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The document discusses tensile properties of long jute fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. It begins with an abstract that states the objective is to test tensile properties of composites made from chemically treated long jute fibers reinforced in polypropylene at different weight ratios. The results showed tensile strength and modulus increased for treated fiber composites compared to plain polypropylene, with up to a 28.4% increase for 15% NaOH treated fibers at 10% weight ratio. The introduction provides background on composites and defines them. It also describes the phases in a composite including polypropylene matrix and jute fiber reinforcement. Experimental details on materials and fiber extraction are then presented.
Wood and Bamboo Fiber Combination in the Production of Poly Lactic Acid (PLA)...IOSR Journals
- The study produced bio-composite materials from a combination of poly lactic acid (PLA) and cellulose fibers extracted from Meranti wood and Betung bamboo.
- Flexural and tensile strength tests found that bio-composites made from Betung bamboo performed better than those made from Meranti wood. The highest flexural strength and elastic modulus were found in bio-composites containing 20% Betung bamboo fiber.
- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the cellulose fibers extracted from both woods contained the expected functional groups such as OH, CH, C=O, and CH3, indicating the successful extraction of cellulose.
A variety of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) arylether monomers and polymers with enchained triarylamineunits were successfully synthesized, characterized andreported here. These polymers are highly thermally stableand show variable thermal properties. Successful conver-sion of the newly synthesized TAA enchained perfluoro-cyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers via formylationand EAS demonstrates the synthetic versatility of TAAmoiety and provides an excellent option for applicationspecific post polymerization reactions. The cross-linkingbehavior of PFCP aryl ether polymers was studied underdifferent reaction conditions. The combination of pro-cessability, thermal stabilities, and tailorability makes thesepolymers suitable for a wide variety of applicationsincluding electro-optics, proton exchange membranes andsuper-hydrophobic applications.
Carbon fiber is an important material used to make lightweight and strong composite materials. It has high strength and stiffness but is also very lightweight. Carbon fiber composites are used in applications like aerospace structures, wind turbines, sports equipment, and transportation. The manufacturing process of carbon fiber involves spinning a precursor material like polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or pitch into fibers, then stabilizing and carbonizing the fibers at high temperatures to form carbon crystals within tightly bonded atomic structures. The carbon fibers are also treated and coated to improve adhesion with matrix resins and handleability. The resulting carbon fiber composites have advantages like high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and design flexibility.
This document summarizes a study on developing supertough poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends through reactive melt blending of PLA, ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (EMA-GMA) terpolymer, and a series of renewable poly(ether-b-amide) elastomeric copolymer (PEBA). Ternary blends of PLA/EMA-GMA/PEBA were fabricated and their phase morphology, thermal behavior, and mechanical properties were investigated. An optimized blending ratio of 70 wt% PLA, 20 wt% EMA-GMA, and 10 wt% PEBA achieved an impact strength of ~500 J/m
This document discusses an experimental study that assessed pine needles as a reinforcing material in polymer composites. Urea-formaldehyde resin was synthesized and optimized as the polymer matrix. Pine needles were used as particle, short fiber, and long fiber reinforcements in the composites. Mechanical testing showed that the tensile strength, compressive strength, and wear resistance of the resin increased significantly when reinforced with pine needles, with particle reinforcement being most effective. Thermal and morphological characterization of the composites was also conducted. The results suggest pine needles have potential for use in natural fiber reinforced polymer composites.
APPLICATION OF LAYERED AND NON-LAYERED NANO/MICRO PARTICLES IN POLYMER MODIFI...Arjun K Gopi
This document discusses the application of layered and non-layered nanoparticles in polymer modification. It describes how grafting polymers onto nanoparticle surfaces via irradiation can improve dispersion in polymers and enhance mechanical properties even at low filler loading. Methods for preparing polypropylene and epoxy nanocomposites are outlined. FTIR analysis shows grafted polymers chemically bond to nanoparticle surfaces. Tensile tests show grafted silica nanoparticles simultaneously increase modulus, strength and elongation of polypropylene. Layered nanoparticles also improve various thermal, barrier and mechanical properties when incorporated into polymers.
A variety of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers and polymers with enchained triarylamine units were successfully synthesized, characterized and reported here. These polymers are highly thermally stable and show variable thermal properties. Successful conver- sion of the newly synthesized TAA enchained perfluoro- cyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers via formylation and EAS demonstrates the synthetic versatility of TAA moiety and provides an excellent option for application specific post polymerization reactions. The cross-linking behavior of PFCP aryl ether polymers was studied under different reaction conditions. The combination of pro- cessability, thermal stabilities, and tailorability makes these polymers suitable for a wide variety of applications including electro-optics, proton exchange membranes and super-hydrophobic applications.
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF POLY PROPYLENE- CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOSI...IAEME Publication
Polypropylene (PP) was used as matrix reinforced wi th calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) as filler in varying weight fractions to form composites by injection moulding in order to determine the effects of polymer melt flow rate, filler size, and filler content on mechanical properties. The res ults revealed that the composites of PP with higher melt flow rate provided greater values of tensile properties. it was found that tensile properties in creased as a function of increasing CaCO 3 content. In contrast the impact properties decreased as a function of increasing CaCO 3 content. Although, it was found that the addition of CaCO3 has a positive effect.
Wood and Bamboo Fiber Combination in the Production of Poly Lactic Acid (PLA)...IOSR Journals
- The study produced bio-composite materials from a combination of poly lactic acid (PLA) and cellulose fibers extracted from Meranti wood and Betung bamboo.
- Flexural and tensile strength tests found that bio-composites made from Betung bamboo performed better than those made from Meranti wood. The highest flexural strength and elastic modulus were found in bio-composites containing 20% Betung bamboo fiber.
- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the cellulose fibers extracted from both woods contained the expected functional groups such as OH, CH, C=O, and CH3, indicating the successful extraction of cellulose.
A variety of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) arylether monomers and polymers with enchained triarylamineunits were successfully synthesized, characterized andreported here. These polymers are highly thermally stableand show variable thermal properties. Successful conver-sion of the newly synthesized TAA enchained perfluoro-cyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers via formylationand EAS demonstrates the synthetic versatility of TAAmoiety and provides an excellent option for applicationspecific post polymerization reactions. The cross-linkingbehavior of PFCP aryl ether polymers was studied underdifferent reaction conditions. The combination of pro-cessability, thermal stabilities, and tailorability makes thesepolymers suitable for a wide variety of applicationsincluding electro-optics, proton exchange membranes andsuper-hydrophobic applications.
Carbon fiber is an important material used to make lightweight and strong composite materials. It has high strength and stiffness but is also very lightweight. Carbon fiber composites are used in applications like aerospace structures, wind turbines, sports equipment, and transportation. The manufacturing process of carbon fiber involves spinning a precursor material like polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or pitch into fibers, then stabilizing and carbonizing the fibers at high temperatures to form carbon crystals within tightly bonded atomic structures. The carbon fibers are also treated and coated to improve adhesion with matrix resins and handleability. The resulting carbon fiber composites have advantages like high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and design flexibility.
This document summarizes a study on developing supertough poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends through reactive melt blending of PLA, ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (EMA-GMA) terpolymer, and a series of renewable poly(ether-b-amide) elastomeric copolymer (PEBA). Ternary blends of PLA/EMA-GMA/PEBA were fabricated and their phase morphology, thermal behavior, and mechanical properties were investigated. An optimized blending ratio of 70 wt% PLA, 20 wt% EMA-GMA, and 10 wt% PEBA achieved an impact strength of ~500 J/m
This document discusses an experimental study that assessed pine needles as a reinforcing material in polymer composites. Urea-formaldehyde resin was synthesized and optimized as the polymer matrix. Pine needles were used as particle, short fiber, and long fiber reinforcements in the composites. Mechanical testing showed that the tensile strength, compressive strength, and wear resistance of the resin increased significantly when reinforced with pine needles, with particle reinforcement being most effective. Thermal and morphological characterization of the composites was also conducted. The results suggest pine needles have potential for use in natural fiber reinforced polymer composites.
APPLICATION OF LAYERED AND NON-LAYERED NANO/MICRO PARTICLES IN POLYMER MODIFI...Arjun K Gopi
This document discusses the application of layered and non-layered nanoparticles in polymer modification. It describes how grafting polymers onto nanoparticle surfaces via irradiation can improve dispersion in polymers and enhance mechanical properties even at low filler loading. Methods for preparing polypropylene and epoxy nanocomposites are outlined. FTIR analysis shows grafted polymers chemically bond to nanoparticle surfaces. Tensile tests show grafted silica nanoparticles simultaneously increase modulus, strength and elongation of polypropylene. Layered nanoparticles also improve various thermal, barrier and mechanical properties when incorporated into polymers.
A variety of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers and polymers with enchained triarylamine units were successfully synthesized, characterized and reported here. These polymers are highly thermally stable and show variable thermal properties. Successful conver- sion of the newly synthesized TAA enchained perfluoro- cyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers via formylation and EAS demonstrates the synthetic versatility of TAA moiety and provides an excellent option for application specific post polymerization reactions. The cross-linking behavior of PFCP aryl ether polymers was studied under different reaction conditions. The combination of pro- cessability, thermal stabilities, and tailorability makes these polymers suitable for a wide variety of applications including electro-optics, proton exchange membranes and super-hydrophobic applications.
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF POLY PROPYLENE- CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOSI...IAEME Publication
Polypropylene (PP) was used as matrix reinforced wi th calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) as filler in varying weight fractions to form composites by injection moulding in order to determine the effects of polymer melt flow rate, filler size, and filler content on mechanical properties. The res ults revealed that the composites of PP with higher melt flow rate provided greater values of tensile properties. it was found that tensile properties in creased as a function of increasing CaCO 3 content. In contrast the impact properties decreased as a function of increasing CaCO 3 content. Although, it was found that the addition of CaCO3 has a positive effect.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A designed surface modification to disperse silica powder into polyurethaneTrang Le
This document describes a method for modifying silica powder nanoparticles through surface grafting of polyurethane (PU) oligomers or short chains to improve dispersion in PU matrices. Silica particles were first modified with 3-isocyanatepropyltriethoxysilane to introduce isocyanate groups on the surface. Further surface-initiated condensation reactions were carried out in steps using diols, triols and diisocyanates to graft PU oligomers of varying lengths. Characterization techniques confirmed grafting and showed the surface density of initial isocyanate groups could be controlled. Hybrid films with modified silica particles dispersed in PU matrices showed improved optical, thermal and mechanical properties compared to films with unmodified particles
Rheological and optical characterization of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) - Poly...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes research on synthesizing polylactide/clay nanocomposites by in situ polymerization of D,L-lactide monomer in supercritical carbon dioxide. Polylactide chains were grafted onto clay surfaces, leading to exfoliated nanocomposite morphologies. High clay content "masterbatches" of 30-50% clay were produced and used to create commercial polylactide nanocomposites with 3% clay by melt blending. The resulting nanocomposites showed improved stiffness, toughness, and impact resistance compared to pure polylactide.
IRJET- Mechanical Behavior and Analysis of Okra and Pineapple Reinforced Comp...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on the mechanical behavior and analysis of composites made from okra and pineapple fibers reinforced with epoxy resin. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of determining the mechanical properties of these natural fiber composites. It then provides background on composites and classifications. The literature review covers previous research on using natural fibers like jute as reinforcements in composites. The document discusses the materials and methods used, including extracting the okra and pineapple fibers and manufacturing composite test samples. It reviews testing of properties like tensile strength, flexural strength, and density. The goal is to understand the mechanical properties of these natural fiber reinforced polymer composites.
The document discusses various methods for mixing ingredients into rubber products, including latex stage mixing and melt mixing. Latex stage mixing offers advantages over traditional mixing methods by being simpler, using less energy, and avoiding health and environmental issues. The document also discusses factors that influence the dispersion of clays when mixing into rubber latex and provides examples of using different mixing methods to incorporate materials like carbon nanotubes and clays into polymer matrices.
This document summarizes research on characterizing and treating pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) to produce thermoplastic composites for construction applications. Key points:
- PALF was characterized and found to contain high amounts of cellulose, making it a potential reinforcement fibre.
- PALF was treated chemically before mixing with polypropylene and molding into composite sheets.
- Testing of mechanical properties found that treated PALF composites had increased flexural strength and modulus with higher fibre content. Impact strength also increased with more fibre.
- The optimum fibre content for best performance was determined to be 30% by weight based on mechanical testing and SEM analysis, which showed good adhesion
Degradation of poly-L-lactide. Part 1, IMechE, 2004Dr Neill Weir
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the in vitro and in vivo degradation of poly-L-lactide (PLLA) over time. PLLA samples were processed into rods and tensile specimens, sterilized, and degraded in both physiological buffer solution and implanted subcutaneously in rats. Properties like molecular weight, crystallinity, mechanical strength, and thermal properties were evaluated at various time points. The results showed degradation proceeded at the same rate in both environments, suggesting enzymes did not accelerate degradation in vivo. Additionally, the lack of inflammatory response indicated good biocompatibility of PLLA over the 44-week study period before mass loss was observed.
DISPERSION NUCLEATING--EFFECTS OF POLYMER NANOCOPMPOSITESArjun K Gopi
The document discusses the effect of nanoparticle dispersion and loading on the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. It finds that dispersing montmorillonite clay nanoparticles into vinyl ester resin using shear mixing and sonication improved the composite's compressive strength and modulus at 5% nanoparticle loading, but mechanical properties decreased with loadings over 5wt%. Similarly, epoxy composites containing up to 14% silica nanoparticles produced by sol-gel had improved modulus, microhardness and fracture toughness. The size and specific surface area of nanoparticles makes their dispersion more difficult compared to larger particles. Nucleating agents can increase crystallization rates of polymers by providing surfaces for crystal growth. Clay may have high nucleating effects
This study evaluated the effect of different curing light sources and chemical catalysts on the degree of conversion of two dual-cured resin luting cements, RelyX ARC and Panavia F. Specimens were light cured using an argon ion laser, LED, or halogen light through a composite disk. The degree of conversion was measured using FTIR. For RelyX ARC, satisfactory curing was achieved with any light source with or without chemical catalyst. For Panavia F, the highest degree of conversion was achieved when used with ED Primer and cured with halogen light. The type of curing light and use of chemical catalyst influenced the degree of conversion of the resin luting cements
This document summarizes research into developing more sustainable waterborne polyurethane coatings using bio-based materials. It discusses two main strategies - hard segment functionalization and soft segment functionalization. Hard segment functionalization involves incorporating ionic groups directly into the polymer backbone during synthesis. Recent work used dimethylolpropionic acid for this. Soft segment functionalization grafts ionic groups onto bio-based polyols, such as grafting mercaptopropionic acid onto a vegetable oil-based polyol using UV-mediated thiol-ene reactions, making the polyol more hydrophilic and dispersible in water. The functionalized polyol can then be used to synthesize waterborne polyurethanes. The
IRJET- Strength Properties of Fly Ash, GGBS, M-Sand Based Polypropylene Fiber...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the strength properties of geopolymer concrete containing fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), manufactured sand, and polypropylene fibers. Cubes, cylinders, and prisms were cast with different fiber volume fractions (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%) and tested for compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength at ages of 3, 7, and 28 days. The inclusion of fibers slightly reduced workability and density but increased the compressive strength by up to 15% and split tensile and flexural strengths by up to 12%. The study shows that polypropylene fibers can improve the mechanical properties of geopolymer
The document provides an analysis of the effect of different pretreatment methods in combination with organosolv delignification on the enzymatic hydrolysability of three feedstocks. It examines the composition of untreated biomass, the impact of different pretreatments on composition, and lignin characterization. The goal is to compare delignification ability, enzymatic hydrolysability, and establish correlations between lignin structure and delignification potential for different feedstocks and pretreatment combinations.
This presentation is prepared in view of engineering chemistry syllabus. It is useful for Engineering, Sciences and their research to understand basics of chemistry.
Effect of alkali treatment on vibration characteristics and mechanical proper...Libo Yan
In this article, three bio-composites, i.e. flax, linen and bamboo fabric reinforced epoxy resin, were manufactured using a
vacuum bagging technique. The influence of alkali treatment (with 5 wt% NaOH solution for 30 min) on tensile properties
of flax, linen and bamboo single-strand yarns, surface morphology and mechanical properties (with respect to tensile and
flexural properties) of the composites were investigated. It was found that the failure mechanism of single-strand fibres
under tension consists of fibre breakage and slippage simultaneously. The alkali treatment had a negative effect on the
tensile strength and modulus of the flax, linen and bamboo single-strand yarns. However, after the treatment, the tensile
and flexural properties of all the composites increased, e.g. the tensile and flexural strength of the treated flax/epoxy
composite increased 21.9% and 16.1%, compared to the untreated one. After the treatment in all the composites, the
tensile fractured surfaces exhibited an improvement of fibre/epoxy interfacial adhesion.
Fabrication of composite materials by using short pineapple leaf fiber PALF :...ijiert bestjournal
Composite materials (also called composition materials or shorte ned to composites) are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physi cal or chemical properties,that when combined,produce a material with characteristics different from the i ndividual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons:common examples include materials which are stronger,lighter or less expensive when compared to traditional materials. In the last decades,the use of natural fibers as r einforcement in polymeric composites for technical application has been a research subject of scientist. Interest in natural fibers has increased worldwide due to their low cost,low density,hardness,higher fatigue endurance,good thermal and mechanical resistivity and to their environmental friendliness. The Asian markets have been using natural fibers for many years e.g.,jute is a common reinforcement in India. Natural fibers are increasingly used in automotive and packaging materials. India is an agricultural country and it is the main stay of Indian economy. Thousa nds of tons of different crops are produced but most of their wastes do not have any useful utilization. Agric ultural wastes include wheat husk,rice husk,and their straw,hemp fiber and shells of various dry fruits. These ag ricultural wastes can be used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for commercial use.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Retrofitted RC- BeamsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on retrofitting reinforced concrete beams using basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars and sheets. The study tested RC beams under four-point loading at various pre-loading conditions after being retrofitted with BFRP. Retrofitting with BFRP bars using near-surface mounting and BFRP sheet wrapping increased the ultimate load capacity of pre-cracked beams by over 25% and combinations of the two methods increased capacity by over 50%. While BFRP bars did not show debonding, the sheets debonded from the concrete under ultimate loads. The study concluded retrofitting provided significant improvements to flexural capacity and that higher pre-loading conditions yielded better results.
The document proposes a fast handoff scheme for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks using virtual access points. It aims to reduce handoff latency, which is primarily caused by the probe delay during scanning for new access points. The scheme uses selective scanning to identify neighboring access points with strong signals. It performs pre-registration of the mobile host with neighboring access points to transfer security contexts in advance. A virtual access point handles communication between the mobile host and registered access points to enable fast switching during handoff. Buffering at the virtual access point allows seamless data transfer when the connection changes between access points.
The document analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the mobile WiMAX physical layer under different communication channels and modulation techniques. It simulates BER and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models, which model six different channel conditions for varying terrain types. The performance is evaluated for different data rates and modulation schemes like BPSK and OFDMA under the SUI channel models.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a content-based hybrid DWT-DCT watermarking technique for image authentication in color images. The technique embeds statistical features extracted from the host image as the watermark. Four different statistical features are used to generate the watermark - the Frobenius norm, mean, standard deviation, and combined mean and standard deviation of the host image blocks. The watermark is then embedded into the host image by applying both DWT and DCT transforms. During extraction, the same process is applied to extract the watermark for authentication. Experimental results show the technique is robust against various attacks like compression, noise, and filters.
This document summarizes research into optimizing process parameters for Eli-Twist yarn production. Eli-Twist yarn is produced using Suessen Elite compact spinning technology and has advantages over traditional two-ply yarns. The distance between roving strands and negative pressure applied in the suction zone can substantially impact yarn quality. Ten trials were conducted varying these two parameters. The effects on yarn fineness, strength, elongation, imperfections and hairiness were evaluated. A process capability index (Cpk) was used to assess yarn quality. The goal was to optimize the parameters to improve Eli-Twist yarn quality.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A designed surface modification to disperse silica powder into polyurethaneTrang Le
This document describes a method for modifying silica powder nanoparticles through surface grafting of polyurethane (PU) oligomers or short chains to improve dispersion in PU matrices. Silica particles were first modified with 3-isocyanatepropyltriethoxysilane to introduce isocyanate groups on the surface. Further surface-initiated condensation reactions were carried out in steps using diols, triols and diisocyanates to graft PU oligomers of varying lengths. Characterization techniques confirmed grafting and showed the surface density of initial isocyanate groups could be controlled. Hybrid films with modified silica particles dispersed in PU matrices showed improved optical, thermal and mechanical properties compared to films with unmodified particles
Rheological and optical characterization of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) - Poly...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes research on synthesizing polylactide/clay nanocomposites by in situ polymerization of D,L-lactide monomer in supercritical carbon dioxide. Polylactide chains were grafted onto clay surfaces, leading to exfoliated nanocomposite morphologies. High clay content "masterbatches" of 30-50% clay were produced and used to create commercial polylactide nanocomposites with 3% clay by melt blending. The resulting nanocomposites showed improved stiffness, toughness, and impact resistance compared to pure polylactide.
IRJET- Mechanical Behavior and Analysis of Okra and Pineapple Reinforced Comp...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on the mechanical behavior and analysis of composites made from okra and pineapple fibers reinforced with epoxy resin. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of determining the mechanical properties of these natural fiber composites. It then provides background on composites and classifications. The literature review covers previous research on using natural fibers like jute as reinforcements in composites. The document discusses the materials and methods used, including extracting the okra and pineapple fibers and manufacturing composite test samples. It reviews testing of properties like tensile strength, flexural strength, and density. The goal is to understand the mechanical properties of these natural fiber reinforced polymer composites.
The document discusses various methods for mixing ingredients into rubber products, including latex stage mixing and melt mixing. Latex stage mixing offers advantages over traditional mixing methods by being simpler, using less energy, and avoiding health and environmental issues. The document also discusses factors that influence the dispersion of clays when mixing into rubber latex and provides examples of using different mixing methods to incorporate materials like carbon nanotubes and clays into polymer matrices.
This document summarizes research on characterizing and treating pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) to produce thermoplastic composites for construction applications. Key points:
- PALF was characterized and found to contain high amounts of cellulose, making it a potential reinforcement fibre.
- PALF was treated chemically before mixing with polypropylene and molding into composite sheets.
- Testing of mechanical properties found that treated PALF composites had increased flexural strength and modulus with higher fibre content. Impact strength also increased with more fibre.
- The optimum fibre content for best performance was determined to be 30% by weight based on mechanical testing and SEM analysis, which showed good adhesion
Degradation of poly-L-lactide. Part 1, IMechE, 2004Dr Neill Weir
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the in vitro and in vivo degradation of poly-L-lactide (PLLA) over time. PLLA samples were processed into rods and tensile specimens, sterilized, and degraded in both physiological buffer solution and implanted subcutaneously in rats. Properties like molecular weight, crystallinity, mechanical strength, and thermal properties were evaluated at various time points. The results showed degradation proceeded at the same rate in both environments, suggesting enzymes did not accelerate degradation in vivo. Additionally, the lack of inflammatory response indicated good biocompatibility of PLLA over the 44-week study period before mass loss was observed.
DISPERSION NUCLEATING--EFFECTS OF POLYMER NANOCOPMPOSITESArjun K Gopi
The document discusses the effect of nanoparticle dispersion and loading on the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites. It finds that dispersing montmorillonite clay nanoparticles into vinyl ester resin using shear mixing and sonication improved the composite's compressive strength and modulus at 5% nanoparticle loading, but mechanical properties decreased with loadings over 5wt%. Similarly, epoxy composites containing up to 14% silica nanoparticles produced by sol-gel had improved modulus, microhardness and fracture toughness. The size and specific surface area of nanoparticles makes their dispersion more difficult compared to larger particles. Nucleating agents can increase crystallization rates of polymers by providing surfaces for crystal growth. Clay may have high nucleating effects
This study evaluated the effect of different curing light sources and chemical catalysts on the degree of conversion of two dual-cured resin luting cements, RelyX ARC and Panavia F. Specimens were light cured using an argon ion laser, LED, or halogen light through a composite disk. The degree of conversion was measured using FTIR. For RelyX ARC, satisfactory curing was achieved with any light source with or without chemical catalyst. For Panavia F, the highest degree of conversion was achieved when used with ED Primer and cured with halogen light. The type of curing light and use of chemical catalyst influenced the degree of conversion of the resin luting cements
This document summarizes research into developing more sustainable waterborne polyurethane coatings using bio-based materials. It discusses two main strategies - hard segment functionalization and soft segment functionalization. Hard segment functionalization involves incorporating ionic groups directly into the polymer backbone during synthesis. Recent work used dimethylolpropionic acid for this. Soft segment functionalization grafts ionic groups onto bio-based polyols, such as grafting mercaptopropionic acid onto a vegetable oil-based polyol using UV-mediated thiol-ene reactions, making the polyol more hydrophilic and dispersible in water. The functionalized polyol can then be used to synthesize waterborne polyurethanes. The
IRJET- Strength Properties of Fly Ash, GGBS, M-Sand Based Polypropylene Fiber...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the strength properties of geopolymer concrete containing fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), manufactured sand, and polypropylene fibers. Cubes, cylinders, and prisms were cast with different fiber volume fractions (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%) and tested for compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength at ages of 3, 7, and 28 days. The inclusion of fibers slightly reduced workability and density but increased the compressive strength by up to 15% and split tensile and flexural strengths by up to 12%. The study shows that polypropylene fibers can improve the mechanical properties of geopolymer
The document provides an analysis of the effect of different pretreatment methods in combination with organosolv delignification on the enzymatic hydrolysability of three feedstocks. It examines the composition of untreated biomass, the impact of different pretreatments on composition, and lignin characterization. The goal is to compare delignification ability, enzymatic hydrolysability, and establish correlations between lignin structure and delignification potential for different feedstocks and pretreatment combinations.
This presentation is prepared in view of engineering chemistry syllabus. It is useful for Engineering, Sciences and their research to understand basics of chemistry.
Effect of alkali treatment on vibration characteristics and mechanical proper...Libo Yan
In this article, three bio-composites, i.e. flax, linen and bamboo fabric reinforced epoxy resin, were manufactured using a
vacuum bagging technique. The influence of alkali treatment (with 5 wt% NaOH solution for 30 min) on tensile properties
of flax, linen and bamboo single-strand yarns, surface morphology and mechanical properties (with respect to tensile and
flexural properties) of the composites were investigated. It was found that the failure mechanism of single-strand fibres
under tension consists of fibre breakage and slippage simultaneously. The alkali treatment had a negative effect on the
tensile strength and modulus of the flax, linen and bamboo single-strand yarns. However, after the treatment, the tensile
and flexural properties of all the composites increased, e.g. the tensile and flexural strength of the treated flax/epoxy
composite increased 21.9% and 16.1%, compared to the untreated one. After the treatment in all the composites, the
tensile fractured surfaces exhibited an improvement of fibre/epoxy interfacial adhesion.
Fabrication of composite materials by using short pineapple leaf fiber PALF :...ijiert bestjournal
Composite materials (also called composition materials or shorte ned to composites) are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physi cal or chemical properties,that when combined,produce a material with characteristics different from the i ndividual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons:common examples include materials which are stronger,lighter or less expensive when compared to traditional materials. In the last decades,the use of natural fibers as r einforcement in polymeric composites for technical application has been a research subject of scientist. Interest in natural fibers has increased worldwide due to their low cost,low density,hardness,higher fatigue endurance,good thermal and mechanical resistivity and to their environmental friendliness. The Asian markets have been using natural fibers for many years e.g.,jute is a common reinforcement in India. Natural fibers are increasingly used in automotive and packaging materials. India is an agricultural country and it is the main stay of Indian economy. Thousa nds of tons of different crops are produced but most of their wastes do not have any useful utilization. Agric ultural wastes include wheat husk,rice husk,and their straw,hemp fiber and shells of various dry fruits. These ag ricultural wastes can be used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for commercial use.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Retrofitted RC- BeamsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on retrofitting reinforced concrete beams using basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars and sheets. The study tested RC beams under four-point loading at various pre-loading conditions after being retrofitted with BFRP. Retrofitting with BFRP bars using near-surface mounting and BFRP sheet wrapping increased the ultimate load capacity of pre-cracked beams by over 25% and combinations of the two methods increased capacity by over 50%. While BFRP bars did not show debonding, the sheets debonded from the concrete under ultimate loads. The study concluded retrofitting provided significant improvements to flexural capacity and that higher pre-loading conditions yielded better results.
The document proposes a fast handoff scheme for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks using virtual access points. It aims to reduce handoff latency, which is primarily caused by the probe delay during scanning for new access points. The scheme uses selective scanning to identify neighboring access points with strong signals. It performs pre-registration of the mobile host with neighboring access points to transfer security contexts in advance. A virtual access point handles communication between the mobile host and registered access points to enable fast switching during handoff. Buffering at the virtual access point allows seamless data transfer when the connection changes between access points.
The document analyzes the bit error rate (BER) performance of the mobile WiMAX physical layer under different communication channels and modulation techniques. It simulates BER and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using the Stanford University Interim (SUI) channel models, which model six different channel conditions for varying terrain types. The performance is evaluated for different data rates and modulation schemes like BPSK and OFDMA under the SUI channel models.
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A Neighbor Coverage-Based Probabilistic Rebroadcast for Reducing Routing Ove...
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1. International Journal of Engineering Inventions
ISSN: 2278-7461, www.ijeijournal.com
Volume 1, Issue 3 (September 2012) PP: 45-56
Tensile Properties of Long Jute Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene
Composites
Battula Sudheer Kumar, Rajulapati.Vineela, Shaik Jahara begham
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR , Department of Mechanical
Lakki Reddy Bali Reddy College Of Engineering, Mylavaram Krishna (AP) INDIA.
Abstract––Now-a-days the need for Composite materials has widely increased. Keeping in view the environmental factors
caused by the synthetic fibers like carbon, glass fibers etc has led to the requirement of natural fibers like jute, hemp etc
which are environmentally friendly, low cost and easily available. Synthetic fibers like carbon or glass are widely used in
industry but their cost is high so a need for naturally available and low cost fibers has arrived. Jute, hemp etc are the
natural fibers which can be used as reinforcement material.The main objective of our project is to test the tensile
properties of the long and continuous natural fiber reinforced polypropelene composites. The natural fiber used in our
project is jute fiber and the reinforcement used is continuous or long fiber reinforcement. The fibers for better adhesion
property are first chemically treated with NaOH at different concentrations (5%, 10% and 15%). These treated fibers with
different weight ratios (2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) are used with polypropylene matrix. The samples are prepared by
injection molding and hand layup technique as per ASTM standards and tested on Universal testing machine and results
are analyzed. The results have shown that, for treated jute fiber reinforced polypropelene samples the tensile strength and
tensile modulus are more than the plain polypropelene samples. There is 28.4% increase in the tensile properties of
15%NaOH treated fiber reinforced polypropelene samples with 10% weight ratio of jute when compared to Plain
Polypropelene samples. Chemical treatment increased the surface roughness and improved the bonding thereby resulting
in increased tensile properties.
I. INTRODUCTION
Composites are structures that are made up of diverse elements, with the principle being that the sum of the whole
is greater than the sum of its component parts (i.e. 1+1=3). An understanding of composites seems to be inherent in animal
behavior, evident in the nest building of birds, bats and insects, for example. Primitive man used the basic materials that
were available to him such as animal dung, clay, straw and sticks to form composite structures that were literally the first
building blocks of civilization. Even the biblical Noah's Ark was allegedly made of coal-tar pitch and straw, which could
perhaps be the first reported construction of a reinforced composites boat! Moving forward several thousand years, and the
second wave of the industrial revolution that swept though western Europe from the1830s onwards, saw new found
industries developing their own composite technologies such as laminated wood, alloyed metals and steel reinforced
concrete. The earliest polymer castings were developed by Lepage in France using albumen, blood and wood flour to
produce decorative plaques. The first semi - synthetic plastics were produced when cellulose fibers were modified with
nitric, acid to form cellulose nitrate - or celluloid as it was to become known. Today, the composites marketplace is
widespread. As reported recently by the SPI. Composites Institute, the largest market is still in transportation (31%), but
construction (19.7%),marine (12.4%), electrical/electronic equipment (9.9%), consumer (5.8%), and appliance/business,
equipment are also large markets. The aircraft/aerospace market represents only 0.8% which is surprising in light its
importance in the origins of composites. Of course, the aerospace products are fewer in number but are much higher in
value.
What is a composite?
A composite is a product made with a minimum of two materials – one being a solid material and the other a
binding material (or matrix) which holds together both materials. There are many composite products with more than two
raw materials. Those materials are not miscible together and are of a different nature. Composite materials are engineered or
naturally occurring materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical and chemical
properties which remain separate and distinct at the macroscopic and microscopic scale within the finished structure.
Composite materials are multiphase materials obtained through the artificial combination of different materials in order to
attain properties that the individual components by themselves cannot attain. They are not multiphase materials in which the
different phases are formed naturally by reactions, phase transformations, or other phenomena. An example is carbon fiber
reinforced polymer.A structural composite is a material system consisting of two or more phases on a macroscopic scale,
whose mechanical performance and properties are designed to be superior to those of the constituent materials acting
independently. One of the phase is usually discontinuous, stiffer and stronger and is called reinforcement, whereas the less
stiffer and weaker phase is continuous and is called matrix. Sometimes because of chemical reactions or other processing
effects, an additional phase called interphase, exists between the reinforcement and matrix. In our project the matrix is
polypropylene and the reinforcement is jute fibers.
45
2. Tensile Properties Of Long Jute Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Fig 1.1: Phases of a composite material.
II. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
2.1 Materials
Polypropylene
It is produced by the polymerization of proprene using the Zeigler-Natta catalysts (AL (iso – C₄H₉)₃ and TiCl₃).
Propylene can be prepared as isotactic, syndiotactic or atactic forms.
Fig2.1: Polypropylene granules
Isotactic: - it is the configuration or arrangement in which the functional groups are arranged in the same side
H H H H
| | | |
-CH₂ - C – CH₂ – C – CH₂ -- C – CH₂ – C –
| | | |
CH₃ CH₃ CH₃ CH₃
Atactic: - it is the configuration or arrangement in which the functional groups are arranged randomly.
H CH₃ CH₃ CH₃
| | | |
-CH₂ - C – CH₂ – C – CH₂ --C – CH₂ – C –
| | | |
CH₃ H H H
Syndiotactic: - is the configuration or arrangement in which the functional groups are arranged in an alternating manner.
H CH₃ H CH₃
| | | |
46
3. Tensile Properties Of Long Jute Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
-CH₂ - C – CH₂ – C – CH₂ -- C – CH₂ – C –
| | | |
CH₃ H CH₃ H
The isotactic pp melts at 170°c and highly crystalline. Being highly crystalline pp exhibits high stiffness, hardness
and tensile strength. But at the same time pp is one of the lightest polymer. Its high strength to weight ratio makes it an
industrial or engineering polymer. It is also highly resistant to many inorganic acids, alkalies and chemicals. But it has a
lesser stability towards heat and light when compared with HDP.But at the same time pp has excellent mechanical
properties.
Uses
PP plastic is mainly produced by injection moulding. Luggage box , battery cases, tool boxes are made of pp
polymer. Filament of fiber of pp is used in making carpets , ropes etc. it has a excellent insulator purpose. pp components are
used in T.V. Radio, Refrigerators parts, storage tanks for chemicals, seat covers.The polypropelene has been purchased from
Marama Chemical Ltd., near Autonagar.
JUTE FIBERS :
Jute fibers are naturally available fibers. They are extracted from the bast plants. Water retting process is
implemented to separate fibers from the core of the bast plants. These semi-retted jute fibers have been purchased from
Kankipadu Farmers Market., near Kankipadu, Vijayawada.
2.2. Fiber Extraction
Retting is the process of extracting fiber from the long lasting life stem or bast of the bast fiber plants. The
available retting processes are: mechanical retting (hammering), chemical retting (boiling & applying chemicals),
steam/vapor/dew retting, and water or microbial retting. Among them, the water or microbial retting is a century old but the
most popular process in extracting fine bast fibers. However, selection of these retting processes depends on the availability
of water and the cost of retting process. To extract fine fibers from jute plant, a small stalk is harvested for pre-retting.
Usually, this small stalk is brought before 2 weeks of harvesting time. If the fiber can easily be removed from the Jute hurd
or core, then the crop is ready for harvesting. After harvesting, the jute stalks are tied into bundles and submerged in soft
running water. The stalk stays submerged in water for 20 days. However, the retting process may require less time if the
quality of the jute is better.
When the jute stalk is well retted, the stalk is grabbed in bundles and hit with a long wooden hammer to make the
fiber loose from the jute hurd or core. After loosing the fiber, the fiber is washed with water and squeezed for dehydration.
The extracted fibers is further washed with fresh water and allowed to dry on bamboo poles. Finally, they are tied into small
bundles to be sold into the primary market.
These bundles of fiber are bought and then soaked in water and dried in sunlight. After drying it is cleaned from
dust by vigorous rubbing and combing and then cut as per required length. Bunches of fibers of 10 gms each are made and
sent for chemical treatment.
Fig 2.2: Soaking jute in water
47
4. Tensile Properties Of Long Jute Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Fig 2.3: Rubbing the jute to separate dust and fiber Fig 2.4: Combing technique to remove knots
Fig 2.5: Extracting individual fibers from Fig 2.6: Bunches of fibers before weighing
the clean bunch
3.3 Chemical Treatement
The Fibers are to be treated with NaOH to increase their surface roughness and to improve adhesion property. A
few bunches are treated with 5% NaOH and a few with 10% and 15% NaOH. These bunches are soaked in NaOH for 3 hrs
and then washed with distilled water and then for 20mins are soaked in acetic acid solution. Again the samples are washed
with distilled water and are soaked in 6% H2O2 and continuously stirred for 2 hrs. These bunches are then washed again with
distilled water and dried in sunlight.
Fig 2.7: Fiber soaked in 5% NaOH Fig 2.8: Fiber soaked in Acetic acid
48
5. Tensile Properties Of Long Jute Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Fig 2.9: Fibers soaked in H2O2 Fig 2.10: Fibers being stirred after soaking in H2O2
Fig2.11: Fibers being cleaned with distilled water Fig 2.12: Treated fibers being dried in sunlight
2.3. Sample Preperation
Molds are prepared from zinc sheets by tinsmithy and the size of the molds is 160x13x3 mm.
The polypropelene granules are poured into the injection moulding material and the temperature is set to 170 oC. When the
Polypropelene is melted it is poured into the molds. The fibers are induced when the polypropelene is in molten state. The
composite (PP + Fiber) in the mold is shook to set the polypropelene properly on fibers and then a roller is rolled over it by
applying hand pressure. After cooling the composite material is removed from the mold and filed to the required dimensions.
5 samples of polypropelene are prepared and then grinded to the size 150x13x3 mm, for even surface. The average weight of
the sample is 7.89 gms. 5 samples each of 2.5%, 5%,7.5% and 10% by wt of untreated fibers are prepared. The weight of
2.5% by wt of fiber is 0.2gms, for 5% is 0.3gms, for 7.5% is 0.6gms and for 10% is 0.8gms. 5 samples each of 2.5%,
5%,7.5% and 10% by wt of 5% NaOH treated fibers, 5 samples each of 2.5%, 5%,7.5% and 10% by wt of 10% NaOH
treated fibers, 5 samples each of 2.5%, 5%,7.5% and 10% by wt of 15% NaOH treated fiber. So totally 80 samples of fiber +
Polypropelene are prepared.
Fig 2.13: Molds for preparing samples Fig 2.14: Polypropelene being poured into the mold
from injection moulding machine
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6. Tensile Properties Of Long Jute Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Fig 2.15: Inserting fibers into polypropelene Fi g 2.16: Rolling pressure applied to the composite
Fig 2.17: Samples after rolling Fig 2.18: Removing of samples from molds
Fig 2.19: Plain Polypropelene samples
50
7. Tensile Properties Of Long Jute Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Fig2.20: 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% wt% of untreated fiber samples
Fig 2.21: 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% wt% of 5% NaOH treated fiber samples
51
8. Tensile Properties Of Long Jute Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Fig2.22: 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% wt% of 10%NaOH treated fiber samples
Fig 2.23: 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% wt% of 15%NaOH treated fiber samples
2.4. Testing
These Samples are tested for tensile property on a universal testing machine and the results are analysed as per
ASTM standards. The samples are loaded on the machine and the maximum load is set to 200 kg and then load is applied.
The elongation and their respective loads are noted. The diameters and the weights of the fibers are tested before and after
chemical treatment.
Fig2.24 Sample loaded on the machine
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9. Tensile Properties Of Long Jute Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Calculations:
FORMULAE:
1) Ultimate tensile strength = L/A MPa
L = Load (N) A = Area (mm2)
2)Tensile Modulus = Ultimate tensile strength / Strain (MPa)
Ultimate tensile strength (MPa)
Strain = Elongation / Total length
Elongation (mm)
Total length (mm)
3.2. Results:
Table 3.1: Weights and diameters of fibers before and after chemical treatment.
S.NO Type of Fiber Weights, mg Diameter, mm
1 Untreated fibers 14.4 0.594
2 5% NaOH treated fibers 12 0.391
3 10% NaOH treated fibers 6.2 0.266
4 15% NaOH treated fibers 5 0.197
Fig 3.1: Samples after testing
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10. Tensile Properties Of Long Jute Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
Table 3.2: Various parameters of the jute fiber reinforced polypropelene composite materials
Table 3.3: Ultimate tensile strength of the jute fiber reinforced polypropelene composite material samples.
Plain PP UTF 5%NaOH 10%NaOH 15%NaOH
97.5%PP+2.5%FIBERS
24.51 24.13 24.76 26.05 26.47
95%PP+5%FIBERS
24.51 24.06 25.34 26.25 27.56
92.5%PP+7.5%FIBERS 24.51 24.06 25.52 29.59 30.46
90%PP+10%FIBERS 24.51 23.46 26.16 30.05 31.48
Table 3.4: Tensile Modulus of the jute fiber reinforced polypropelene composite material samples.
Plain PP UTF 5%NaOH 10%NaOH 15%NaOH
97.5%PP+2.5%FIBERS 122.53 137.10 148.58 158.82 161.40
95%PP+5%FIBERS 122.53 152.31 164.53 189.65 216.68
92.5%PP+7.5%FIBERS 122.53 160.43 185.85 216.01 247.61
90%PP+10%FIBERS 122.53 172.49 194.64 263.62 277.77
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11. Tensile Properties Of Long Jute Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites
3.3 Graphs
Graph 3.1: Ultimate tensile strength Vs Fiber weight Percent Graph 3.2: Tensile Modulus Vs Fibers weight percentage.
IV. DISCUSSIONS AND ANALYSIS
Table 4.1 shows the change in weights and diameter of jute fibers before and after chemical treatment. Table 4.2
shows the various parameters of the long and continuous jute fiber reinforced polypropelene composite. The load,
elongation, tensile strength, tensile modulus, mass etc are noted in this table. Table 4.3 and graph 4.1 shows the ultimate
tensile strength and Table 4.4 and graph 4.2 shows the tensile modulus. From the above graphs it is shown that as the weight
percentage increases, ultimate tensile strength and tensile modulus increases. It is shown that 15% NaOH treated fibers show
maximum tensile strength. The orientation of fibers results in unidirectional properties.
In graph 4.1 the ultimate tensile strength of untreated fibers is less than the plain polypropelene. It is obvious that
the ultimate tensile strength of the jute fiber reinforced composites becomes lower than that of the pure polypropelene matrix
as the nominal fiber fraction increases. This can be explained by both the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and fiber
surface and the voids in the composites. Since no coupling agent was introduced to improve the interfacial bonding in this
study, mechanical interlocking without any chemical bonding may be responsible for the adhesion. The strength of this
mechanical interlocking seems to be insufficient to hold the fiber and matrix together as the composite undergoes large
tensile deformation, resulting in low load transfer and, subsequently, low tensile strength. The void contents may be another
source of the low tensile strength, because the voids act as a stress raiser (i.e., stress concentration) that can bring about rapid
failure. This tendency can be observed in the jute fiber reinforced composites.
It is clearly seen in the graphs that the tensile strength and modulus of treated fibers is greater than the plain
polypropelene and untreated fibre composite. Alkali treatment generally increases the strength of natural fiber composites. A
strong sodium hydroxide treatment may remove lignin, hemicellulose and other alkali soluble compounds from the surface
of the fibers to increase the numbers of reactive hydroxyl groups on the fiber surface available for chemical bonding. So,
strength should be higher than untreated fiber composites. The probable cause of this unlike phenomenon may be, alkali
react on the cementing materials of the fiber specially hemicellulose which leads to the splitting of the fibers into finer
filaments. As a result, wetting of fiber as well as bonding of fiber with matrix may improve which consequently make the
fiber more brittle. Under stress, these fibers break easily. Therefore, they cannot take part in stress transfer mechanism. So,
high concentration of sodium hydroxide may increase the rate of hemicellulose dissolution which will finally lead to strength
deterioration. Moreover, unnecessary extra time in treatment may also cause increment of hemicellulose dissolution.
V. CONCLUSIONS
With the results obtained from the experimental procedure, the following conclusions are made.
1. As the fibre weight percent increases the tensile strength and modulus increases
2. The ultimate tensile strength of untreated fibre is less than the plain polypropelene because of formation of voids
and improper adhesion between fiber and matrix due to the lack of required surface roughness needed for bonding
of fiber with matrix.
3. Due to the chemical treatment the surface roughness increases providing strong interfacial adhesion between
matrix and fiber thereby increasing the ultimate tensile strength and tensile modulus.
4. The tensile strength of the fiber increases as the percentage of NaOH for treating fibers is increased. NaOH
dissolves lignin, hemicelluloses and other binding materials and providing reactive hydroxyl groups on the surface
of the fiber for better interfacial bonding. The generalised equation can be shown as
Fiber–OH + NaOH -> Fiber–O– Na+ + H2O
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