This document provides an overview of mechanical property evaluation of natural fiber reinforced polymers. It discusses how natural fibers like jute, sisal and hemp can be used to reinforce polymers, giving composites with good mechanical properties. The mechanical properties discussed include tensile, flexural and impact properties. The document also outlines some applications of natural fiber composites in areas like construction, automotive and packaging industries. In conclusion, it states that natural fiber composites possess good mechanical properties and can be used in different applications.
Composite Materials: A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that results in better properties than those of the individual components used alone. The two constituents of a composite are a reinforcement and a matrix.
Matrix: The continuous phase is the matrix, made of polymer, metal, or ceramic.
Reinforcement: A strong, inert, woven and nonwoven fibrous material incorporated into the matrix to improve its mechanical and physical properties. For example, fibers, whiskers, particulate etc.
INDUCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL FIBRE COMP...Sajal Tiwari
Composite materials find their application in our day to day life. with growing climatic changes across our mother earth, it is highly required that we switch our demands towards products made up from natural fibers. Natural fiber though environment friendly have their own challenges i.e. less strength, high wear and tear during usage, reactive with surrounding environment and most important of all they have very weak mechanical properties as compared to synthetic fiber composites.
Thus, in order to counter these challenges, we have to enhance mechanical, chemical and biological properties of natural fibers through inducing mechanical properties, treatment with chemicals and modifying biologically or with nanotechnology.
First, we have properly elaborated about natural fibers their sources, classifications, examples, advantages and applications, then we have efficiently informed about natural fiber composites and their advantages and how they differ from synthetic fiber composites technically, environmentally, economically, physically and chemically.
After informing the basics behind natural fibers and natural fiber composites, we have given enough information on how to induce mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. To understand the method, we have given the chart of mechanical properties of different fibers in advance to understand the process efficiently. Then we have given several processing techniques like compounding and injection molding, modification procedures like physical, biological chemical and nanotechnology modifications and treatment using alkaline, silane, acetyl, benzoyl, acryl, isocynate, coupling agent’s permanganate peroxide and sodium chloride for inducing and enhancing mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
Then we have informed briefly about the advanced applications of natural fiber composites in automotive and construction industry. Innovations in natural fiber composite industry in fields of electronics, sports and automobiles by different corporates in their own brands.
Then with the given data we have analyzed future scope of natural composite market in next 15 years by various nations and different industries in fields of automobile, construction and electronics for manufacturing various products.
To get precise report on natural fiber composites we have informed about present scenario such as driving motives to keep them in use, challenges faced and factors which affect the natural fiber composite industry.
Thesis presentation on Composite materials for 4.1
Topic name- DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS USING SELF DESINGED FLEXURAL TESTING MODULE FOR UTM
For the Module design you can contact me through linked in. Do drop some suggestions regarding the module and fabrication if you have any.
Thanks
Composite Materials: A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that results in better properties than those of the individual components used alone. The two constituents of a composite are a reinforcement and a matrix.
Matrix: The continuous phase is the matrix, made of polymer, metal, or ceramic.
Reinforcement: A strong, inert, woven and nonwoven fibrous material incorporated into the matrix to improve its mechanical and physical properties. For example, fibers, whiskers, particulate etc.
INDUCED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND ADVANCED APPLICATIONS OF NATURAL FIBRE COMP...Sajal Tiwari
Composite materials find their application in our day to day life. with growing climatic changes across our mother earth, it is highly required that we switch our demands towards products made up from natural fibers. Natural fiber though environment friendly have their own challenges i.e. less strength, high wear and tear during usage, reactive with surrounding environment and most important of all they have very weak mechanical properties as compared to synthetic fiber composites.
Thus, in order to counter these challenges, we have to enhance mechanical, chemical and biological properties of natural fibers through inducing mechanical properties, treatment with chemicals and modifying biologically or with nanotechnology.
First, we have properly elaborated about natural fibers their sources, classifications, examples, advantages and applications, then we have efficiently informed about natural fiber composites and their advantages and how they differ from synthetic fiber composites technically, environmentally, economically, physically and chemically.
After informing the basics behind natural fibers and natural fiber composites, we have given enough information on how to induce mechanical properties of natural fiber composites. To understand the method, we have given the chart of mechanical properties of different fibers in advance to understand the process efficiently. Then we have given several processing techniques like compounding and injection molding, modification procedures like physical, biological chemical and nanotechnology modifications and treatment using alkaline, silane, acetyl, benzoyl, acryl, isocynate, coupling agent’s permanganate peroxide and sodium chloride for inducing and enhancing mechanical properties of natural fiber composites.
Then we have informed briefly about the advanced applications of natural fiber composites in automotive and construction industry. Innovations in natural fiber composite industry in fields of electronics, sports and automobiles by different corporates in their own brands.
Then with the given data we have analyzed future scope of natural composite market in next 15 years by various nations and different industries in fields of automobile, construction and electronics for manufacturing various products.
To get precise report on natural fiber composites we have informed about present scenario such as driving motives to keep them in use, challenges faced and factors which affect the natural fiber composite industry.
Thesis presentation on Composite materials for 4.1
Topic name- DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS USING SELF DESINGED FLEXURAL TESTING MODULE FOR UTM
For the Module design you can contact me through linked in. Do drop some suggestions regarding the module and fabrication if you have any.
Thanks
Mechanical properties of polymer composite materialseSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, composite materials and its properties are discussed in detail. It is also discussed their importance and replacement for metals because of their properties like low weight, corrosion resistance etc. Now-a-days, there is a great importance of usage of these materials in various applications in all Engg. Fields. The paper also brings out the manufacturing techniques and costs involved.
Composite material
A composite material is a material that is produced from two or more constituent materials. These constituent materials have notably dissimilar chemical or physical properties and are merged to create a material with properties, unlike the individual elements.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
COMPONENTS
NEED OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
FABRICATION METHODS
PROPERTIES
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES
NATURAL FIBRES
APPLICATIONS
ARTIFICIALLY MADE COMPOSITES
PARTICLE REINFORCED COMPOSITES
FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES
REFERENCES
This presentation from JEC World 2019 composites trade show and conference highlights different forms of graphene that are used in composites applications with examples of actual products.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Pol...IJRES Journal
The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass (GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
Mechanical properties of polymer composite materialseSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, composite materials and its properties are discussed in detail. It is also discussed their importance and replacement for metals because of their properties like low weight, corrosion resistance etc. Now-a-days, there is a great importance of usage of these materials in various applications in all Engg. Fields. The paper also brings out the manufacturing techniques and costs involved.
Composite material
A composite material is a material that is produced from two or more constituent materials. These constituent materials have notably dissimilar chemical or physical properties and are merged to create a material with properties, unlike the individual elements.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
COMPONENTS
NEED OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
FABRICATION METHODS
PROPERTIES
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITES
NATURAL FIBRES
APPLICATIONS
ARTIFICIALLY MADE COMPOSITES
PARTICLE REINFORCED COMPOSITES
FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES
REFERENCES
This presentation from JEC World 2019 composites trade show and conference highlights different forms of graphene that are used in composites applications with examples of actual products.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Pol...IJRES Journal
The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass (GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
Abstract: The conventional materials like iron, mild steel, cast iron etc are having good mechanical properties. Hence they are widely used in structural engineering applications. These conventional materials have some defects like formation of rust, low weight to strength ratio, high production cost. To overcome these defects, engineers started fabricating composite materials. Composites exhibit peculiar properties like different strengths in different directions, rust resistant, high strength to weight ratio, but they pollute the environment. Now the natural fibre composites are widely used in automobile industry. The natural fibres and resins are used to fabricate an eco friendly composite material. Lack of resources and increasing environmental pollution has evoked great interest in the research of materials that are
friendly to our health and environment. Bio polymer composites fabricated from natural fibres is currently
the most promising area in polymer sciences. This is designed to assess the possibility of fibre as reinforcing material in composites. Epoxy resin was made a stiffened panel to conduct tensile test. In this paper it is aimed to explain all possible ways to use natural composites in automobile components. The main advantages of using natural fibers are their degradability and light weight. They are environment friendly and also increase the fuel economy
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
The conventional materials like iron, mild steel, cast iron etc are having good mechanical properties. Hence they are widely used in structural engineering applications. These conventional materials have some defects like formation of rust, low weight to strength ratio, high production cost. To
overcome these defects, engineers started fabricating composite materials. Composites exhibit peculiar
properties like different strengths in different directions, rust resistant, high strength to weight ratio, but
they pollute the environment. Now the natural fibre composites are widely used in automobile industry.
The natural fibres and resins are used to fabricate an eco friendly composite material. Lack of resources
and increasing environmental pollution has evoked great interest in the research of materials that are
friendly to our health and environment. Bio polymer composites fabricated from natural fibres is currently
the most promising area in polymer sciences. This is designed to assess the possibility of fibre as
reinforcing material in composites. Epoxy resin was made a stiffened panel to conduct tensile test. In this
paper it is aimed to explain all possible ways to use natural composites in automobile components. The
main advantages of using natural fibers are their degradability and light weight. They are environment
friendly and also increase the fuel economy
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF FIBER ORIENTATION ON PALF REINFORCED BISPHENOL COMP...IAEME Publication
The main advantage of a composite material over conventional material like a monolithic metal is the
combination of different properties which are seldom found in the conventional material. In recent years natural fibers
appear to be the outstanding materials which come as the viable and abundant substitute for the expensive and
nonrenewable synthetic fiber. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is one of them that have also good potential as reinforcement
in thermoset composite. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of PALF reinforced Bisphenol composite and explores the potential of using PALF as reinforcing
material.
Fabrication of composite materials by using short pineapple leaf fiber PALF :...ijiert bestjournal
Composite materials (also called composition materials or shorte ned to composites) are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physi cal or chemical properties,that when combined,produce a material with characteristics different from the i ndividual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons:common examples include materials which are stronger,lighter or less expensive when compared to traditional materials. In the last decades,the use of natural fibers as r einforcement in polymeric composites for technical application has been a research subject of scientist. Interest in natural fibers has increased worldwide due to their low cost,low density,hardness,higher fatigue endurance,good thermal and mechanical resistivity and to their environmental friendliness. The Asian markets have been using natural fibers for many years e.g.,jute is a common reinforcement in India. Natural fibers are increasingly used in automotive and packaging materials. India is an agricultural country and it is the main stay of Indian economy. Thousa nds of tons of different crops are produced but most of their wastes do not have any useful utilization. Agric ultural wastes include wheat husk,rice husk,and their straw,hemp fiber and shells of various dry fruits. These ag ricultural wastes can be used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for commercial use.
EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTY ON PALM/COIR BASED POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITESmsejjournal
Now day’s natural fibres as reinforcement have received more attention from the research community all
over the world in preparing polymer composites. These natural fibres have lot of advantages over synthetic
fibres. In this paper two natural fibers palm and coir reinforced composites were fabricated using compression moulding method which was a new effort and was not done elsewhere. Specimens were cut from
the fabricated composite plates according to the ASTM standards. Universal Testing Machine was used for
testing tensile and flexural strength of the composites. The impact strength of the composites was analyzed
using Impact tester. Further wear and moisture absorption tests were also conducted on the prepared
specimen. The results obtained through experimentation of both composites were compared and presented.
It can be concluded that the developed palm based composite possess superior property and can be recommended for fabrication of light weight high strength automobile parts.
Characteristics of Murta Bast Fiber Reinforced Epoxy CompositesIJAEMSJORNAL
In daily applications, the composites may also be found. The most prevalent kind of life is concrete. Concrete is a gravel, sand and cement composite material. The main aim of the study is Characteristics of Murta Bast Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Epoxy resin and HV953U Hardensin from a nearby supplier were purchased and used in accordance with the provision. Bisphénol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) of the araldite AW106 has an epoxy of the same weight as the eq-1 (203–222 g). Increasing assembly of innovation alone is not enough, especially for composites, to overcome the cost barrier. For composites to be cut through with metals, it is crucial that an integrated application be made in plan, material, measure, tooling, quality verification, production and even programming
Finite Element Analysis of a Natural Fiber (Maize) Composite BeamIJMER
Natural fiber composite are termed as biocomposites or green composites. These fibers are
green, biogradable, and recyclable and have good properties such as low density and low cost when
compared to synthetic fibers.The present work is investigated on the finite element analysis of the
natural fiber (maize) composite beam, processed by means of hand lay-up method. Composite beam
material is composed of stalk-based fiber of maize and unsaturated polyester resin polymer resin
polymer as matrix with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) as a catalyst and cobalt octoate as a
promoter. The material was modeled and resembled as a structural beam using suitable assumption and
analyzed by means of finite element method using ANSYS software for determining the deflection and
stress properties. Morphological analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for the fiber were
examined by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer. From the results,
it has been found that the finite element values are acceptable with proper assumptions, and the prepared
natural fiber composite beam material can be used for structural engineering applications.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. An Overview on Mechanical Property Evaluation of Natural
Fiber Reinforced Polymers
A Seminar Presented by
Abhishek Chaturvedi
17ME002
Subject – Seminar 2ME694
M.Tech (Production Engineering)
Mechanical Engineering Department
National Institute of Technology Patna
Bihar 800005
Under the Supervision of
Dr. Kuntal Maji
2. ABSTRACT
This article presents an overview of the mechanical properties like
tensile, flexural, impact, fracture surface observations and corresponding
modulus of elasticity of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites.
Natural fibers have recently become attractive to scientists and
researchers as good alternative for fiber reinforced composites because
of their low cost, non-abrasive and eco-friendly nature. Natural fibers
may play an important role in developing biodegradable composites to
resolve the current ecological and environmental problems. In
connection with brief overview has been carried out on natural fibers
because these are abundantly available in India. This article shows that
the natural fibers are also possesses good mechanical properties and
these fiber composites can also be used in different applications.
3. A composite is a structural material that consists of two or more
combined constituents that are combined at a macroscopic level and are
not soluble in each other. One constituent is called the reinforcing phase
and the one in which it is embedded is called the matrix. The reinforcing
phase material may be in the form of fibers, particles, or flakes. The
matrix phase materials are generally continuous. Fiber reinforced
polymer materials are composites consisting of high strength fibers
(reinforcement) embedded in polymeric matrices. Fibers in these
materials are the load-carrying elements and provide strength and
rigidity, while the polymer matrices maintain the fibers alignment
(position and orientation) and protect them against the environment and
possible damage. A pure polymer does not usually have the requisite
mechanical strength for application in various fields.
INTRODUCTION
4. Natural fibres as an alternative reinforcement in polymer composites
have attracted the attention of many researchers and scientists due to
their advantages over conventional glass and carbon fibres. These natural
fibers include flax, hemp, jute, sisal, coir, kapok, banana, henequen and
many others. These composites materials are suitably applicable for
aerospace, leisure, construction, sport, packaging and automotive
industries, especially for the last mentioned application. The various
advantages of natural fibres over man-made glass and carbon fibres are
low cost, low density, comparable specific tensile properties, nonabrasive
to the equipment, nonirritating to the skin, reduced energy consumption,
renewability, recyclability and biodegradability. In general, the tensile
strengths of the natural fibre reinforced polymer composites increase
with fibre content, up to a maximum or optimum value, the value will
then drop. However, the Young’s modulus of the natural fibre reinforced
polymer composites increase with increasing fibre loading.
Fiber Reinforced Polymer
Composites
5. The strength and stiffness of plant fibers depend on the cellulose content
and the spiral angle which the bands of micro fibrils in the inner
secondary cell wall make with the fibre axis. That is, the structure and
properties of natural fibres depend on their source, age, etc. The structure
and properties of the natural fibre itself, experimental conditions such as
fibre length, test speed etc., all have some effects on the properties of
natural fibres. It has been reported by several authors that modification
of fibres improved the mechanical properties of composites. From the
Rule of Mixtures theory, the approximate composite modulus can be
obtained from a modified Rule of Mixtures as: Ec =EfVf + EmVm Where
Ec, Ef & Em are young’s modulus of composites, fiber and matrix
respectively and Vf & Vm are volume fraction of fiber and matrix
respectively.
Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber
Reinforced Polymer Composites
8. Composites made of natural fibers offer the opportunity for extensive
applications in fields such as consumer goods, low cost housing and civil
structures, and for many other common applications. The cement
composites reinforced by bamboo pulps are produced by the vacuum
pressure process, seeking to establish the characteristics of a material
which can be easily fabricated, utilizing the machinery of asbestos
cement industry. The bamboo pulp is used in the paper industry on a
large scale. There are studies underway to produce durable furniture and
new geometrical structural forms, as well as bicycles, tricycles and car
bodies using bamboo. The kenafbast fibre is used for bags, cordage, and
the sails for Egyptian boats. The uses of kenaf fibre have been rope,
twine, insulation, clothing-grade cloth, soil-less potting mixes, animal
bedding, packing material and material that absorbs oil and liquids. Jute
is used as packaging material (bags), carpet, backing, ropes and
yarns.The Sisal fibres are found commercially in several formats: fabric,
cords, strips,wire, rolls, etc.
APPLICATIONS
9. The mechanical property of natural fibres varies from fibre to fibre. The
mechanical properties of fiber depend on type of fibre, origin age,
volume fraction physical properties, structure, environmental conditions
and processing methods. Different matrix systems have different
properties. Natural fibres have well prospective as reinforcements in
polymer composites. Due to high specific properties and low density of
natural fibres, composites based on these fibres may have very good
implications in industries. From this review newer composite using
abundantly available natural fibres brings new trends in composite
materials. This article shows that the natural fibers are also possesses
good mechanical properties and these fiber composites can also be used
in different applications.
CONCLUSION
10. 1. Coutinho F M B, Costa T H S (1999). Polym. Test 18(8), pp.581-587.
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