The document provides an analysis of the effect of different pretreatment methods in combination with organosolv delignification on the enzymatic hydrolysability of three feedstocks. It examines the composition of untreated biomass, the impact of different pretreatments on composition, and lignin characterization. The goal is to compare delignification ability, enzymatic hydrolysability, and establish correlations between lignin structure and delignification potential for different feedstocks and pretreatment combinations.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the use of nano fertilizers in agriculture. It defines nano-fertilizers as fertilizers made of nano-sized nutrient molecules coated in a polymer coating that releases nutrients when needed. Some key advantages discussed are increased nutrient use efficiency, lower requirement for chemical fertilizers, and higher crop yields. Potential disadvantages include unknown health and environmental risks. The conclusion is that with further research and addressing of risks, nano-fertilizers have potential to help feed more people sustainably.
Climate change poses serious threats to Indian agriculture that could undermine food security. Studies project cereal production may decrease 10-40% by 2100 due to increased temperatures, with wheat facing greater losses. Every 1°C rise in temperature could reduce wheat production by 4-5 million tons. Adaptation strategies like new crop varieties, water management, and insurance can help minimize impacts but require significant research and policy support. Immediate action is needed on low-cost adaptation options while determining costs and policies for long-term mitigation through practices like agroforestry and soil carbon sequestration. Failure to act risks substantial economic and social damages from climate impacts on India's agricultural sector and food system.
The document analyzes different farming systems in Hassan District of Karnataka, India. It identifies the existing systems as rainfed and irrigated cultivation and studies the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers in each system. The objectives are to identify farming systems, study associated farmer characteristics, analyze adoption of improved practices, compare profitability, and identify constraints faced. Data was collected through personal interviews with 120 farmers using variables like age, education, landholding, media/extension contact, and economic motivation. The results found crop production combined with animal husbandry and coconut gardens were common integrated systems. Irrigated farms used various water sources like canals, tanks, wells. Adoption of improved practices varied by crop and system. Key constraints under rainf
1) Abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, and high temperatures are major constraints in achieving potential crop yields in India, with drought causing 5 times more yield losses than all biotic factors combined.
2) About 70% of India's cropped area is rain-fed, contributing 36% of total agricultural production. Common drought-prone states include Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat.
3) Water scarcity will be a key challenge for Indian agriculture due to low precipitation and high evapotranspiration rates across large parts of the country, with climate change projections indicating a doubling of drought by mid-century and tripling by late-century.
The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challengesFAO
Description: the presentation features main findings and highlights of the report “The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges”. The report sheds some light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century. It provides some insights as to what is at stake and what needs to be done.
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf
Here, it is a brief presentation regarding nanofertilizer, in relation to its role in enhancing the use efficiency of concerned nutrient, along with some experimrntal findings. Thank you for ur kind consideration.
Crop modelling with DSSAT allows researchers to:
1) Conduct experiments and analyses that would be impractical, too expensive, or impossible in real world conditions.
2) Study the long-term effects of management options through simulations and predictions.
3) Develop optimal management strategies through analysis of factors like weather, soil conditions, genotypes, and practices.
DSSAT is a widely used crop modeling system that incorporates biophysical models of plant growth and development to simulate crop performance under different conditions and management scenarios.
Indian agriculture feels the pain of fatigue of green revolution.
In the past 50 years, the fertilizer consumption exponentially increased from 0.5 (1960’s) to 24 million tonnes (2013) that commensurate with four-fold increase in food grain output (254 million tonnes) In order to achieve a target of 300 million tonnes of food grains and to feed the burgeoning population of 1.4 billion in 2025, the country will require 45 million tonnes of nutrients as against a current consumption level of 23 million tonnes. The sustainable agriculture and precision farming both are the urgent issues and hence the suitable agro-technological interventions are essential (e.g., nano and biotechnology) for ensuring the safety and sustainability of relevant production system.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the use of nano fertilizers in agriculture. It defines nano-fertilizers as fertilizers made of nano-sized nutrient molecules coated in a polymer coating that releases nutrients when needed. Some key advantages discussed are increased nutrient use efficiency, lower requirement for chemical fertilizers, and higher crop yields. Potential disadvantages include unknown health and environmental risks. The conclusion is that with further research and addressing of risks, nano-fertilizers have potential to help feed more people sustainably.
Climate change poses serious threats to Indian agriculture that could undermine food security. Studies project cereal production may decrease 10-40% by 2100 due to increased temperatures, with wheat facing greater losses. Every 1°C rise in temperature could reduce wheat production by 4-5 million tons. Adaptation strategies like new crop varieties, water management, and insurance can help minimize impacts but require significant research and policy support. Immediate action is needed on low-cost adaptation options while determining costs and policies for long-term mitigation through practices like agroforestry and soil carbon sequestration. Failure to act risks substantial economic and social damages from climate impacts on India's agricultural sector and food system.
The document analyzes different farming systems in Hassan District of Karnataka, India. It identifies the existing systems as rainfed and irrigated cultivation and studies the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers in each system. The objectives are to identify farming systems, study associated farmer characteristics, analyze adoption of improved practices, compare profitability, and identify constraints faced. Data was collected through personal interviews with 120 farmers using variables like age, education, landholding, media/extension contact, and economic motivation. The results found crop production combined with animal husbandry and coconut gardens were common integrated systems. Irrigated farms used various water sources like canals, tanks, wells. Adoption of improved practices varied by crop and system. Key constraints under rainf
1) Abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, and high temperatures are major constraints in achieving potential crop yields in India, with drought causing 5 times more yield losses than all biotic factors combined.
2) About 70% of India's cropped area is rain-fed, contributing 36% of total agricultural production. Common drought-prone states include Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat.
3) Water scarcity will be a key challenge for Indian agriculture due to low precipitation and high evapotranspiration rates across large parts of the country, with climate change projections indicating a doubling of drought by mid-century and tripling by late-century.
The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challengesFAO
Description: the presentation features main findings and highlights of the report “The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges”. The report sheds some light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century. It provides some insights as to what is at stake and what needs to be done.
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6583e.pdf
Here, it is a brief presentation regarding nanofertilizer, in relation to its role in enhancing the use efficiency of concerned nutrient, along with some experimrntal findings. Thank you for ur kind consideration.
Crop modelling with DSSAT allows researchers to:
1) Conduct experiments and analyses that would be impractical, too expensive, or impossible in real world conditions.
2) Study the long-term effects of management options through simulations and predictions.
3) Develop optimal management strategies through analysis of factors like weather, soil conditions, genotypes, and practices.
DSSAT is a widely used crop modeling system that incorporates biophysical models of plant growth and development to simulate crop performance under different conditions and management scenarios.
The document discusses various indicators and methodologies for assessing the efficiency of crops and cropping systems. It provides formulas to calculate productivity, production efficiency, land use efficiency, energy use, water use productivity, profitability, employment generation, and other metrics. Key indicators include crop yield, system productivity, total factor productivity, relative production efficiency, energy efficiency, water use productivity, and economic measures like net returns and benefit-cost ratios. The methodology allows for identifying the most efficient crops, systems, and zones based on productivity and resource use.
This document outlines several factors that constrain oilseed crop yields in Pakistan, including a lack of quality seed, insufficient research, technical issues in production and post-harvest handling, policies that treat oilseeds as minor crops, limited marketing capabilities, unfavorable product prices, high user demand for imported oils, and lack of affordable credit services. Potential solutions proposed include developing high-yielding varieties, disseminating better production technologies, providing incentives to growers, enabling local oil expelling, offering support prices, and identifying substitute crops.
Nanomaterials have potential applications in plant protection and agriculture. They can be engineered to have properties like permeability and biodegradability that increase their affinity to targets like pests and pathogens. Nanopesticides and nanofertilizers allow slow release and targeted delivery of agricultural chemicals, reducing usage amounts. However, some negative effects like toxicity, chemical injuries to plants, and health risks must still be addressed through further research. Overall, nanotechnology shows promise for more effective and sustainable crop protection and production if its risks can be properly managed.
- The document summarizes nano urea, a new liquid fertilizer developed using nanotechnology as an alternative to conventional urea. It is invented by IFFCO scientists and contains nano-sized particles of urea that provide nitrogen to plants.
- Nano urea has several benefits over conventional urea like increased nutrient use efficiency, reduced nitrogen losses, and higher crop yields. It is more environmentally friendly and helps increase farmers' income.
- The document discusses nano urea's specifications, application method, how it works, limitations, and prospects for the future which includes it becoming widely used and contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Innovation systems approach for agricultural transformationILRI
This document discusses innovation systems and their importance for agricultural transformation. It defines innovation as the application of new knowledge to improve performance. An innovation system is a network of organizations and individuals involved in knowledge creation and use for social and economic benefit. Innovation capacity refers to the patterns of interaction between actors and the policies that support knowledge exchange, technological change, and learning. The innovation systems approach aims to develop local capacity for problem identification and solution generation through partnerships between various stakeholders. Three key points are made: 1) Technologies alone are not enough - partnerships are vital for innovation; 2) Innovation capacity depends on social arrangements that facilitate knowledge sharing; 3) The roles of various actors and nature of their linkages must be considered to strengthen innovation processes.
The document discusses mechanisms for controlling greenhouse gas emissions. It begins with an introduction to the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases. It then discusses the current scenario of greenhouse gas emissions in India and worldwide. The document outlines opportunities for mitigating emissions, including reducing emissions, enhancing carbon sequestration, and avoiding emissions. It describes various technologies for mitigation in cropland, grazing land, and livestock management. The document concludes with case studies and ideas for future work.
This document discusses adoption of recommended doses of fertilizers based on soil testing by farmers in Karnataka. It finds that while fertilizer consumption has increased crop yields, it has also led to soil health issues in some cases. The study aims to analyze farmers' adoption of soil testing and application of recommended fertilizer doses. It involves a survey of farmers growing paddy and maize. Preliminary results show variations in fertilizer use and awareness of soil testing across districts and farm sizes. The study examines factors influencing fertilizer adoption and the impact of applying recommended doses on crop yields. It provides policy recommendations to promote balanced fertilizer use and sustainable soil management.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting carbohydrates from plants like corn or sugarcane. It can be used as a gasoline substitute. Bioethanol has lower energy content than gasoline but has higher octane numbers. It is produced through processes like sugar or starch fermentation. While bioethanol reduces greenhouse gases, there are concerns about food prices and land use. Future development focuses on using non-food feedstocks like cellulosic biomass.
This document discusses the development of nanotechnology-based insecticides. It begins by noting the increasing global population is driving demand for greater agricultural output. Nanotechnology offers potential solutions to improve pest management and reduce the adverse impacts of chemical pesticides. Specifically, nanopesticides use nanostructures between 1-200nm to carry agrochemical ingredients in controlled release formulations like nanospheres, nanocapsules, and micelles. These nanopesticides have benefits over conventional pesticides like being safer to handle, more biodegradable, and enabling more precise and targeted release of active compounds to improve efficiency while reducing doses and residues. However, the technology is still developing standardized methods and strategies to track nanopesticides while
Biochar is produced through pyrolysis of biomass and used as a soil amendment. It improves soil health by increasing cation exchange capacity, water retention and nutrient availability. Different feedstocks produce biochars with varying chemical properties. Application rates of 5-50 tonnes per hectare can boost crop yields by enhancing soil quality and microbial activity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions from soil. Quality of feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, soil type and application method influence the effectiveness of biochar as a soil conditioner.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the use of nano fertilizers in agriculture. It defines nano-fertilizers as fertilizers made of nano-sized nutrient molecules coated in a polymer coating that releases nutrients when needed. Some key advantages discussed are increased nutrient use efficiency, lower requirement for chemical fertilizers, and higher crop yields. Potential disadvantages include unknown health and environmental risks. The conclusion is that with further research and awareness of risks, nano-fertilizers have potential to help feed more people sustainably.
Biofortification is a process of increasing micronutrient levels in crops through plant breeding and agronomic practices. It can help address micronutrient deficiencies that lead to health issues like anemia and stunting. There are two main approaches - genetic biofortification uses conventional breeding to develop nutrient-dense varieties by introducing genes from wild crop relatives; agronomic biofortification enhances soil nutrients to increase micronutrient uptake in crops. Success depends on retaining nutrients during processing and cooking, and sufficient consumption by target populations. Biofortification is a promising strategy to combat hidden hunger in a sustainable and cost-effective manner.
The soybean is a species of legume native to East Asia that is grown for its edible bean. It is an important global crop that provides oil and high-quality protein. The top soybean producing countries are the United States, Brazil, Argentina, China, and India, which represent over 90% of global production. Soybeans have numerous uses including in many processed foods and as animal feed. It is grown commercially between 25-45 degrees north latitude with optimum temperatures for growth between 26-30 degrees Celsius.
Nanotechnology and its Applications in AgricultureYounus Fayaz
Nanotechnology and its Applications in Agriculture was the topic of the seminar. The summary discusses:
1. Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale of 1-100 nm. It can be used to create new materials and products with potential to change society.
2. Applications of nanotechnology in agriculture include crop improvement through faster growth, disease resistance, and gene regulation. It can also aid precision agriculture, soil management, pest and disease control, and water management.
3. Nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and other nanoproducts offer benefits like increased nutrient use efficiency, targeted delivery, and reduced application needs compared to conventional methods.
Senior seminar- Nanotechnology in AgricultureSolomon Etany
The document discusses the roles of nanotechnology in improving agriculture by allowing for more precise delivery of nutrients and chemicals to plants, more accurate monitoring of crop and soil conditions, and more targeted pest and disease control. It reviews research on using nanoparticles to enhance fertilizers, biosensors, pesticides, and herbicides. While nanotechnology holds promise for increasing agricultural productivity in a more sustainable way, further research is still needed to fully understand its risks and impacts.
Impact of climate change on rice productionNourin Akter
Climate is defined as the average weather patterns over a 30-year period for a particular region, whereas weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions. Climate change represents a change in these long-term weather patterns through changes in temperature, rainfall, and other climatic factors. Rice production depends heavily on climatic factors like temperature, rainfall, and light intensity. Impacts of climate change on rice production include heat stress reducing yields and grain quality, as well as increased incidence of droughts and floods damaging rice crops in Bangladesh.
Micro-irrigation refers to low-pressure irrigation systems that spray, mist, sprinkle or drip water onto the soil surface near the plant roots. The document discusses the need for micro-irrigation systems to reduce soil salinity and evaporation while providing sufficient water for plant growth. It describes the advantages of micro-irrigation like water savings, weed and disease reduction, and yield improvement. The document also outlines some disadvantages and different types of micro-irrigation systems including drip, sprinkler and fogging systems. It provides details on drip irrigation components and crops that can be grown with drip irrigation.
The document provides information about soybean production including its uses, area and production statistics, cultivation practices, and hybrid production. It discusses soybean's importance as a global crop and major source of protein and oil. Key points covered include top soybean producing countries, cultivation steps like land preparation, fertilizer application, and harvesting. Hybrid seed production techniques like emasculation and pollination are outlined. New high-yielding soybean varieties suited for different states in India are also mentioned.
Nano Fertilizer- A smart Nutrient Delivery System with higher efficiency.dewaliroy
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. Nano-fertilizers are developed using substrates at the nano scale to improve soil fertility and crop yields. They have properties like high surface area and controlled release kinetics. This allows for increased nutrient uptake efficiency, reduced losses, and an extended effective period compared to conventional fertilizers. Zeolites are commonly used nano carriers due to their porous structure and ability to hold nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. While nano-fertilizers show promise to revolutionize agriculture, more research is still needed to optimize their use and fully understand their environmental impacts.
5th International Graduate Conference on Engineering Science & Humanity 2014 ...Bemgba Nyakuma
This document summarizes research on torrefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) briquettes. Torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis process that improves the properties of biomass for energy production. It was found that torrefying palm waste briquettes at 300°C for 60 minutes produced the optimal mass yield of 42.2%. Higher temperatures and longer times caused greater mass loss due to decomposition of hemicellulose. Torrefied briquettes had higher carbon and energy content and were less hygroscopic than raw biomass. The results demonstrate the potential of torrefaction to enhance the quality of palm waste for use as solid fuel.
The document discusses torrefaction, which is a process for upgrading biomass into a higher energy density solid fuel. It describes ECN, an energy research institute in the Netherlands that develops sustainable energy technologies including their work on torrefaction. Torrefaction involves heating biomass to 200-300°C in the absence of oxygen, which makes the biomass more energy dense, hydrophobic, and easier to transport and handle as a solid fuel. ECN has developed TOP technology for torrefaction and pelletization of biomass into a fuel with properties suitable for co-firing in coal power plants.
The document discusses various indicators and methodologies for assessing the efficiency of crops and cropping systems. It provides formulas to calculate productivity, production efficiency, land use efficiency, energy use, water use productivity, profitability, employment generation, and other metrics. Key indicators include crop yield, system productivity, total factor productivity, relative production efficiency, energy efficiency, water use productivity, and economic measures like net returns and benefit-cost ratios. The methodology allows for identifying the most efficient crops, systems, and zones based on productivity and resource use.
This document outlines several factors that constrain oilseed crop yields in Pakistan, including a lack of quality seed, insufficient research, technical issues in production and post-harvest handling, policies that treat oilseeds as minor crops, limited marketing capabilities, unfavorable product prices, high user demand for imported oils, and lack of affordable credit services. Potential solutions proposed include developing high-yielding varieties, disseminating better production technologies, providing incentives to growers, enabling local oil expelling, offering support prices, and identifying substitute crops.
Nanomaterials have potential applications in plant protection and agriculture. They can be engineered to have properties like permeability and biodegradability that increase their affinity to targets like pests and pathogens. Nanopesticides and nanofertilizers allow slow release and targeted delivery of agricultural chemicals, reducing usage amounts. However, some negative effects like toxicity, chemical injuries to plants, and health risks must still be addressed through further research. Overall, nanotechnology shows promise for more effective and sustainable crop protection and production if its risks can be properly managed.
- The document summarizes nano urea, a new liquid fertilizer developed using nanotechnology as an alternative to conventional urea. It is invented by IFFCO scientists and contains nano-sized particles of urea that provide nitrogen to plants.
- Nano urea has several benefits over conventional urea like increased nutrient use efficiency, reduced nitrogen losses, and higher crop yields. It is more environmentally friendly and helps increase farmers' income.
- The document discusses nano urea's specifications, application method, how it works, limitations, and prospects for the future which includes it becoming widely used and contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Innovation systems approach for agricultural transformationILRI
This document discusses innovation systems and their importance for agricultural transformation. It defines innovation as the application of new knowledge to improve performance. An innovation system is a network of organizations and individuals involved in knowledge creation and use for social and economic benefit. Innovation capacity refers to the patterns of interaction between actors and the policies that support knowledge exchange, technological change, and learning. The innovation systems approach aims to develop local capacity for problem identification and solution generation through partnerships between various stakeholders. Three key points are made: 1) Technologies alone are not enough - partnerships are vital for innovation; 2) Innovation capacity depends on social arrangements that facilitate knowledge sharing; 3) The roles of various actors and nature of their linkages must be considered to strengthen innovation processes.
The document discusses mechanisms for controlling greenhouse gas emissions. It begins with an introduction to the greenhouse effect and greenhouse gases. It then discusses the current scenario of greenhouse gas emissions in India and worldwide. The document outlines opportunities for mitigating emissions, including reducing emissions, enhancing carbon sequestration, and avoiding emissions. It describes various technologies for mitigation in cropland, grazing land, and livestock management. The document concludes with case studies and ideas for future work.
This document discusses adoption of recommended doses of fertilizers based on soil testing by farmers in Karnataka. It finds that while fertilizer consumption has increased crop yields, it has also led to soil health issues in some cases. The study aims to analyze farmers' adoption of soil testing and application of recommended fertilizer doses. It involves a survey of farmers growing paddy and maize. Preliminary results show variations in fertilizer use and awareness of soil testing across districts and farm sizes. The study examines factors influencing fertilizer adoption and the impact of applying recommended doses on crop yields. It provides policy recommendations to promote balanced fertilizer use and sustainable soil management.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting carbohydrates from plants like corn or sugarcane. It can be used as a gasoline substitute. Bioethanol has lower energy content than gasoline but has higher octane numbers. It is produced through processes like sugar or starch fermentation. While bioethanol reduces greenhouse gases, there are concerns about food prices and land use. Future development focuses on using non-food feedstocks like cellulosic biomass.
This document discusses the development of nanotechnology-based insecticides. It begins by noting the increasing global population is driving demand for greater agricultural output. Nanotechnology offers potential solutions to improve pest management and reduce the adverse impacts of chemical pesticides. Specifically, nanopesticides use nanostructures between 1-200nm to carry agrochemical ingredients in controlled release formulations like nanospheres, nanocapsules, and micelles. These nanopesticides have benefits over conventional pesticides like being safer to handle, more biodegradable, and enabling more precise and targeted release of active compounds to improve efficiency while reducing doses and residues. However, the technology is still developing standardized methods and strategies to track nanopesticides while
Biochar is produced through pyrolysis of biomass and used as a soil amendment. It improves soil health by increasing cation exchange capacity, water retention and nutrient availability. Different feedstocks produce biochars with varying chemical properties. Application rates of 5-50 tonnes per hectare can boost crop yields by enhancing soil quality and microbial activity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions from soil. Quality of feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, soil type and application method influence the effectiveness of biochar as a soil conditioner.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the use of nano fertilizers in agriculture. It defines nano-fertilizers as fertilizers made of nano-sized nutrient molecules coated in a polymer coating that releases nutrients when needed. Some key advantages discussed are increased nutrient use efficiency, lower requirement for chemical fertilizers, and higher crop yields. Potential disadvantages include unknown health and environmental risks. The conclusion is that with further research and awareness of risks, nano-fertilizers have potential to help feed more people sustainably.
Biofortification is a process of increasing micronutrient levels in crops through plant breeding and agronomic practices. It can help address micronutrient deficiencies that lead to health issues like anemia and stunting. There are two main approaches - genetic biofortification uses conventional breeding to develop nutrient-dense varieties by introducing genes from wild crop relatives; agronomic biofortification enhances soil nutrients to increase micronutrient uptake in crops. Success depends on retaining nutrients during processing and cooking, and sufficient consumption by target populations. Biofortification is a promising strategy to combat hidden hunger in a sustainable and cost-effective manner.
The soybean is a species of legume native to East Asia that is grown for its edible bean. It is an important global crop that provides oil and high-quality protein. The top soybean producing countries are the United States, Brazil, Argentina, China, and India, which represent over 90% of global production. Soybeans have numerous uses including in many processed foods and as animal feed. It is grown commercially between 25-45 degrees north latitude with optimum temperatures for growth between 26-30 degrees Celsius.
Nanotechnology and its Applications in AgricultureYounus Fayaz
Nanotechnology and its Applications in Agriculture was the topic of the seminar. The summary discusses:
1. Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale of 1-100 nm. It can be used to create new materials and products with potential to change society.
2. Applications of nanotechnology in agriculture include crop improvement through faster growth, disease resistance, and gene regulation. It can also aid precision agriculture, soil management, pest and disease control, and water management.
3. Nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and other nanoproducts offer benefits like increased nutrient use efficiency, targeted delivery, and reduced application needs compared to conventional methods.
Senior seminar- Nanotechnology in AgricultureSolomon Etany
The document discusses the roles of nanotechnology in improving agriculture by allowing for more precise delivery of nutrients and chemicals to plants, more accurate monitoring of crop and soil conditions, and more targeted pest and disease control. It reviews research on using nanoparticles to enhance fertilizers, biosensors, pesticides, and herbicides. While nanotechnology holds promise for increasing agricultural productivity in a more sustainable way, further research is still needed to fully understand its risks and impacts.
Impact of climate change on rice productionNourin Akter
Climate is defined as the average weather patterns over a 30-year period for a particular region, whereas weather describes short-term atmospheric conditions. Climate change represents a change in these long-term weather patterns through changes in temperature, rainfall, and other climatic factors. Rice production depends heavily on climatic factors like temperature, rainfall, and light intensity. Impacts of climate change on rice production include heat stress reducing yields and grain quality, as well as increased incidence of droughts and floods damaging rice crops in Bangladesh.
Micro-irrigation refers to low-pressure irrigation systems that spray, mist, sprinkle or drip water onto the soil surface near the plant roots. The document discusses the need for micro-irrigation systems to reduce soil salinity and evaporation while providing sufficient water for plant growth. It describes the advantages of micro-irrigation like water savings, weed and disease reduction, and yield improvement. The document also outlines some disadvantages and different types of micro-irrigation systems including drip, sprinkler and fogging systems. It provides details on drip irrigation components and crops that can be grown with drip irrigation.
The document provides information about soybean production including its uses, area and production statistics, cultivation practices, and hybrid production. It discusses soybean's importance as a global crop and major source of protein and oil. Key points covered include top soybean producing countries, cultivation steps like land preparation, fertilizer application, and harvesting. Hybrid seed production techniques like emasculation and pollination are outlined. New high-yielding soybean varieties suited for different states in India are also mentioned.
Nano Fertilizer- A smart Nutrient Delivery System with higher efficiency.dewaliroy
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. Nano-fertilizers are developed using substrates at the nano scale to improve soil fertility and crop yields. They have properties like high surface area and controlled release kinetics. This allows for increased nutrient uptake efficiency, reduced losses, and an extended effective period compared to conventional fertilizers. Zeolites are commonly used nano carriers due to their porous structure and ability to hold nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. While nano-fertilizers show promise to revolutionize agriculture, more research is still needed to optimize their use and fully understand their environmental impacts.
5th International Graduate Conference on Engineering Science & Humanity 2014 ...Bemgba Nyakuma
This document summarizes research on torrefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) briquettes. Torrefaction is a mild pyrolysis process that improves the properties of biomass for energy production. It was found that torrefying palm waste briquettes at 300°C for 60 minutes produced the optimal mass yield of 42.2%. Higher temperatures and longer times caused greater mass loss due to decomposition of hemicellulose. Torrefied briquettes had higher carbon and energy content and were less hygroscopic than raw biomass. The results demonstrate the potential of torrefaction to enhance the quality of palm waste for use as solid fuel.
The document discusses torrefaction, which is a process for upgrading biomass into a higher energy density solid fuel. It describes ECN, an energy research institute in the Netherlands that develops sustainable energy technologies including their work on torrefaction. Torrefaction involves heating biomass to 200-300°C in the absence of oxygen, which makes the biomass more energy dense, hydrophobic, and easier to transport and handle as a solid fuel. ECN has developed TOP technology for torrefaction and pelletization of biomass into a fuel with properties suitable for co-firing in coal power plants.
Process Design & Economics of Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Bioma...BiorefineryEPC™
Process Design & Economics of Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Ethanol
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This report provides an overview of the current status of torrefaction technologies and their market perspectives. It summarizes the basic principles of torrefaction, where biomass is heated to 250-350°C in a low oxygen environment, resulting in the partial removal of volatile matter. This makes the biomass brittle and hydrophobic. The report also outlines the technical and economic advantages of torrefied biomass compared to raw biomass and assesses several torrefaction technology types and their commercial initiatives. It identifies the key challenges for market implementation as technical performance, economics, and regulatory acceptance.
The oil palm industry in Malaysia provides a high economic return to the country. Currently empty fruit bunch (EFB) is one of the solid wastes which is produced daily but have limited use whereby it is usually left as plantation site to act as an organic fertilizer for the plants to ensure the sustainability of fresh fruit bunch (FFB). However, this waste material have the potential to be transformed into high value-added products such as bioethanol, acids and compost using advanced biotechnology technique. The major drawback in biomass technology is the difficulty of degrading the material in a short period of time. Therefore, a pretreatment step such as hot-compressed water treatment is required to break the lignocellulosic compound to easily accessible carbon sources for further use to produce bioethanol. This research proposes an environmental friendly technology which could convert waste biomass to valuable bio-based chemicals and fuels which could be transferred easily to rural areas and small medium industries for wealth creation and for their own use in their agricultural fields.
Presentation of Bin Yang for the Workshop on Hydrolysis Route for Cellulosic Ethanol from Sugarcane.
Apresentação de Bin Yang realizada no "Workshop on Hydrolysis Route for Cellulosic Ethanol from Sugarcane"
Date / Data : February 10 - 11th 2009/
10 e 11 de fevereiro de 2009
Place / Local: Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop1
The document compares dilute acid and ionic liquid pretreatments of switchgrass and finds that ionic liquid pretreatment more effectively removes lignin, disrupts the plant structure, reduces cellulose crystallinity, and results in higher enzyme hydrolysis rates compared to dilute acid pretreatment, however ionic liquid pretreatment is a newer method and has higher costs than dilute acid pretreatment.
Presentation of Henrique M. Baudel for the Workshop on Hydrolysis Route for Cellulosic Ethanol from Sugarcane.
Apresentação de Henrique M. Baudel realizada no "Workshop on Hydrolysis Route for Cellulosic Ethanol from Sugarcane"
Date / Data : February 10 - 11th 2009/
10 e 11 de fevereiro de 2009
Place / Local: Unicamp, Campinas, Brazil
Event Website / Website do evento: http://www.bioetanol.org.br/workshop1
Thermal pretreatment of biomass/torrefaction - Jaap KielEBAconference
This document discusses torrefaction as a process for upgrading biomass. Torrefaction involves heating biomass to 240-320°C in an oxygen-free environment, which improves the biomass properties for transportation and conversion into energy. It upgrades biomass into a higher energy density, more hydrophobic and homogeneous solid fuel. Several pilot and demonstration torrefaction plants have been operated in Europe. The SECTOR project involves stakeholders working to optimize torrefied biomass quality through testing of logistics, storage and end-use performance.
This document discusses various pre-treatment methods that can be used to break down lignocellulosic biomass to enhance biogas production from anaerobic digestion. It describes mechanical, thermal, chemical, and biological pre-treatment techniques and provides examples of each. The goal of pre-treatment is to increase the surface area and porosity of the biomass to improve degradation and yield more biogas in a shorter period of time from a wider variety of feedstocks.
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Staphylococci are gram-positive cocci that commonly cause infections in humans. They form grape-like clusters and are facultative anaerobes. Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogenic species that is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections through production of toxins and enzymes. It has developed antibiotic resistance through mechanisms like production of beta-lactamase. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of nosocomial infections associated with healthcare settings. Proper diagnosis and treatment of MRSA requires bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing.
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This presentation summarizes the role of pretreatment processes in enhancing anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste. Various pretreatment methods including mechanical, thermal, chemical and combinations are discussed. A case study on microbial pretreatment of lignocellulosic waste showed improved biogas and methane production. Pretreatments can increase biodegradability, biogas yields, degradation rates and reduce retention times compared to untreated processes. Thermal pretreatments at low temperatures are often most cost-effective.
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Current Status of Bio-Based Chemicals
Bio-Based is defined as a product that has been made from a biological (living) or renewable source (i.e. corn, sugar cane, cellulose, vegetable oils). Bio based products use new carbon instead of old carbon (106 years old Biomass or bio organics which has got converted to fossil fuels).
For soft copy of this document please feel free to contact us on info@biotechsupportbase.com or snjogdand@gmail.com
Biochemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass
Conversion in Biorefineries
Thermochemical Conversion: Production of Biofuels via Gasification
Chemical Technologies
Samir Khanal, Professor of Biological Engineering Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering at UHM, describes an integrated approach in converting biomass into biofuel and biobased products. Slides from the REIS seminar series at the University of Hawaii at Manoa on 2009-10-22.
High Solids Anaerobic Digestion - International Biomass 2013eisenmannusa
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This document summarizes four research articles from the Office of Biological and Environmental Research.
The first article compares pretreatment processes using two ionic liquids to pretreat aspen and maple biomass for biofuel production. It finds one ionic liquid increased crystallinity while the other reduced it.
The second isolates five new Pseudomonas strains from soil that can metabolize pentose sugars, with genomes sequenced. This expands options for converting biomass into fuels and chemicals.
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Combinatorial chemistry allows for the parallel synthesis and screening of large libraries of compounds. It involves combining sets of building blocks to generate many new molecules simultaneously. Techniques include solid and solution phase synthesis. Solid phase uses a solid support while solution phase lacks purification steps. Detection methods identify hits rapidly using hyphenated analytical techniques. Combinatorial chemistry has been applied to develop new drugs and agrochemicals by exploring vast areas of chemical space.
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The document describes the development of a high throughput platform for screening glycoside hydrolase enzymes based on oxime-NIMS. Key points:
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Microbial synthesis of succinic acid from Typha grass hydrolysate and its application in biopolymer synthesis and as co-plasticizer. The document discusses using Actinobacillus succinogenes to ferment Typha grass hydrolysate to produce succinic acid. The succinic acid will then be used to synthesize polybutylene succinate-starch copolymer and glycerol-plasticized thermoplastic starch with succinic acid as a co-plasticizer through melt blending and extrusion. The polymers will be characterized and tested for physical, mechanical, and biodegradation properties.
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Lipid profiling and corresponding biodiesel quality of mortierella isabellina...zhenhua82
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3. A simpler suboptimal control law is preferable, relating the dilution rate to easily measurable quantities. The paper considers disturbances from inhibitors entering the feed and changes in substrate concentration, developing optimal and suboptimal control models for each case.
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Oleaginous fungal lipid fermentation on combined acid and alkali-pretreated ...zhenhua82
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2) The leaves are processed to extract the sweet compounds, which can then be used as a natural non-nutritive sweetener in foods and drinks.
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2) International organizations like the UN, WHO, and Codex Alimentarius have established standards and guidelines to protect consumer health and ensure fair practices in the food trade. National food laws also aim to regulate food quality and safety.
3) In Nepal, the Food Act was first enacted in 1923 to establish legal provisions around food quality control and consumer protection. Key provisions regulate substandard and contaminated foods as well as establish standards and testing procedures.
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- Unsaturated fatty acids in cow's milk
- The first cloned sheep, Dolly
- Selective media like MacConkey agar
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2) Determining the design day based on local weather data and calculating equilibrium relative humidity.
3) Determining hours of operation per day as 6.5 hours when RH is below equilibrium.
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1. Effect of Different Pretreatment Methods in Combination
with the Organosolv Delignification Process and
Enzymatic Hydrolysability of Three Feedstocks in
Correlation with Lignin Structure
Yakindra Prasad Timilsena
Examination Committee
Prof. Sudip K. Rakshit (Chairperson)
Prof. Nicolas Brosse (Co-advisor)
Prof. Athapol Noomhorm
Dr. Anil Kumar Anal
2. Overview of Presentation
1 Introduction
2 Review of Literatures
3 Materials and Methods
4 Results and Discussions
5 Conclusions
2
7. Pretreatment
Problem statement
Background
Objectives
Important processing step in biomass
conversion
alter the structure of the biomass
break the lignin seal
disrupt the crystalline structure of cellulose
(Adapted from Hsu et al., 1980).
7
9. Problem Statement
Problem statement Background
Objectives
• Selection of feedstock (Composition, growth
requirement, productivity, land/water
competition with food or fodder, biomass
nature and ease of delignication and pulp yield)
• Selection of pretreatment method (long list of
optimized methods, difficult to choose)
9
10. Problem Statement
Rationale Background
Objectives
• Molecular structure of constituent
polymers, especially lignin
10
11. Background
Objectives Objectives
Objective 1 Objective 2 Objective 3
To compare the
To characterize
and describe To evaluate the
delignification Typha lignin and effect of
ability of different establish aromatic
prehydrolysis correlation compounds in
methods and to
between lignin organosolv
structure (S/G delignification
assess the ratio) and ability of
effectiveness of delignification Miscanthus
pretreatment ability
11
12. Literature Review
S.N. Feed- Pretreatment Findings Author &Year
stock method
1. Aspen Autohydrolysis & - Positive effect of aromatics in Wayman &
solvent extraction delignification Lora, 1978
2. Bagasse Presoaking, - Better effect of prehydrolysis Patel &
prehydrolysis+ Varshney, 1989
organosolv
delignification
3. MxG DAP + Ethanol - Presoaking has better effect Brosse et al.,
organosolv process on xylan recovery, 2009
delignification and enzymatic
digestibility
4. MxG Lignin - Description of two kinds of El Hage et al.,
characterization lignin from MxG 2009
5. MxG Autohydrolysis + -Autohydrolysis enhanced the El Hage et al.,
OS delignification 2010
- Positive effect of 2-naphthol
12
14. Raw Materials
Raw Materials Prehydrolysis
Organosolv Process
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Lignin Separation & Characterizati
Miscanthus x Giganteus
energy dedicated crop Palm oil industry
Perennial grass
agricultural by-product
Non invasive low cost
Requires no nitrogen / herbicide 6 million tons /year in Malaysia
Produces 20-25 tons /ha/year
Typha capensis
invasive grass
fast growing , highly
prolific (50-60 ton/ha/year)
15. OBJECTIVE 1
To compare the delignification ability of different
prehydrolysis methods and to assess the
effectiveness of pretreatment
• Pulp yield
• EOL yield
• KL content of the pulp
• Total reducing sugar and glucose yield
15
16. Raw Materials
Materials and Methods Prehydrolysis
Organosolv Process
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Lignin Separation & Characterizati
16
17. Raw Materials
Materials and Methods Prehydrolysis
Organosolv Process
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Second step: Organosolv Delignification Lignin Separation & Characterizati
17
18. Composition
Results and Discussions Prehydrolysis
Combinative pretreatment
Enzymatic hydrolysability
1. Composition of untreated biomass Lignin Characterization
100
Content (% extractive free dry wt basis)
90 23.1 20.4
25.9 Lignin (%)
80 Hemicellulose (%)
70 Cellulose (%)
60 26.7 28.5 38.4
50
40
30
47.4 48.4
20 41.2
10
0
MxG EFB Typha
Feedstock
• Holocellulose extraction by sulphite
Glucans and xylans: 75-80% delignification method
• Cellulose extraction by alkaline method
Lignin: 20-25% (TAPPI)
• Lignin by difference
Composition almost similar for all biomasses
18
19. Composition
Composition of Prehydrolysis
untreated biomass
Combinative pretreatment
Enzymatic hydrolysability
Lignin Characterization
Composition after prehydrolysis
Xylans hydrolysed and removed in large amount (Typha>EFB>MxG)
Partial lignin removal
Pulp rich in cellulose
19
20. Composition
Results and Discussions Prehydrolysis
Combinative pretreatment
Enzymatic hydrolysability
Lignin Characterization
Lignin substantially removed
Higher mass loss
20
21. Composition
Results and Discussions Prehydrolysis
Combinative pretreatment
Enzymatic hydrolysability
EOL & KL Content of the pulp after
Lignin Characterization
organosolv delignification
EOL
18
KL
Percentage (dry biomass basis)
20.0 17
16 16
18.0 16
14
16.0 13 12
14.0 12 12 11
12 10
12.0
8
10.0 8 8 8
7 1 6 7
8.0 6 5 6 6
5 5 5 5 6 6
6.0
4.0 2
2.0 1 1
0.0
Miscanthus EFB Typha
Treatments
Prehydrolysis step enhanced the subsequent delignification (destruction of lignin
seal, easier delignification)
DAP, SP & EP: not very efficient (significant delignification of EFB in DAP)
Naphthol : positive effect for MxG and EFB; no effect in Typha
Typha has different behaviour; easier to delignify even with single step pretreatment. 21
22. Composition
Results and Discussions Prehydrolysis
Combinative pretreatment
MxG: Yield of total reducing sugars and glucose Enzymatic hydrolysability
Lignin Characterization
70
61
Reducing sugar 58
60
Glucose
52
50 49
50
45
44
Sugar content (%)
39
40 38
33
29 30
30 28
25
24
20
15
11
10 6
7
3
0
RM_M DAP AHN SP OS DAP+OS AH + OS EP + OS AHN + OS SP+OS
Treatments
low hydrolysability after prehydrolysis
low hydrolysability after organosolv alone (performed at low severity, low conc. of sulfuric
acid, low temperature..)
hydrolysability enhanced after combinative treatment. Organosolv is necessary because it
removes a large part of lignin and make cellulose more accessible 22
23. Composition
Results and Discussions Prehydrolysis
Combinative pretreatment
EFB: Yield of total reducing sugars and glucose Enzymatic hydrolysability
Lignin Characterization
70
64
Reducing sugar 61
60
Glucose 54
50
49
50
44
Sugar content (%)
39
40
34
33 32 32
29
30 27 26
24
22 22
19
20
10
10
5
0
RM_E DAP AHN SP OS DAP+OS AH + OS EP + OS AHN + OS SP+OS
Treatments
good correlation was observed between Lignin content & hydrolysability
Dilute acid prehydrolysis+Organosolv process showed best result.
23
24. Composition
Results and Discussions Prehydrolysis
Combinative pretreatment
Typha: Yield of total reducing sugars and glucose Enzymatic hydrolysability
Lignin Characterization
70
Reducing sugar 60 61
59
60 Glucose
57 58
53
50 46
45 43
42 43 43
41
Sugar content (%)
39 39
40 36
35 34 34
29
30 27
21
20
13
10 6
0
Typha demonstrated different behaviour
Treatments
Good hydrolysability after the prehydrolysis even if the KL content in the pulp are high
Reactivity toward enzyme only slightly improved after OS
Typha is easier to delignify, one step process showed tantamount effect
No effect of naphthol on delignification ability
24
25. OBJECTIVE 2
To characterize and describe Typha lignin and
establish correlation between lignin structure (S/G
ratio) and delignification ability
• FTIR • Major peak assignment &
• NMR description
• GPC • Relative amount of constituent
moieties (S/G ratio)
• Mn, Mw & PI
25
26. Raw Materials
Materials and Methods Prehydrolysis
Organosolv Process
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Lignin Separation & Characterizati
Lignin Isolation
26
27. Raw Materials
Materials and Methods Prehydrolysis
Organosolv Process
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Lignin Separation & Characterizati
Lignin characterization
• Two fractions of lignin analysed (CEL & EOL)
• Spectroscopic methods (FTIR & NMR)
• Chromatographic method (GPC)
27
28. Composition
Results and Discussions Prehydrolysis
Combinative pretreatment
Enzymatic hydrolysability
Lignin Characterization
Lignin polymer
• Lignin is a complex natural polymer
comprised of p-hydroxyphenyl (H),
guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units
• (S/G) ratio- important characteristic
(because G has high tendency to
recondensed >> delignification more
difficult)
H G S
Adapted from Wershaw, 2004
28
30. Composition
Results and Discussions Prehydrolysis
Combinative pretreatment
FTIR Peak assignment for Typha CEL Enzymatic hydrolysability
Lignin Characterization
- 1515.9 G+S
- 1329.5 S
- 1240 G
- 1166.8 typical of HGS lignin
- 1125.9S
- 1033.8 G
- 834.7 G+S
30
31. Composition
Results and Discussions Prehydrolysis
Combinative pretreatment
NMR spectra of Typha CEL Enzymatic hydrolysability
Lignin Characterization
Presence of residual sugars (peaks at 95-100ppm & 70-75ppm)
High Acetylation content: 0.44 acetate group/aryl (0.06 for Miscanthus)
Low paracoumaryl content : 0.01 PC group/aryl (0.1 for MxG)
S/G/H= 55/15/30
Very high S/G ratio (3.7)
High S/G ratio support the easier delignification (Del Río et al., 2005)
31
32. Composition
Results and Discussions Prehydrolysis
Combinative pretreatment
NMR spectra of Typha CEL (A) & EOL (B) Enzymatic hydrolysability
Lignin Characterization
Comparison Typha EOL and CEL
EOL non sugar (peaks at 95-
100ppm + 70-75ppm)
propyl side chain shows
deconstruction of -O-4 linkage
(60-90ppm)
Acetate extensively
153 147
hydrolysed during organosolv
hydrolysis
In EOL, S etherified (153ppm
is very low but S non etherified
(147ppm) very high
extensive depolymerization
through aryl ether bond
cleavage. 32
34. Composition
Results and Discussions Prehydrolysis
Combinative pretreatment
SEC analysis of Typha CEL and EOL Enzymatic hydrolysability
Lignin Characterization
Lignin Mw Mn PI=Mw/Mn
EOL 4567 2877 1.59
CEL 9268 4109 2.26
• Higher molecular weight and polydispersity index of CEL
• Cleavage of aryl ether bonds & formation of smaller fragments during organosolv process
• Agreed with NMR results
34
35. Composition
Results and Discussions Prehydrolysis
Combinative pretreatment
SEC analysis of Typha CEL and EOL Enzymatic hydrolysability
Lignin Characterization
Lignin Mw Mn PI=Mw/Mn
CEL 9268 4109 2.26
• Higher molecular weight and polydispersity index of CEL
• Cleavage of aryl ether bonds & formation of smaller fragments during organosolv process
• Agreed with NMR results
35
36. OBJECTIVE 3
To evaluate the effect of aromatic compounds in
organosolv delignification ability of Miscanthus
2-naphthol
• p- cresol
• o-cresol
• EOL yield
• Klason lignin
• hydroquinone
content of the pulp
• Acid soluble lignin
• dihydroxyanthraquinone
36
37. Raw Materials
Materials and Methods Prehydrolysis
Organosolv Process
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Lignin Separation & Characterizati
10 g ODW Miscanthus
Mixed with 0.4 g aromatics and soaked in
100 mL acetone overnight
Acetone evaporation by air drying
Autohydrolysis (1500C, 8h, S/L=1:9)
OS delignification (1700C, 1h, SA=0.5%, S/L=1:8)
Filtration Liquid EOL
phase
KL Pulp
37
40. Scavenging action of aromatics
path 1 occurs if the blue
For feedstocks with the fragment is a G unit
low G content, path 0 is (more reactive). >>
favoured Path 0 important for MxG
40
41. Conclusions
• Despite a very similar chemical composition, three biomasses
demonstrated different behavior during pretreatment.
• Typha was easier to delignify; one step pretreatment (prehydrolysis or
delignification) process was sufficient to break the lignin seal and
release the sugars for enzymatic action. The combinative pretreatment
not necessary
• The first step of pretreatment (i. e. prehydrolysis) significantly enhance
the efficacy of the second step of delignification of MxG and EFB and
enzymatic hydrolysability also. DAP plus OS pretreatment resulted into
best results for EFB. Autohydrolysis in presence of naphthol plus OS
pretreatment (AHN) is best for MxG.
• The treatment of biomass with a catalytic amount of aromatic
compounds like 2-naphthol during autohydrolysis exhibited a
substantial effect on both MxG and EFB delignification as well as on
enzymatic hydrolysability.
41
42. Conclusions
• Typha lignin is of H-G-S nature as usual to other herbaceous plants but
with high S/G ratio suggesting its easier delignification
• Addition of catalytic amount of aromatic scavengers enhanced
delignification substantially (2-naphthol, p-cresol and
dihydroxyanthraquinone with tantamount effect)
• a better knowledge of biomass at the molecular level allow a better
optimization of pretreatment
42
43. Recommendations
• Obnoxious Typha an interesting guinea-pig for tropical
biorefinery sector. Additional research for its valorization
essential.
• Experimentation on effect of additional aromatic
scavengers in various feedstocks essential.
43