This document reviews the characterization of a novel natural cellulosic fiber from the bark of Prosopis juliflora plants. The fiber was extracted using a microbial degradation method and characterized using various techniques. Scanning electron microscopy revealed an irregular circular morphology with cell wall structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy determined the structural and chemical composition. X-ray diffraction showed a crystallinity index of 46%. Thermogravimetric analysis found the fiber to be thermally stable up to 217°C. Overall, the characterization confirmed the fiber has potential for use in sustainable fiber-reinforced polymer composites due to its properties.
This document provides information about banana fibers. It discusses how banana fibers can be extracted from the pseudostem of banana plants through mechanical or retting methods. The physical and chemical properties of banana fibers are then outlined, noting their high cellulose content which provides strength. Banana fibers are comparable to sisal in terms of properties. Applications of banana fibers include use in textiles, furniture, and other products due to their desirable characteristics.
Application & Analysis of Banana Stem Fibre use as Construction Materialijtsrd
This project reviews the properties of banana fibres. These banana fibres were investigated by different researchers as a construction material to be used in composites (such as mortar and concrete). The different research carried out and the conclusions drawn are briefly presented. The aim of review is to compile the available data of banana fibres evaluated in last few decades and thus, it can be used as a references/guideline for the upcoming result of a particular fibre. Natural fibres are use to increase the strength properties of the composites. But all properties cannot be improved at the same time because fibres have their own characteristics. So it is recommended that appropriate fibre should be use for a particular purpose. Also, there should be guideline/criteria for acceptance of banana fibres, because of variable properties of a particular fibre in different regions. No doubt, banana fibres can be used in a variety of manners, but still, there is a need of research for investigating the further properties of fibres. Chaudhari Tejas Prakash | Govind Singh Solanki | Rakesh Sakale | Hirendra Pratap Singh"Application & Analysis of Banana Stem Fibre use as Construction Material" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8382.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/8382/application-and-analysis-of-banana-stem-fibre-use-as-construction-material/chaudhari-tejas-prakash
Banana fiber is a natural fiber obtained from banana plants. It has good mechanical properties and is lightweight, strong, and absorbent. Banana fiber can be spun into yarn and woven into textiles. It is also used to reinforce composites, providing strength while being renewable and biodegradable. Research shows banana fiber composites have increasing strength with longer fibers and higher fiber loading up to a point, making it suitable for various applications.
Physical and Chemical properties of Pineapple leaf Fiber ,Linen fiber and Ban...Jamilur Rahman Efaz
This document analyzes the physical and chemical properties of four natural fibers: pineapple leaf fiber, linen fiber, banana fiber, and areca fiber. For each fiber, the document discusses the fiber's history, countries of cultivation, physical properties including length, color, tensile strength and elongation, and chemical properties including composition and reactions to various treatments. The fibers are then compared and some potential uses of each fiber are outlined.
This presentation summarizes information about banana fiber, including its definition, properties, production process, and uses. Banana fiber is obtained from the pseudo-stem of banana plants. It is classified as a bast fiber with good mechanical properties. The presentation outlines the steps for extracting and processing banana fibers, including cutting, extracting, washing, drying, and chemically treating the fibers. It notes the various types of banana fibers and their applications in products like rope, handicrafts, and paper. In conclusion, the presentation advocates for increased usage of natural banana fiber to reduce pollution by replacing materials in industries like automotive and aircraft manufacturing.
Banana fiber is a natural fiber obtained from the pseudostem of banana plants. It is eco-friendly, chemical-free, and breathable. The fibers are extracted through a process involving peeling the outer sheath, flattening the inner layers, and stripping fibers manually or through machines. The fibers are then cleaned, dried, bundled into yarn, and used to make various products like handicrafts, textiles, and paper. Banana fiber is a renewable alternative to plastics and has various applications, though extracting it through traditional methods is time-consuming.
Banana fiber is a natural fiber and very very very much useful in our day to day life. In coming days the BANANA FIBER is going to mark its presence for sure.
The natural fibers are renewable, non-abrasive, bio-degradable, possess a good calorific value, exhibit excellent mechanical properties and are inexpensive.
This good environmental friendly feature makes the materials very popular in engineering markets such as the automotive and construction industry.
The banana fibers are waste product of banana cultivation, therefore without any additional cost these fibers can be obtained for industrial purposes.
This document provides information about banana fibers. It discusses how banana fibers can be extracted from the pseudostem of banana plants through mechanical or retting methods. The physical and chemical properties of banana fibers are then outlined, noting their high cellulose content which provides strength. Banana fibers are comparable to sisal in terms of properties. Applications of banana fibers include use in textiles, furniture, and other products due to their desirable characteristics.
Application & Analysis of Banana Stem Fibre use as Construction Materialijtsrd
This project reviews the properties of banana fibres. These banana fibres were investigated by different researchers as a construction material to be used in composites (such as mortar and concrete). The different research carried out and the conclusions drawn are briefly presented. The aim of review is to compile the available data of banana fibres evaluated in last few decades and thus, it can be used as a references/guideline for the upcoming result of a particular fibre. Natural fibres are use to increase the strength properties of the composites. But all properties cannot be improved at the same time because fibres have their own characteristics. So it is recommended that appropriate fibre should be use for a particular purpose. Also, there should be guideline/criteria for acceptance of banana fibres, because of variable properties of a particular fibre in different regions. No doubt, banana fibres can be used in a variety of manners, but still, there is a need of research for investigating the further properties of fibres. Chaudhari Tejas Prakash | Govind Singh Solanki | Rakesh Sakale | Hirendra Pratap Singh"Application & Analysis of Banana Stem Fibre use as Construction Material" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8382.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/8382/application-and-analysis-of-banana-stem-fibre-use-as-construction-material/chaudhari-tejas-prakash
Banana fiber is a natural fiber obtained from banana plants. It has good mechanical properties and is lightweight, strong, and absorbent. Banana fiber can be spun into yarn and woven into textiles. It is also used to reinforce composites, providing strength while being renewable and biodegradable. Research shows banana fiber composites have increasing strength with longer fibers and higher fiber loading up to a point, making it suitable for various applications.
Physical and Chemical properties of Pineapple leaf Fiber ,Linen fiber and Ban...Jamilur Rahman Efaz
This document analyzes the physical and chemical properties of four natural fibers: pineapple leaf fiber, linen fiber, banana fiber, and areca fiber. For each fiber, the document discusses the fiber's history, countries of cultivation, physical properties including length, color, tensile strength and elongation, and chemical properties including composition and reactions to various treatments. The fibers are then compared and some potential uses of each fiber are outlined.
This presentation summarizes information about banana fiber, including its definition, properties, production process, and uses. Banana fiber is obtained from the pseudo-stem of banana plants. It is classified as a bast fiber with good mechanical properties. The presentation outlines the steps for extracting and processing banana fibers, including cutting, extracting, washing, drying, and chemically treating the fibers. It notes the various types of banana fibers and their applications in products like rope, handicrafts, and paper. In conclusion, the presentation advocates for increased usage of natural banana fiber to reduce pollution by replacing materials in industries like automotive and aircraft manufacturing.
Banana fiber is a natural fiber obtained from the pseudostem of banana plants. It is eco-friendly, chemical-free, and breathable. The fibers are extracted through a process involving peeling the outer sheath, flattening the inner layers, and stripping fibers manually or through machines. The fibers are then cleaned, dried, bundled into yarn, and used to make various products like handicrafts, textiles, and paper. Banana fiber is a renewable alternative to plastics and has various applications, though extracting it through traditional methods is time-consuming.
Banana fiber is a natural fiber and very very very much useful in our day to day life. In coming days the BANANA FIBER is going to mark its presence for sure.
The natural fibers are renewable, non-abrasive, bio-degradable, possess a good calorific value, exhibit excellent mechanical properties and are inexpensive.
This good environmental friendly feature makes the materials very popular in engineering markets such as the automotive and construction industry.
The banana fibers are waste product of banana cultivation, therefore without any additional cost these fibers can be obtained for industrial purposes.
Jute fiber has potential for use in technical textiles but requires improvements to its properties. A series of wet chemical processes can modify jute fiber, making it softer, finer, and brighter with improved moisture regain and bundle strength. Specifically, sulphonation increases properties by treating fiber with sodium sulphate. Enzyme and aminosilicone treatments increase swelling and flexibility while decreasing rigidity. Thermal treatments like boiling water for 30 minutes also reduce fiber rigidity. With further research into such modification methods, jute fiber performance could be enhanced for technical textile applications.
Paper Production from banana pseudostem (biowaste) with lab scale production ...Shanjul Shrivastava
This presentation brings the idea of converting banana stem (pseusotem) into low cost paper and discusses the validity of a small scale plant and its cost estimation
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Polyester, Rice husk and Banana fibre as compositesVinit Singh
This presentation summarizes the properties and use of polyester, rice husk, and banana fiber composites. It provides details on the definition, history, forms, characteristics, and chemistry of polyester. It also discusses the properties and preparation methods for banana fiber composites and explores how fiber parameters like length and loading influence the tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness properties. Potential uses of these natural fiber composites include in the automobile, construction, and other industries.
INDUCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL FIBRE COMP...Sajal Tiwari
Composite materials find their application in our day to day life. with growing climatic changes across our mother earth, it is highly required that we switch our demands towards products made up from natural fibers. Natural fiber though environment friendly have their own challenges i.e. less strength, high wear and tear during usage, reactive with surrounding environment and most important of all they have very weak mechanical properties as compared to synthetic fiber composites.
Thus, in order to counter these challenges, we have to enhance mechanical, chemical and biological properties of natural fibers through inducing mechanical properties, treatment with chemicals and modifying biologically or with nanotechnology.
First, we have properly elaborated about natural fibers their sources, classifications, examples, advantages and applications, then we have efficiently informed about natural fiber composites and their advantages and how they differ from synthetic fiber composites technically, environmentally, economically, physically and chemically.
After informing the basics behind natural fibers and natural fiber composites, we have given enough information on how to induce mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. To understand the method, we have given the chart of mechanical properties of different fibers in advance to understand the process efficiently. Then we have given several processing techniques like compounding and injection molding, modification procedures like physical, biological chemical and nanotechnology modifications and treatment using alkaline, silane, acetyl, benzoyl, acryl, isocynate, coupling agent’s permanganate peroxide and sodium chloride for inducing and enhancing mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
Then we have informed briefly about the advanced applications of natural fiber composites in automotive and construction industry. Innovations in natural fiber composite industry in fields of electronics, sports and automobiles by different corporates in their own brands.
Then with the given data we have analyzed future scope of natural composite market in next 15 years by various nations and different industries in fields of automobile, construction and electronics for manufacturing various products.
To get precise report on natural fiber composites we have informed about present scenario such as driving motives to keep them in use, challenges faced and factors which affect the natural fiber composite industry.
IRJET- Hybridization Affect on Musa/Coir Hybrid Fiber Reinforced CompositeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on hybrid composites made from Musa (banana) fibers, coir (coconut husk) fibers, and a hybrid of the two. Musa, coir, and hybrid composites were fabricated and their tensile, flexural, and impact strengths were evaluated. The experiments found that pure coir composites had the highest tensile strength and modulus, followed by pure Musa composites. Hybrid composites showed strength properties in between the pure fibers, with strengths varying based on the fiber distribution ratio. Analytical models using ANSYS software showed good agreement with experimental results.
This document discusses the preparation of a banana fiber reinforced composite wall material. Banana fibers are extracted from plantain stems and twisted into threads. The threads are arranged vertically and horizontally on a cardboard surface. Polyester resin, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide hardener, and silicon powder filler are mixed in a 60:10:30 ratio and poured into the fiber framework. The resulting composite wall has a tensile strength of 33 MPa and low thermal conductivity. Potential applications include automotive parts, and advantages of the natural fiber composite include being environmentally friendly and biodegradable. Future work proposed includes producing larger sheets and further testing mechanical properties.
Experimental Determination of Impact Strength of Aluminium, Borassus Flabelli...IOSRJMCE
The usage of natural fibres like borassus flabellifer fiber, flax, sisal, jute, kenaf, etc. as replacement to manmade fibers in fiber-reinforced composites have increased now a days due to advantages like low density, low cost and biodegradability .In addition to this poor compatibility with the matrix and high absorption content of natural fibers, focus is diverted to fiber reinforced composites. In this research, the standard test method of ASTM D256M is used to prepare specimens for testing Impact strength properties of fiber-resin composites. The test specimen has a constant cross section with tabs bonded at the ends. The specimens were incorporated with borassus flabellifer fiber. Five identical specimens were prepared for each weight by varying fiber content in grams i.e. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5. Impact strength of fabricated composites were calculated.It is found that the Impact strength is increased with increase in weight of fiber. The Impact strength of pure polyester is also determined experimentally. The impact strength of pure polyester is 12.5 J/m. The Impact strength of fibered composite is 460 J/m (for maximum loading fiber)
Eco Friendly Extraction and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Cissus Quadra...EditorIJAERD
Cissus quadrangualaris plant yield fibers and all the parts of this plant can be utilized in many applications. In
recent days, textile industries are widely using plant fibers for numerous applications acquired from lots of resources. The
advantage of natural fibers is their continuous supply, easy and safe handling, and biodegradable nature. The usage of
enzymes in the textile industry consents the development of eco-friendly technologies in fiber processing and tactics to
improve the final product quality. In the present work, natural cellulosic fibers were extracted from Cissus quadrangualaris
plant using an eco-friendly method (amylase enzyme). The physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of Cissus
quadrangualaris fibers were reported in this paper. Further, the properties of CQSF ensured that it can play an imperative
role in the textile manufacturing industries
This presentation discusses natural textile fibers. It begins by defining natural textile fibers as those produced by plants, animals, and geological processes. The document then classifies fibers according to their origin as either vegetable, animal, or mineral. Specific fibers like cotton, jute, silk, and wool are examined in more detail, with descriptions of their properties, uses, and chemical compositions provided. The presentation was delivered by Md. Yousuf Hossain from Green University of Bangladesh.
EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTY ON PALM/COIR BASED POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITESmsejjournal
Now day’s natural fibres as reinforcement have received more attention from the research community all
over the world in preparing polymer composites. These natural fibres have lot of advantages over synthetic
fibres. In this paper two natural fibers palm and coir reinforced composites were fabricated using compression moulding method which was a new effort and was not done elsewhere. Specimens were cut from
the fabricated composite plates according to the ASTM standards. Universal Testing Machine was used for
testing tensile and flexural strength of the composites. The impact strength of the composites was analyzed
using Impact tester. Further wear and moisture absorption tests were also conducted on the prepared
specimen. The results obtained through experimentation of both composites were compared and presented.
It can be concluded that the developed palm based composite possess superior property and can be recommended for fabrication of light weight high strength automobile parts.
The document summarizes key characteristics of bamboo fibers. Bamboo fibers have a round cross-section with a small central lumen. They easily absorb and evaporate moisture due to small cracks and grooves. Most bamboo fibers have multi-layer cell walls of varying thickness. Bamboo fibers have a crystalline structure similar to cellulose I but with overlapping diffraction peaks, likely due to high amounts of amorphous components like hemicellulose and lignin. Bamboo fibers also have a lower degree of crystallinity and polymerization compared to other fibers like cotton, resulting in lower tensile strength.
The document discusses pretreatment of bamboo fabric using conventional and enzymatic methods. Conventional pretreatment using caustic soda and hydrogen peroxide was optimized at 2 gpl NaOH and 9 gpl H2O2 at 90°C for 1 hour, resulting in 6.8% weight loss and improved absorbency and whiteness. Enzymatic pretreatment using cellulase, hemicellulase, and pectinase was also able to achieve similar weight loss of 6.86% and comparable improvements in physical properties, providing an eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical pretreatment. Analysis using SEM, FTIR, and XRD confirmed the removal of non-cellulosic components and increased crystallinity with
usefull for all home science students and for all competitive exams like NET/JRF for other knowledge visit our you tube channel anita singh clothing and textile classes
This document discusses various leaf fibers, including their sources, properties, and applications. It provides details on sisal, pineapple, banana, agave, and other leaf fibers. Sisal fibers are extracted through retting and used to make ropes, twine, and composites. Pineapple fibers come from pineapple leaves and are used for textiles. Banana fibers have various applications including textiles, paper, and purification. Agave fibers are extracted through decortication and used for ropes, mats, and non-woven fabrics. Overall, the document examines the sources, extraction processes, properties, and end uses of different leaf fibers.
This document presents a study on bio-processing of green bamboo textiles conducted by Hathisingwala Moh. Javed Y under the guidance of Dr. J.N Shah in 2014. It discusses two main methods of manufacturing bamboo fibers - mechanical and chemical. In the mechanical method, bamboo plant is crushed and enzymes are used to form fibers that are spun into yarn. In the chemical method, bamboo is extracted and crushed, then soaked in alkali solutions and processed to form cellulose fibers through viscose and sulfurization. The fibers are then spun into yarns. The study analyzes properties of bamboo fibers and outlines typical wet spinning and weaving processes used to produce bamboo textiles.
Ramie fibre is one of the finest and strongest natural fibres. It is obtained from the stems of the ramie plant. Ramie fibres are composed mainly of cellulose and have a high cellulose to hemicellulose ratio that contributes to their strength. However, ramie fibres contain gum substances that bind the fibres together and make them difficult to spin. Degumming is required to remove the gum and produce a textile-grade ramie fibre that has properties like high tensile strength, fineness, and resistance to chemicals and microbes. The document discusses the chemical composition and physical properties of ramie fibres like fineness, tensile strength, and how properties are affected by degum
This document provides a classification of textile fibers. It begins by discussing the history of natural fibers used in ancient civilizations. Fibers are then classified as either natural fibers, which include vegetable, animal and mineral fibers, or man-made fibers, which include regenerated, synthetic and inorganic fibers. Specific types of natural fibers are also categorized, such as vegetable fibers further divided into those occurring on seeds, in phloem, tendons, trunks and shells. Bast fibers are further delineated by their lignin content.
Natural Fibers with Cultivation & Uses (Leaf Fibres, Bast Fibres, Flax, Hemp, Jute, Knaf, Ramie, Sunn or Sunn Hemp, Abroma Augusta, Sisal, Mauritius Hemp, Pineapple Fibre, Caroa Fibre, Abaca or Manila Hemp, Coir or Coconut Fibre, Coco Fibre, Kapok Fibre, Akund Floss)
Fiber or fibres (see spelling differences) are a class of hair-like materials that are continuous "'filaments"' or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to pieces of thread. They can be used as a component of composite materials. They can also be matted into sheets to make product such as paper or felt. Fibers are of two types: natural fiber, which consists of animal and plant fibers, and man-made fiber, which consists of synthetic fibers and regenerated fibers. The earliest evidence for humans using fibers is the discovery of wool and dyed flax fibers found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia that date back to 36,000 BP.
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Vegetable Fibre Plant, Natural Fiber, Vegetables for Fiber, Jute Cultivation, Jute Cultivation in India, Jute Processing, Kenaf Production, Growing and Production of Kenaf, Kenaf Fibre Plan, Kenaf Cultivation, Fiber Production, Processing of Kenaf, Jute Cultivation and Jute Industry, Jute Processing Steps, Jute Industry in India, Jute Business, Ramie Natural Fiber, Ramie Plant, Fiber from Ramie Plant, Growing Plants for Natural Fibers, Planting Ramie, Growing Ramie, Bast Fibres Processing, Fiber Plants, Grading of Ramie, How to Grow Sunn Hemp, Sunn Hemp Cultivation, Sunn Hemp Cultivation in India, Sunn Hemp Fiber, Abroma Augusta, Sisal Plantations, Sisal Fibre, Sisal Plant, Cultivation of Sisal, Pineapple Fiber, Pineapple Leaves Fibre, Natural Fibre from Pineapple Leaf, Pineapple Farming, Commercial Pineapple Cultivation, Pineapple Cultivation, Pineapple Plantation, Pineapple Farming in India, Pineapple Farming Profitable Business, Coir or Coconut Fiber, Process of Making Coconut Fibre, Coconut Fiber Processing, Coconut Coir Processing, Coir Fibre Manufacturing Process, Coir Industry in India, Coco Fibre, Palmyra Fibre, Palmyra Bassine Fibre, Palmetto Fiber, Papermaking Fibres for Paper, Papermaking Fibres, Plant Fibre for Papermaking, Paper and Paper Making, Pulping & Conversion, How Panama Hats are Made, Panama Hat Making, Manufacturing Process of The Panama Hats, Panama Hats Manufacture, Fibre Yielding Plants of India, Extracting Fibres from Plants, Leaf Fibre Plant, Leaf Fibres From Plants or Vegetables, Flax Seed Cultivation, Growing Flax Seed, Flaxseed Cultivation In India, Growing and Processing Flax
Characterization of Chemical and Physical Properties of Palm Fibers msejjournal
Natural fibers like palm fibers provides new hope for researchers to compete with hazardous synthetic
fibers with its excellent chemical and physical properties This work investigates the extraction of various
fibers that are available from various portions of the palm tree and to characterize its chemical and
physical properties. Also the results were compared with other natural fibers.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PALM FIBERSmsejjournal
Natural fibers like palm fibers provides new hope for researchers to compete with hazardous synthetic
fibers with its excellent chemical and physical properties This work investigates the extraction of various
fibers that are available from various portions of the palm tree and to characterize its chemical and
physical properties. Also the results were compared with other natural fibers.
Jute fiber has potential for use in technical textiles but requires improvements to its properties. A series of wet chemical processes can modify jute fiber, making it softer, finer, and brighter with improved moisture regain and bundle strength. Specifically, sulphonation increases properties by treating fiber with sodium sulphate. Enzyme and aminosilicone treatments increase swelling and flexibility while decreasing rigidity. Thermal treatments like boiling water for 30 minutes also reduce fiber rigidity. With further research into such modification methods, jute fiber performance could be enhanced for technical textile applications.
Paper Production from banana pseudostem (biowaste) with lab scale production ...Shanjul Shrivastava
This presentation brings the idea of converting banana stem (pseusotem) into low cost paper and discusses the validity of a small scale plant and its cost estimation
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Polyester, Rice husk and Banana fibre as compositesVinit Singh
This presentation summarizes the properties and use of polyester, rice husk, and banana fiber composites. It provides details on the definition, history, forms, characteristics, and chemistry of polyester. It also discusses the properties and preparation methods for banana fiber composites and explores how fiber parameters like length and loading influence the tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness properties. Potential uses of these natural fiber composites include in the automobile, construction, and other industries.
INDUCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL FIBRE COMP...Sajal Tiwari
Composite materials find their application in our day to day life. with growing climatic changes across our mother earth, it is highly required that we switch our demands towards products made up from natural fibers. Natural fiber though environment friendly have their own challenges i.e. less strength, high wear and tear during usage, reactive with surrounding environment and most important of all they have very weak mechanical properties as compared to synthetic fiber composites.
Thus, in order to counter these challenges, we have to enhance mechanical, chemical and biological properties of natural fibers through inducing mechanical properties, treatment with chemicals and modifying biologically or with nanotechnology.
First, we have properly elaborated about natural fibers their sources, classifications, examples, advantages and applications, then we have efficiently informed about natural fiber composites and their advantages and how they differ from synthetic fiber composites technically, environmentally, economically, physically and chemically.
After informing the basics behind natural fibers and natural fiber composites, we have given enough information on how to induce mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. To understand the method, we have given the chart of mechanical properties of different fibers in advance to understand the process efficiently. Then we have given several processing techniques like compounding and injection molding, modification procedures like physical, biological chemical and nanotechnology modifications and treatment using alkaline, silane, acetyl, benzoyl, acryl, isocynate, coupling agent’s permanganate peroxide and sodium chloride for inducing and enhancing mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
Then we have informed briefly about the advanced applications of natural fiber composites in automotive and construction industry. Innovations in natural fiber composite industry in fields of electronics, sports and automobiles by different corporates in their own brands.
Then with the given data we have analyzed future scope of natural composite market in next 15 years by various nations and different industries in fields of automobile, construction and electronics for manufacturing various products.
To get precise report on natural fiber composites we have informed about present scenario such as driving motives to keep them in use, challenges faced and factors which affect the natural fiber composite industry.
IRJET- Hybridization Affect on Musa/Coir Hybrid Fiber Reinforced CompositeIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on hybrid composites made from Musa (banana) fibers, coir (coconut husk) fibers, and a hybrid of the two. Musa, coir, and hybrid composites were fabricated and their tensile, flexural, and impact strengths were evaluated. The experiments found that pure coir composites had the highest tensile strength and modulus, followed by pure Musa composites. Hybrid composites showed strength properties in between the pure fibers, with strengths varying based on the fiber distribution ratio. Analytical models using ANSYS software showed good agreement with experimental results.
This document discusses the preparation of a banana fiber reinforced composite wall material. Banana fibers are extracted from plantain stems and twisted into threads. The threads are arranged vertically and horizontally on a cardboard surface. Polyester resin, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide hardener, and silicon powder filler are mixed in a 60:10:30 ratio and poured into the fiber framework. The resulting composite wall has a tensile strength of 33 MPa and low thermal conductivity. Potential applications include automotive parts, and advantages of the natural fiber composite include being environmentally friendly and biodegradable. Future work proposed includes producing larger sheets and further testing mechanical properties.
Experimental Determination of Impact Strength of Aluminium, Borassus Flabelli...IOSRJMCE
The usage of natural fibres like borassus flabellifer fiber, flax, sisal, jute, kenaf, etc. as replacement to manmade fibers in fiber-reinforced composites have increased now a days due to advantages like low density, low cost and biodegradability .In addition to this poor compatibility with the matrix and high absorption content of natural fibers, focus is diverted to fiber reinforced composites. In this research, the standard test method of ASTM D256M is used to prepare specimens for testing Impact strength properties of fiber-resin composites. The test specimen has a constant cross section with tabs bonded at the ends. The specimens were incorporated with borassus flabellifer fiber. Five identical specimens were prepared for each weight by varying fiber content in grams i.e. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5. Impact strength of fabricated composites were calculated.It is found that the Impact strength is increased with increase in weight of fiber. The Impact strength of pure polyester is also determined experimentally. The impact strength of pure polyester is 12.5 J/m. The Impact strength of fibered composite is 460 J/m (for maximum loading fiber)
Eco Friendly Extraction and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Cissus Quadra...EditorIJAERD
Cissus quadrangualaris plant yield fibers and all the parts of this plant can be utilized in many applications. In
recent days, textile industries are widely using plant fibers for numerous applications acquired from lots of resources. The
advantage of natural fibers is their continuous supply, easy and safe handling, and biodegradable nature. The usage of
enzymes in the textile industry consents the development of eco-friendly technologies in fiber processing and tactics to
improve the final product quality. In the present work, natural cellulosic fibers were extracted from Cissus quadrangualaris
plant using an eco-friendly method (amylase enzyme). The physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of Cissus
quadrangualaris fibers were reported in this paper. Further, the properties of CQSF ensured that it can play an imperative
role in the textile manufacturing industries
This presentation discusses natural textile fibers. It begins by defining natural textile fibers as those produced by plants, animals, and geological processes. The document then classifies fibers according to their origin as either vegetable, animal, or mineral. Specific fibers like cotton, jute, silk, and wool are examined in more detail, with descriptions of their properties, uses, and chemical compositions provided. The presentation was delivered by Md. Yousuf Hossain from Green University of Bangladesh.
EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTY ON PALM/COIR BASED POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITESmsejjournal
Now day’s natural fibres as reinforcement have received more attention from the research community all
over the world in preparing polymer composites. These natural fibres have lot of advantages over synthetic
fibres. In this paper two natural fibers palm and coir reinforced composites were fabricated using compression moulding method which was a new effort and was not done elsewhere. Specimens were cut from
the fabricated composite plates according to the ASTM standards. Universal Testing Machine was used for
testing tensile and flexural strength of the composites. The impact strength of the composites was analyzed
using Impact tester. Further wear and moisture absorption tests were also conducted on the prepared
specimen. The results obtained through experimentation of both composites were compared and presented.
It can be concluded that the developed palm based composite possess superior property and can be recommended for fabrication of light weight high strength automobile parts.
The document summarizes key characteristics of bamboo fibers. Bamboo fibers have a round cross-section with a small central lumen. They easily absorb and evaporate moisture due to small cracks and grooves. Most bamboo fibers have multi-layer cell walls of varying thickness. Bamboo fibers have a crystalline structure similar to cellulose I but with overlapping diffraction peaks, likely due to high amounts of amorphous components like hemicellulose and lignin. Bamboo fibers also have a lower degree of crystallinity and polymerization compared to other fibers like cotton, resulting in lower tensile strength.
The document discusses pretreatment of bamboo fabric using conventional and enzymatic methods. Conventional pretreatment using caustic soda and hydrogen peroxide was optimized at 2 gpl NaOH and 9 gpl H2O2 at 90°C for 1 hour, resulting in 6.8% weight loss and improved absorbency and whiteness. Enzymatic pretreatment using cellulase, hemicellulase, and pectinase was also able to achieve similar weight loss of 6.86% and comparable improvements in physical properties, providing an eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical pretreatment. Analysis using SEM, FTIR, and XRD confirmed the removal of non-cellulosic components and increased crystallinity with
usefull for all home science students and for all competitive exams like NET/JRF for other knowledge visit our you tube channel anita singh clothing and textile classes
This document discusses various leaf fibers, including their sources, properties, and applications. It provides details on sisal, pineapple, banana, agave, and other leaf fibers. Sisal fibers are extracted through retting and used to make ropes, twine, and composites. Pineapple fibers come from pineapple leaves and are used for textiles. Banana fibers have various applications including textiles, paper, and purification. Agave fibers are extracted through decortication and used for ropes, mats, and non-woven fabrics. Overall, the document examines the sources, extraction processes, properties, and end uses of different leaf fibers.
This document presents a study on bio-processing of green bamboo textiles conducted by Hathisingwala Moh. Javed Y under the guidance of Dr. J.N Shah in 2014. It discusses two main methods of manufacturing bamboo fibers - mechanical and chemical. In the mechanical method, bamboo plant is crushed and enzymes are used to form fibers that are spun into yarn. In the chemical method, bamboo is extracted and crushed, then soaked in alkali solutions and processed to form cellulose fibers through viscose and sulfurization. The fibers are then spun into yarns. The study analyzes properties of bamboo fibers and outlines typical wet spinning and weaving processes used to produce bamboo textiles.
Ramie fibre is one of the finest and strongest natural fibres. It is obtained from the stems of the ramie plant. Ramie fibres are composed mainly of cellulose and have a high cellulose to hemicellulose ratio that contributes to their strength. However, ramie fibres contain gum substances that bind the fibres together and make them difficult to spin. Degumming is required to remove the gum and produce a textile-grade ramie fibre that has properties like high tensile strength, fineness, and resistance to chemicals and microbes. The document discusses the chemical composition and physical properties of ramie fibres like fineness, tensile strength, and how properties are affected by degum
This document provides a classification of textile fibers. It begins by discussing the history of natural fibers used in ancient civilizations. Fibers are then classified as either natural fibers, which include vegetable, animal and mineral fibers, or man-made fibers, which include regenerated, synthetic and inorganic fibers. Specific types of natural fibers are also categorized, such as vegetable fibers further divided into those occurring on seeds, in phloem, tendons, trunks and shells. Bast fibers are further delineated by their lignin content.
Natural Fibers with Cultivation & Uses (Leaf Fibres, Bast Fibres, Flax, Hemp, Jute, Knaf, Ramie, Sunn or Sunn Hemp, Abroma Augusta, Sisal, Mauritius Hemp, Pineapple Fibre, Caroa Fibre, Abaca or Manila Hemp, Coir or Coconut Fibre, Coco Fibre, Kapok Fibre, Akund Floss)
Fiber or fibres (see spelling differences) are a class of hair-like materials that are continuous "'filaments"' or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to pieces of thread. They can be used as a component of composite materials. They can also be matted into sheets to make product such as paper or felt. Fibers are of two types: natural fiber, which consists of animal and plant fibers, and man-made fiber, which consists of synthetic fibers and regenerated fibers. The earliest evidence for humans using fibers is the discovery of wool and dyed flax fibers found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia that date back to 36,000 BP.
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Characterization of Chemical and Physical Properties of Palm Fibers msejjournal
Natural fibers like palm fibers provides new hope for researchers to compete with hazardous synthetic
fibers with its excellent chemical and physical properties This work investigates the extraction of various
fibers that are available from various portions of the palm tree and to characterize its chemical and
physical properties. Also the results were compared with other natural fibers.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PALM FIBERSmsejjournal
Natural fibers like palm fibers provides new hope for researchers to compete with hazardous synthetic
fibers with its excellent chemical and physical properties This work investigates the extraction of various
fibers that are available from various portions of the palm tree and to characterize its chemical and
physical properties. Also the results were compared with other natural fibers.
Analysis of Composite Material Blended With Thermoplastics and Jute FibreIJERA Editor
This document analyzes the properties of a composite material blended with thermoplastics and jute fiber. The composite is made using a hand lay-up technique with jute fabric reinforced polyester resin. Testing shows that the untreated composite has lower tensile strength and hardness than the natural jute fiber, but higher elongation. Scanning electron microscope analysis indicates the distribution of fibers, resin and additives in the composite microstructure. The study concludes that while the composite has lower density than pure resin, resulting in better strength to weight ratio, the mechanical properties are not significantly improved over the natural fiber alone.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Study of physical, mechanical and thermal propertiesiaemedu
This document summarizes a study on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of unidirectional jute fiber reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film composites. Various weight ratios of jute fiber and PVC composites were prepared by compression molding. The tensile strength was found to increase with fiber content while elongation decreased. Thermal analysis showed the PVC degraded before the jute fiber and the composites degraded in two stages. The bulk density was also found to increase with higher jute fiber content in the composites.
Study of physical, mechanical and thermal properties of unidirectional jute f...iaemedu
1) The document studies the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of unidirectional jute fiber reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film composites.
2) It finds that the tensile strength of the composites increases with the addition of jute fiber, while the percentage elongation at break decreases.
3) Thermal analysis shows the degradation of PVC starts before jute fiber and the composites degrade in two stages. The degradation peaks correspond to stages involving dehydrochlorination and depolymerization of PVC and lighter and heavier materials of jute fiber.
Study of physical, mechanical and thermal propertiesIAEME Publication
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2) Composites with varying weight ratios of jute fiber and PVC were created using compression molding. Testing found that tensile strength increased with more jute fiber while elongation at break decreased.
3) Thermal analysis showed the PVC degraded before the jute fiber. Degradation of the composites occurred in two stages.
Water Absorption, Thickness Swelling and Rheological Properties of Agro Fiber...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study on the water absorption, thickness swelling, and rheological properties of composites made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with various agro fibers, including corncob, rice hull, walnut shell, and flax shive fibers. The corncob composites exhibited the highest water absorption and thickness swelling. The flax shive composites showed the lowest water absorption and thickness swelling. Rheological tests found that the corncob composites had the highest complex viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus, indicating greater resistance to deformation. The walnut shell composites exhibited the highest damping factor. In general, the study found significant differences in the hygro
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy ResinIOSR Journals
Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of composites made from high density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with different agro-wastes (groundnut shell, coconut shell, palm kernel shell). Tensile tests, flexural tests, and environmental scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the composites. The results showed that coconut shell composites exhibited the best mechanical properties overall. Microstructural analysis indicated even distribution of the agro-waste fillers within the HDPE matrix and good interfacial adhesion between the phases. The study demonstrates the potential of using agricultural waste materials to reinforce plastics and produce cost-effective composite materials.
Finite Element Analysis of a Natural Fiber (Maize) Composite BeamIJMER
Natural fiber composite are termed as biocomposites or green composites. These fibers are
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material is composed of stalk-based fiber of maize and unsaturated polyester resin polymer resin
polymer as matrix with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) as a catalyst and cobalt octoate as a
promoter. The material was modeled and resembled as a structural beam using suitable assumption and
analyzed by means of finite element method using ANSYS software for determining the deflection and
stress properties. Morphological analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for the fiber were
examined by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer. From the results,
it has been found that the finite element values are acceptable with proper assumptions, and the prepared
natural fiber composite beam material can be used for structural engineering applications.
A Study on Mechanical Properties of Hemp-Bagasse Fibers Reinforced with Epoxy...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of hemp-bagasse fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Composite laminates were fabricated using hemp, bagasse, and E-glass fibers in epoxy resin. The fibers were treated with alkali before being incorporated into laminates at 10% and 20% volume fractions using hand layup. Tensile, flexural, and hardness tests were conducted according to ASTM standards. The results showed that the 10% volume fraction laminate had higher ultimate tensile strength of 42MPa and the 20% fraction had higher flexural strength of 77.9MPa. Hardness was also evaluated. The study demonstrated that hybrid natural fiber composites can
Composite materials are a combination of two materials that improve the properties of their base materials. Humans have used composites for thousands of years, starting with the Mesopotamians gluing wood strips. The matrix binds and holds reinforcements like fibers or particles to improve strength and stiffness over traditional materials. This project focuses on creating a polymer hybrid composite using coir and banana fibers reinforced in a polylactic acid matrix. These natural fibers are chosen due to their abundance, low cost, and good mechanical properties. The hand layup method will be used to fabricate the composite.
HEALTH CENTER NEEDS MANAGER WITH GRADUATE OF PROFESSION OF PUBLIC HEALTH GENE...IAEME Publication
An additional cost of health insurance paid by the government has increased every
year. Theoretically, this is due to curative services have been more and more dominant.
The one problem might be due to different views between 2 organizations concerning
public health.
A Study on Properties of Natural Fibres - A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the properties of natural fibres and natural fibre composites. It discusses how factors like fibre diameter, density, geometry, and coupling agents can influence the mechanical, thermal, and water absorption properties of natural fibre composites. Surface treatments and coupling agents are shown to improve properties. The document examines different types of natural plant fibres and provides examples of studies that tested the tensile strength of various natural fibre composites, showing how treatments and fibre content can increase strength and modulus. It demonstrates that natural fibre composites show promising properties for structural applications.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the physical and morphological properties of jute fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Composites containing 1-2 wt% of nonwoven jute mat or alkali-treated short jute fibers were fabricated. Testing showed that water absorption and thickness swelling increased with fiber content and exposure time in both rain and tap water. Scanning electron microscopy revealed fiber debonding and matrix cracking, but no significant voids. The nonwoven mat composites exhibited the lowest water absorption and no thickness swelling. The study evaluated how jute fiber reinforcement affects the properties of epoxy composites.
This document discusses the mechanical and tribological characterization of short fiber reinforced polymer composites. Two types of fibers were studied as reinforcements in an epoxy matrix: glass fibers and banana fibers. Composites with varying weight percentages of each fiber type were fabricated and tested. Their physical properties like density and void content were measured. Mechanical properties including microhardness, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength were also evaluated using standard tests. The experimental results from these characterizations were reported and comparisons made between the glass fiber and banana fiber reinforced composites.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This study experimentally investigates the effect of hybridizing jute and glass fibers on the mechanical properties of polyester composites. Jute fiber reinforced polyester composites (JFRPC), glass fiber reinforced polyester composites (GFRPC), and various hybrid fiber reinforced polyester composites (HFRPC) were fabricated and tested. Tensile and flexural testing showed that HFRPC exhibited higher strength properties than JFRPC or GFRPC alone, due to the combined properties of both natural jute and synthetic glass fibers. In particular, composites with 2% jute fiber and varying amounts of glass fiber achieved comparable strengths to GFRPC at a lower cost. Therefore, hybridizing jute and glass
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+
53.13485
−
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with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
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) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
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Review 1 prosopis julflora fiber characterisation
1. BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY
ETHIOPIAN INSTITUTE OF TEXTILE AND FASHION TECHNOLOGY
First year Msc in Fiber science and technology
For Natural fibers course
Review on characterization of a novel natural cellulosic fiber from
prosopis juliflora bark
By፡ Belete Baye
Submitted to:
Rotich Gideon
Submission date:
24,December, 2018
EiTEX, Bahir Dar University
2. I
Contents
List of figures..................................................................................................................................................................... II
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1. Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ 1
2. Materials and methods ............................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1. Extraction of PJ fibers......................................................................................................................................... 1
2.2. Characterization of the fiber.............................................................................................................................. 2
2.2.1. Bark anatomy:............................................................................................................................................ 2
2.2.2. Tensile strength:......................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2.3. Chemical composition:............................................................................................................................... 2
2.2.4. FTIR spectroscopy ...................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2.5. X-ray diffraction (XRD) ............................................................................................................................... 2
2.2.6. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)............................................................................................................. 2
2.2.7. Morphology analysis by SEM ..................................................................................................................... 3
3. Result and discussion................................................................................................................................................. 3
3.1. Anatomy of the prosopis juliflora fiber.............................................................................................................. 3
3.2. Mechanical properties of PJF............................................................................................................................. 3
3.3. Chemical analysis............................................................................................................................................... 4
3.4. FTIR analysis....................................................................................................................................................... 4
3.5. XRD analysis ....................................................................................................................................................... 4
3.6. Thermal analysis................................................................................................................................................. 5
3. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Reference ........................................................................................................................................................................... 6
3. II
List of figures
Figure 1: photograph of PJ plants ...................................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2: Bark of prosopis for morphology study.............................................................................................................. 2
Figure 3: reinforced sandwich of PJF composite............................................................................................................... 2
Figure 4: Transverse section of the PJ bark showing several successive cylinders of fibers............................................. 3
Figure 5: The PJF as viewed under a polarized microscope.............................................................................................. 3
Figure 6: FTIR spectrum of the PJF in the frequency of 400–4000 cm−1. ....................................................................... 3
Figure 7:X-ray spectrum of the PJF................................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 8: TG and DTG curves of the PJF .......................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 9: Broido’s plot of the PJF ....................................................................................................................................... 4
4. 1
Abstract
A Bark fiber botanically known as “Prosopis juliflora(PJ) has selected for this review in order to understand
its morphological, chemical and physical properties. The PJF has higher cellulose (61.65 wt %) content and
lower density (580 kg/m3). Crystallinity Index (CI) of JPF calculated from X-ray diffraction studies is 46%.
The surface of PJF was examined using SEM for observing its surface morphology. Its Structural and
Chemical composition has long-established by (FT-IR). The thermal behavior of PJFs was determined using
TG and DTG curves from Thermo gravimetric (TG) analysis. Findings show that this fiber has irregular
circular configurations with the cell wall structure and thermally stable until 217°C. Thus the
characterization results confirmed the possibility of using PJF for the manufacturing of sustainable fiber
reinforced polymer composite.
1. Introduction
Natural fibers can play a major role in composite industry due to their eco-friendly properties. They are
renewable, biodegradable, low density, low hazard properties and economical rather than synthetic fibers [1].
Nowadays much importance is being given to the development of recyclable and environmentally sustainable
composite materials than ever before due to increasing environmental benefits [2]. They are obtained from
different plants such as coconut, flax, jute, hemp, kenaf, and sisal [3]. The essential properties of natural
fibers are continuous, lesser in diameter and low spiral angle of the cellulose arrangement. The cellulose in
the fiber is shielded with non-cellulose constituent (hemi-cellulose, lignin, pectin, and wax). Surroundings
and age of the plant control the chemical configuration of fibers [2]. A Plant called prosopis juliflora
containing natural fibers is typically grown in various regions with fluctuating ambient conditions. The
morphological, structural and thermal characterizations of Cellulosic prosopis juliflora fiber (PJF) are well
sydied in this paper. The main objective of the review is to understand the characteristic features of the PJFs
using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA).From this review it can be concluded that
PJFs can act as a better reinforcement for the polymer reinforced matrices and add significant value to the
future research.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Extraction of PJ fibers
The extraction technique for the fiber is microbial degradation method. The barks of a twisted stem of PJ
plant as shown in fig 2 are immersed in water for a maximum of 15 days. Then they became soft due to the
microbes effect and the inner and outer layers detached. The outer layer became disposed off where as the
5. 2
inner layer retained on the stem for separation of the fibers by traditional comber having long and fine metal
teeth.
2.2. Characterization of the fiber
2.2.1. Bark anatomy:
The bar anatomy of PJF can be analyzed by a polarized microscope (Nikon, Japan) with small piece of the
bark.
2.2.2. Tensile strength:
The maximum strength can measured with single fiber test using universal testing machine in accordance
with ASTM D-3379-75 standards with n=30 PJFs at cross overhead of 1mm/min for 50mm guage length for
tensile strength test and n=10 PJFs embedded in unsaturated isophthalic resin (C6H4 (CO2H) 2) with a density
(in order to improves thermal resistance and mechanical performance, as well as
resistance to chemicals and water) at cross over head of 0.1mm/min for 20mm guage length and 5KN
capacity load cell for all tests.
2.2.3. Chemical composition:
Cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin contents, wax content, and moisture content of PJF were determined
using the standard test method. The chemical compositions of other bark fibers used for comparison were
obtained from different literatures. [2]
2.2.4. FTIR spectroscopy
FT-IR spectra were recorded using a Model FTIR-8400S spectrum, SHIMADZU,Japan)for chemical
structure(free functional groups) with a wave range of to .
2.2.5. X-ray diffraction (XRD)
It was used to determine the cristalinity of PJF by using Powder X-ray diffraction methods.
2.2.6. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
TGA was performed by using Jupiter simultaneous thermal analyzer (Model STA 449F3, NETZSCH,
Germany) to measure the mass and transformation with a flow rate of 20 mL/min to prevent any unwanted
oxidative decomposition. Measurements were inspected with the aid of TG-DSC Alumina crucible with lid
in programmed temperature range from room temperature to 1000°C at a heating rate of 10° C/min (Samson
and Blanka 2015).
Figure 3: reinforced
sandwich of PJF composite
Figure 2: Bark of prosopis
for morphology study
Figure 1: photograph of PJ
plants
6. 3
2.2.7. Morphology analysis by SEM
a thin gold layer coated (prevent charge accoumulation during examination) specimen was visualized by
SEM (Model SU1510, HITACHI, Japan) with an accelerated voltage of 30kv and attainable vacuum level of
0.0015pa.
3. Result and discussion
3.1. Anatomy of the prosopis juliflora fiber
Analysis of the PJF through polarized microscope showed thin dark tangencial layers of phloem fibers
divided in the direction of their length in to thick fiber blocks by different wavy rays. They are too small
(30µm thick) and obsolete (rare) on the outer layer (60-100µm wide) and become thicker (40µm) and wider
(200-3000µm) gradually) through the inner zone. There are about 15 cylinders of such fibers coming one
after another in an uninterrupted sequence as shown in fig 4 blow. The fiber contains highly lignified outer
primary wall and a secondary wall coated with mucilage substance which is a viscid material naturally
present on the barks of PJ plants. When the fibers are treated with toluidine blue (a thiazine dye,
C15H16ClN3S), its outer primary wall became dark green, while the inner secondary wall purple. Up on
phloroglucin (1, 3,5trihydroxybenzene, C6H3 (OH) 3), the primary wall appeared Red due to the presence of
lignin, while the secondary wall remain unchanged. Under polarized microscope observations, the primary
wall appeared bright blue, but the secondary wall remained color less or appeared in different colors. The
single fiber has thin primary and secondary walls (diameter and thickness (20 µm, 5–8 µm and 10–12 _m,
respectively) as compared to other bark single fibers of flax(17.8–21.6 µm),hemp(17–22.8 µm), jute(15.9–
20.7 µm), kenaf(17.7–21.9 µm) and ramie(28.1–35 µm).[2]The S1, S2 and S3 layers of the fiber were not
very distinct and the cell lumen was approximately 8µm in diameter as shown in fig 5 below.
3.2. Mechanical properties of PJF
Most of the time the cell wall structure (s1, s2, s3) and chemical composition largely affect the mechanical
properties of bark fibers. PJF has comparable tensile strength (558±13.4 MPa with1.77±0.04% of strain rate)
with other bark fibers of flax (500–900 MPa), hemp (690 MPa), jute (370±134 MPa), and ramie (915
MPa)[2]. It also has a similar microfibril angle (α) (10.64º±0.45º) with other the bark fibers like jute (8.1º),
Figure 6: FTIR spectrum of the PJF in
the frequency of 400–4000 cm−1.
Figure 5: The PJF as viewed under a
polarized microscope
Figure 4: Transverse section of the
PJ bark showing several successive
cylinders of fibers
7. 4
flax (5º), hemp(6.2º) and banana(11-12º).Its fiber –matrix interfacial shear strength(5.3±0.26MPa) was the
primary factor for stress transfer from matrix to fiber in composite structure.
3.3. Chemical analysis
The PJF has 61.65% cellulose which used as bond to withstand the hydrostatic pressure gradients of the fiber
and also has a degradable hemicelulose(16.41%content) which causes disintegration PJF fiber into
microfibrils and lower strength due to less linking effect. Its higher lignin (17.11%) content makes the fiber
less flexible as compared to other bark fibers. it has less wax (0.61%) content relative to hemp (2.3%) but
more relative to okra (0.3%) bark fiber that leads weak interfacial bond between fibers and polymer matrices.
Table 1: Comparison-of-chemical-compositions-of-the-PJF-with-bark-fibers-of-other-plants
Name of
fiber
Cellulose
(%)
Hemicelluloses
(%)
Lignin
(%)
Wax
(%)
Moisture content
(%)
Density(kg/
m3
)
Ash
(%)
Reference
PJF 61.65 16.14 17.11 0.61 9.48 580 5.2 Kommula et al. 2016
Jute 72 13 13 0.5 12.6 1460 0.5-2 Senthamaraikannan et al. 2016
Flax 81 14 3 1.7 10 1500 - Senthamaraikannan et al. 2016
Ramie 76 15 1 - 8 1500 -
Hemp 74 18 4 2.3 10.8 1480 - Senthamaraikannan et al. 2016
Kenaf 53.14 14.33 8.18 - - 1400 -
Hop stem 84±1.6 - 6±0.2 - - - 2±0.1
Okra 60-70 13.1-16.7 0.6-0.7 0.3 7.5-17 - -
3.4. FTIR analysis
As shown above, fig 6, the typical highest points of a wave (peaks) were attained between
in relation to O-H stretching and bending
frequencies. For PJF, the maximum stretching peack was O-H and for C-H links.
The different peaks for different functional groups were observed like C-O-C (ester group) stretch
at , C-O (carbonyl stretch at ) for acetyl groups in hemicelluloses and aldhydic
groups in lignin. This was comparable with the carbonyl region (C-O) of hemp fiber ( ), mulbury
bark (1643 and 1742 ), lignin of okra fiber C=C stretching of aromatic group (1517 ) peak stretch.
[2]
3.5. XRD analysis
The crystalline region of PJF was observed at diffraction angles of 18.12º(110) and 22.67º(200) as
shown in fig 7 above due to the cellulose crystalline regions.it has much lower(46%) CI (cristaline index)
than Jute (71%) and Hemp (88%) and much greater crystallite size (15nm) than flax (2.8nm) but closer to
ramie (16nm)[2].
Figure 8: TG and DTG curves of the PJF Figure 9: Broido’s plot of the PJF
Figure 7:X-ray spectrum
of the PJF
8. 5
3.6. Thermal analysis
Normally natural fibers have good thermal stability. The thermo gravimetric (TG) curve shown in Figure 8
indicates that the weight loss of fiber at temperature ranges between 33°C and 1000°C. 10%Weight loss
between 33°C and 149°C was due to evaporation of water present in the raw fiber (Samson Rwawiire and
Blanka Tomkova 2015). The degradation between 200°C and 300°C is due to thermal depolymerization of
non cellulose groups of hemicellulose. α-cellulose of PJF decomposed at 331.1°C but 321 ◦C, 308.2 ◦C,
298.2 ◦C and 309.2 ◦C for bamboo, hemp, jute and kenaf fibers, respectively. Above 110°C, the thermal
resistance of PJF has decreased gradually. Due to its complex aromatic structures, the decomposition of
lignin is at very slow rate within the whole temperature rates. But most of the time it decomposed at
540°C.The decomposition (oxidative degradation) of charred residual products occurred between 480.6 ◦C
and 676.6 ◦C. From the DTG curve (Figure 9), two maximum intensity peaks were observed; first one at
63.4°C and other was being 331.1°C with a large intensity. The first peak (63.4°C) corresponds to
suberin(An inert, impermeable, waxy substance present in PJF) and lignin fractions and the second (331.1°C)
associated with Cellulose content (Kathiresan et al. 2016).it has apparent activation energy Ea of 76.72
kJ/mol as shown in fig 9 above determined to understand the detailed kinetic parameter of the fiber.
3. Conclusion
In this review, the morphology, crystallinity, chemical composition, and thermal degradation and of PJF are
studied. The cellulose content (61.65%) is relatively high and low density (580 kg/m3) of PJF with improved
mechanical properties is chosen for composite reinforcement applications. The SEM micrograph confirms
that irregular circular structures increase the essential feature for the fiber with polymer matrix composite
manufacturing.The presence of good cellulose content of the fiber long-established through chemical and
FTIR analysis. The crystallinity index (CI) of PJF has found to be 46%, which shows the presence of
relatively high crystalline cellulose in the fiber. The TG and TDG of the PJF have found that the fiber is
thermally stable up to 217°C. These deserved properties persuasively showed the potential of PJF that make
them perfect alternative reinforcement material in polymer matrices and industrial applications.
9. 6
Reference
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Journal of Natural Fibers 1:333–51. doi:10.1080/15440478.2013.879087.
2. S.Saravanakumaretal.2016 Characterization of a novel natural cellulosic fiber from Prosopis juliflora
bark·journal of carbohydrate polymers 92:1928– 1933.DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.064 ·
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Varada Rajulu. 2016. Extraction, modification, and characterization of natural ligno-cellulosic fiber strands
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Physico-chemical, tensile, and thermal characterization of Napier grass (native African) fiber strands.
International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 18:303–14.
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5. P. Balasundar, P. Narayanasamy, P. Senthamaraikannan, S. Senthil, R.Prithivirajan & T. Ramkumar
(2017): Extraction and Characterization of New Natural Cellulosic Chloris barbata Fiber, Journal of Natural
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