maximum phase shift of 10⁰ and there by the complete hybrid system can provide 2pi phase
shift.
• The TTD section and PS sections are connected in series. The required phase shift is divided into two parts i.e. 1) Decimal
part and 2) Integer part. The decimal part is the value of phase shift which is divisible by 10.
22/07/2023 19
20. VII. Conclusion &Perspectives
• In order to get a system with Maximum of resolution(360°) minimal
beam squint , larger bandwidth and smaller foot print as compared to
TTD .
• we proposed an Integrated hybrid beamforming system to profit from
the advantages of two worlds :
1. TTD based on Optical Ring Resonator ORR for large steps.
2. Ps based on PN junction for small steps .
20
22/07/2023
22. REFERENCES
[1] J. Capmany and D. Novak, “Microwave photonics combines two worlds,” Nature Photonics, vol. 1, pp. 319–330, 2007.
[2] R. Esman, M. Monsma, J. Dexter, and D. Cooper, “Microwave true timedelay modulator using fibre-optic dispersion,” Electronics Letters, vol. 28, pp. 1905 –1908, sept. 1992.
[3] N. A. Riza and S. Sumriddetchkajorn, “Micromechanics-based wavelength-sensitive photonic beam control architectures and applications,” Appl. Opt., vol. 39, pp. 919–932, Feb 2000.
[4] Q. Chang, Q. Li, Z. Zhang, M. Qiu, T. Ye, and Y. Su, “A tunable broadband photonic RF phase shifter based on a silicon microring resonator,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 60–
62,
[5] M. A. Foster, J. S. Levy, O. Kuzucu, K. Saha, M. Lipson, and A. L. Gaeta, “Silicon-based monolithic optical frequency comb source,” Opt. Express, vol. 19, pp. 14233–14239, Jul 2011.
[6] A. Osseiran, J.F. Monserrat, and P. Marsch, “5G Mobile and Wireless Communications Technology”, Cambridge University Press, June 2016, ISBN: 9781107130098.
[7] L. Zhuang, C.G.H. Roeloffzen, A. Mei
jerink, M. Burla, D.A.I. Marpaung, A. Leinse, M. Hoekman, R.G. Heideman, and W. van Etten, “Novel ring resonator-based integrated photonic beamformer for broadband phased array receive antennas-Part
II: Experimental prototype”, J. Lightwave Technol., 28 (1), 2010, pp. 19-31.
[8] D.B. Adams, and C.K. Madsen, “A Novel Broadband Photonic RF Phase Shifter”, J. Lightwave Technol., 26 (15), 2008, pp. 2712-2717.
[9] M. Longbrake, “True time-delay beamsteering for radar”, NAECON 2012, 25-27 July 2012.
B. Vidal, M.A. Piqueras, and J. Martí, “Multibeam photonic beam-former based on optical filters”, Electron. Lett., vol. 42, no. 17, pp. 980-981, Aug. 2006
[10] L. Yaron, R. Rotman, Sh. Zach, and M. Tur, “Photonic beamformer receiver with multiple beam capabilities”, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 22 (23), 2010, pp. 1723-1725.
[11] P. Ghelfi, F. Laghezza, F. Scotti, G. Serafino, S. Pinna, and A. Bogoni, “Photonic generation and independent steering of multiple RF signals for software defined radars”, Opt. Expr., 21 (19), 2013, pp.
22905-22910.
[12] F. Falconi, C. Porzi, S. Pinna, V. Sorianello, G. Serafino, M. Puleri, A. D’Errico, M. Romagnoli, A. Bogoni, and P. Ghelfi, "Fast and Linear Photonic Integrated Microwave Phase-Shifter for 5G Beam-
Steering Applications," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2018), paper M2G.4.
[13] G. Serafino, C. Porzi, M. Sans, F. Falconi, S. Pinna, V. Sorianello, J. Mitchell, M. Romagnoli, A. Bogoni, and P. Ghelfi, "Fast and Broadband SOI Photonic Integrated Microwave Phase Shifter," in
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22
Editor's Notes
Gd morning my professor and all the member of jury, i d like today to present u my topic titled:bf techniques & interference mitigation for massive MIMO systems presented by myself:yb
The main parts of my presentation are as following My presentation will be composed by 7 parts
Firs/then /third /after that /following by and we finish with Conclusions and prespectives
MY RESEARCH PURPUSE /GOAL /OBJECTIVE IS TGE THESE REQUIREMENT ARE INCLUDING
We need to fufill these requirements including:high +better and more use of freq spectrum
The main purpose of this comparative study paper is to discuss the state-of-the-art research on the most advantageous types of Phased shifted antenna array techniques
This paper presents an introduction to the basics of the Array Factor and addresses the problem of beam squint over wide bandwidths.
Beam squint occurs when the direction of the beam changes with varying frequencies, leading to reduced performance of the antenna array.
We discuss this problem and its negative impact on Phased Shifted Antenna Arrays.
Available technologies to implement time delay are discussed including RF photonics(definition RF field or domain).
To overcome the limitations of beam squint over wide bandwidths, we have suggested an optimal Hybrid Phase shift beamforming technique that can provide the highest performance
A comparison with commercial RF devices shows that the photonics-assisted beamforming network is well-suited for high bit-rate 5G communications and wideband radar applications.
A hybrid structure of optical phase shifter is proposed which is based on the combination of True Time Delay (TTD) and Phase Shift (PS) techniques.
An optimal Hybrid Phase shift beamforming technique is discussed
But
Unlike to TTD
The array factor describes the overall radiation pattern of an antenna array.
It considers the individual radiation patterns of each element, spacing between the elements, and phase shift applied to each element.
To derive the array factor for a phased array antenna, we apply complex weights to each element based on the desired beam direction and spacing between elements.
The resulting expression provides the amplitude and phase of the radiation pattern and is dependent on the steering angle and element spacing.
The array factor is a valuable tool for designing and analyzing phased array antennas as it allows us to optimize the performance of the array and steer the beam in a desired direction
As shown in the figure, the shift in fre
quence in desired direction theta,this shift/effect have many limitations as/like
This effect have significant limitations like/including /such as
Since /as the solution
Beamforming (BF) can be realized through the true-time delay (TTD) or phase shift (PS).
Photonics-assisted BF for microwave and mm-wave signals using PICs in SOI technology.
TTD can be electronically implemented through switched delay lines or MMICs, but they have limitations such as limited bandwidth and operation frequency range, low power handling, and narrow scanning angles.
Photonics offers advantages such as immunity to electromagnetic interferences, broadband operation, high phase accuracy, and fast response time.
PICs are the most promising approach for practical MWP-based PS implementation due to increased stability, minimized size and weight, and low operating power.
An optical beamformer is a promising solution for antenna pointing accuracy, low losses, reduced power consumption, and small size, but research is needed to control delays.
Photonics can provide promising solutions to meet the requirements and potentially reduce the cost of BFN elements through photonic integration.
we introduce some state-of-the-art, off-the-shelf commercial devices.
As shown in Table I, the proposed OPS exhibits better performance than the average of the RF devices, especially in terms of PS range, error, power consumption, and switching time. The
The five reported RF phase shifters work in the range 5–18 or 18–40 GHz i.e. the possibility of having the same performance at any RF frequency.
Some RF phase shifters, on the other hand, even change their specifications in different portions of the operating band. The switching time is a very important parameter, in communications as well as in remote sensing.
As reported in the table, the OPS switching time is much lower than the RF counterparts [1].
power loss, calculated as 28 dB RF-equivalent loss, but can be possibility reduced to 20 dB, by reducing the coupling loss [1].
The five reported RF phase shifters work in the range 5–18 or 18–40 GHz i.e. the possibility of having the same performance at any RF frequency.
Some RF phase shifters, on the other hand, even change their specifications in different portions of the operating band.
The switching time is a very important parameter, in communications as well as in remote sensing. As reported in the table, the OPS switching time is much lower than the RF counterparts
I d like now to turn on to problems with curents systems
However, they exhibit/cause /provoke severals disadvantages
Including:significant /important power consumption and phase errors
This leads me to my next point:
however these electronic solutions start having significant limitations in terms of:
In order to overcome this problem,
The proposed architecture based on ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
In order realize the photonic hybrid beamforming (HB ),specification paramater need to be defined in advance,
This figure explains /shows /illustrates shows/illustrate the block chain of Advanced Bfg which contains LS+Mzm to modulate a laser with an Rf signal then splitter and HYBRID BFORMER IN OPTICAL DOMAIN THEN CONVERTED BACK TO RF WITH ARRAYED pd and give to antenna
This doctoral research proposal involves the architecture employment of an optical beamformer will be investigated.