This document provides guidance from NICE on the diagnosis and management of epilepsies in adults and children. It covers key areas such as diagnosis following a first seizure, investigations, classification of epilepsy, pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options, management of prolonged or repeated seizures, and special considerations for certain patient populations. It aims to ensure accurate diagnosis, optimal management, and improvement of health outcomes for people with epilepsy.
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness. It occurs when antibodies block or destroy acetylcholine receptors, interrupting communication between nerves and muscles. Symptoms include varying muscle weakness that worsens with activity. It commonly first affects eye muscles. Diagnosis involves tests showing improvement of symptoms with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and presence of acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Treatment focuses on anticholinesterase medications, immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, IVIG, and sometimes thymectomy. Patients require education on medication management and prevention of crisis.
This document discusses drugs that act on the respiratory system. It covers categories like anti-tussives, expectorants, and drugs for conditions like asthma and tuberculosis. It describes the mechanisms and types of cough, including productive and non-productive cough. It then examines the mechanisms, classifications, and examples of different drug classes for treating cough and related conditions, including anti-tussives like codeine; expectorants that liquefy secretions; mucolytics; antihistamines; bronchodilators; and demulcents for the throat. It notes important considerations like adverse effects and contraindications for these drug classes.
Beta-blockers in cardiovascular diseasesKunal Mahajan
This document discusses beta blockers and their use in cardiovascular diseases. It begins with a brief history of beta blockers and their development. It then discusses the classification of beta blockers and their selectivity for beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. Various beta blockers such as bisoprolol, atenolol, and metoprolol are compared in terms of their selectivity, pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical indications. Studies are summarized that show bisoprolol provides greater 24-hour blood pressure control and greater nighttime blood pressure reduction compared to atenolol. The document concludes by stating bisoprolol is highly beta-1 selective, has once-daily dosing and proven benefits in heart failure.
Sedatives are drugs that reduce excitement and calm a person, while hypnotics produce sleep resembling normal sleep. The document discusses several classes of sedatives and hypnotics including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and newer nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics like zolpidem and zaleplon. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
This document discusses anti-inflammatory drugs and their mechanisms of action. It summarizes that steroids inhibit phospholipase A2 while nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, decreasing prostaglandin levels. NSAIDs are analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory. The document further discusses the inflammatory process and mediators, different COX enzymes, prostaglandin functions, classes of NSAIDs including mechanisms and examples, and individual drug profiles of aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and paracetamol.
Vymada Tablet (ARNI: Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor) is an anti-hypertensive drug used in combination with Sacubitril & Valsartan to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA Class II-IV) and reduced ejection fraction.
This document discusses various classes of antiemetic, prokinetic, and digestant drugs. It covers:
1. The mechanisms and classifications of antiemetic drugs including anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, 5-HT3 antagonists, NK1 receptor antagonists, and cannabinoids.
2. The mechanisms and uses of prokinetic drugs like metoclopramide, domperidone, and cisapride.
3. Guidelines for using different classes of antiemetic drugs to treat conditions like nausea from cancer chemotherapy, morning sickness, and motion sickness.
The document discusses the respiratory system and drugs used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma. It provides facts about the respiratory system and describes different types of asthma. It then summarizes various drug classes used to treat asthma, including beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and monoclonal antibody therapy. The drugs discussed provide bronchodilation and reduce inflammation in the respiratory tract.
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness. It occurs when antibodies block or destroy acetylcholine receptors, interrupting communication between nerves and muscles. Symptoms include varying muscle weakness that worsens with activity. It commonly first affects eye muscles. Diagnosis involves tests showing improvement of symptoms with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and presence of acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Treatment focuses on anticholinesterase medications, immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, IVIG, and sometimes thymectomy. Patients require education on medication management and prevention of crisis.
This document discusses drugs that act on the respiratory system. It covers categories like anti-tussives, expectorants, and drugs for conditions like asthma and tuberculosis. It describes the mechanisms and types of cough, including productive and non-productive cough. It then examines the mechanisms, classifications, and examples of different drug classes for treating cough and related conditions, including anti-tussives like codeine; expectorants that liquefy secretions; mucolytics; antihistamines; bronchodilators; and demulcents for the throat. It notes important considerations like adverse effects and contraindications for these drug classes.
Beta-blockers in cardiovascular diseasesKunal Mahajan
This document discusses beta blockers and their use in cardiovascular diseases. It begins with a brief history of beta blockers and their development. It then discusses the classification of beta blockers and their selectivity for beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. Various beta blockers such as bisoprolol, atenolol, and metoprolol are compared in terms of their selectivity, pharmacokinetic properties, and clinical indications. Studies are summarized that show bisoprolol provides greater 24-hour blood pressure control and greater nighttime blood pressure reduction compared to atenolol. The document concludes by stating bisoprolol is highly beta-1 selective, has once-daily dosing and proven benefits in heart failure.
Sedatives are drugs that reduce excitement and calm a person, while hypnotics produce sleep resembling normal sleep. The document discusses several classes of sedatives and hypnotics including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and newer nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics like zolpidem and zaleplon. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
This document discusses anti-inflammatory drugs and their mechanisms of action. It summarizes that steroids inhibit phospholipase A2 while nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, decreasing prostaglandin levels. NSAIDs are analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory. The document further discusses the inflammatory process and mediators, different COX enzymes, prostaglandin functions, classes of NSAIDs including mechanisms and examples, and individual drug profiles of aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and paracetamol.
Vymada Tablet (ARNI: Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor) is an anti-hypertensive drug used in combination with Sacubitril & Valsartan to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA Class II-IV) and reduced ejection fraction.
This document discusses various classes of antiemetic, prokinetic, and digestant drugs. It covers:
1. The mechanisms and classifications of antiemetic drugs including anticholinergics, antihistamines, neuroleptics, 5-HT3 antagonists, NK1 receptor antagonists, and cannabinoids.
2. The mechanisms and uses of prokinetic drugs like metoclopramide, domperidone, and cisapride.
3. Guidelines for using different classes of antiemetic drugs to treat conditions like nausea from cancer chemotherapy, morning sickness, and motion sickness.
The document discusses the respiratory system and drugs used to treat respiratory diseases like asthma. It provides facts about the respiratory system and describes different types of asthma. It then summarizes various drug classes used to treat asthma, including beta-2 agonists, corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and monoclonal antibody therapy. The drugs discussed provide bronchodilation and reduce inflammation in the respiratory tract.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cough. It defines cough and describes the cough reflex mechanism. It classifies drugs for treating cough into categories - antitussives to suppress cough, expectorants to increase mucus secretion, and mucolytics to reduce mucus viscosity. Specific drugs discussed include codeine, dextromethorphan, guaifenesin, acetylcysteine, and bromhexine. Adjuvant treatments like antihistamines, bronchodilators, steam inhalation and hydration are also covered. The document emphasizes treating the underlying cause of cough and provides a targeted treatment approach based on the cause.
Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures arising from abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. There are two main types of seizures - generalized seizures involving both brain hemispheres, and partial seizures beginning in one area. Common anti-epileptic drugs work by enhancing GABA inhibition, blocking sodium channels, or inhibiting calcium channels to prevent abnormal neuronal firing. Newer anti-epileptic drugs such as gabapentin, lamotrigine, and topiramate are generally as effective with fewer side effects than older drugs like phenobarbital, phenytoin, and carbamazepine. Treatment of prolonged seizures (status epilepticus) requires rapid intravenous administration of benzodiazepines or barbit
This document provides an overview of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antipyretic-analgesics. It discusses how NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and thereby reducing the production of prostaglandins. This provides NSAIDs with their analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The document covers the classification of NSAIDs, their mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects involving the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. It also provides details on the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of aspirin as a prototypical NSAID.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cough. It begins by describing cough as a protective reflex mechanism and identifies the main types as productive or dry. It then classifies drugs that can induce cough and those used to treat it, including antitussives to suppress the cough center, mucolytics to reduce mucus viscosity, and adjuvants like antihistamines and bronchodilators. Specific drugs are discussed for each category, noting their mechanisms of action, effects, side effects, and appropriate uses. Non-pharmacological approaches like hydration, steam inhalation are also mentioned. The summary emphasizes treating the underlying cause while providing symptomatic relief through suppressing cough, reducing mucus, or opening airways.
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are a commonly prescribed class of psychotropic drugs that have been used in clinical practice since 1961. BZDs are grouped as sedative-hypnotics, anxiolytics, antiepileptics, and muscle relaxants. They work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at the GABAA receptor. In Egypt, common available BZDs include alprazolam, bromazepam, clordiazepoxide, clonazepam, diazepam, midazolam, and oxazepam. BZDs are indicated for anxiety disorders, insomnia, augmenting other medications, and epilepsy but have
Myasthenia gravis is a disease of skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptors caused by antibodies that prevent acetylcholine from binding to receptors, inhibiting nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. Symptoms vary in severity and commonly involve the eyes, face, throat, or limbs. Diagnosis involves the Tensilon test and repetitive nerve stimulation or single-fiber electromyography to confirm impaired neuromuscular transmission. Treatment includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, immunosuppression with corticosteroids and other drugs, immunomodulation therapies like plasmapheresis, and thymectomy in some cases.
Benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core structure is a fusion of benzene and diazepine rings. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide, was discovered in 1955. In 1977, benzodiazepines were the most prescribed medications globally. They are commonly used as minor tranquilizers to treat anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and alcohol withdrawal. While generally safe, benzodiazepines can cause sedation, dependency, respiratory depression, and cognitive impairment in elderly patients with long-term use.
Beta blockers such as atenolol have been shown to have a relatively weak effect in reducing stroke compared to other antihypertensive classes such as calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and thiazide diuretics. Evidence from Cochrane reviews shows that beta blockers do not reduce the risk of coronary heart disease compared to placebo or no treatment, and they may increase the risk of all-cause mortality and total cardiovascular disease compared to calcium channel blockers. While beta blockers lower the risk of total cardiovascular disease compared to placebo primarily by reducing stroke risk, their effect on other outcomes is not better than other classes of antihypertensive medications.
The document classifies drugs used to treat hypertension into 9 categories based on their mechanisms of action. These categories include drugs that act centrally, on autonomic ganglia, on postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings, on adrenergic receptors, directly on vascular smooth muscle, as potassium channel activators, by blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, oral diuretics, and miscellaneous drugs. Examples are provided for each category of antihypertensive drugs.
This document outlines the approach and management of epilepsy. It discusses taking a thorough history, including details of seizure episodes, predisposing factors, and precipitants. A physical exam focuses on neurological assessment. Differential diagnoses include syncope, pseudoseizures, and cardiac arrhythmias. Investigations include EEG. Management involves patient education, treating underlying causes, avoiding triggers, pharmacological therapy including multiple antiepileptic drugs, and in some cases surgery. Antiepileptic drugs work via various mechanisms and have potential adverse effects requiring monitoring.
The aim of sharing this material is to help the needful students and provide detailed material for given topic. it is easy to lean in creative way with minimum contents.you all are most welcome for suggestions to improve it an to make it more creative easy and graspable. thank you
This document provides an overview of different types of headaches including their classification, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment. It discusses primary headaches such as migraines, tension headaches and cluster headaches. It also covers secondary headaches which are symptomatic of underlying conditions. Key points include migraines affecting 10-15% of the population, being more common in women, and the importance of differentiating between primary and secondary headaches to guide treatment.
Novel Drugs for Seizure disorder, Newer Drugs for seizure disorders, Recent Advances in treatment of seizure disorder, Recent Advances in Pharmacotherapy of sizure disorders, Recent Advances in Treatment of epilepsy, Newer Antiepileptics, Newer Anticonvulsants
The document discusses the evaluation and management of dizziness and vertigo. It outlines the main categories of dizziness including otologic, central, medical, and unlocalized causes. Evaluation involves taking a thorough history, performing a physical exam including tests of nystagmus, and ordering investigations like an audiogram or MRI. Common diseases discussed in more detail include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuritis, Meniere's disease, and migraine-associated vertigo. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause, patient education, rehabilitation, and medications in some cases.
Pharmacotherapy in bronchial asthma and recent advancesDr Resu Neha Reddy
A 32-year-old female patient presented to the emergency room with acute dyspnea, dry cough, and wheezing. She has a history of recurrent similar attacks that are made worse by exercise and dust exposure. The document provides an overview of bronchial asthma including its history, pathophysiology, triggers, diagnosis, and pharmacotherapy. It discusses the inflammatory process and mediators involved in asthma as well as treatment options like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and monoclonal antibodies.
Drugs used in ischaemic heart disease 1Pravin Prasad
This document discusses drugs used to treat ischemic heart disease. It classifies anti-anginal drugs into nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and potassium channel openers. Nitrates work by relaxing smooth muscle through nitric oxide donation. They provide relief of angina by reducing preload and afterload. Tolerance can develop with prolonged use. Beta blockers reduce cardiac work and oxygen demand. Potassium channel openers like nicorandil open potassium channels in smooth muscle to cause vasodilation and also act as nitric oxide donors. The document reviews the mechanisms, effects, uses and side effects of these major drug classes used in ischemic heart disease.
The document provides guidelines for childhood immunization in Malaysia. It discusses vaccines for diseases like BCG, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis B, haemophilus influenzae type B, measles, mumps and rubella. The objectives are to assist healthcare providers and decrease disease complications. The guidelines target all children and healthcare providers. Evidence levels and committees involved in developing the guidelines are also mentioned. Detailed information on each vaccine including introduction, efficacy, administration, schedule and special situations is provided.
The document provides an overview of the gastrointestinal system, including:
- It describes the anatomy and functions of the GI tract from mouth to anus, as well as related organs like the liver and pancreas.
- It lists 100 key facts about the structure and function of different parts of the GI system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and liver.
- It explains that understanding the basic science of the normal GI system is important for learning about GI diseases.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cough. It defines cough and describes the cough reflex mechanism. It classifies drugs for treating cough into categories - antitussives to suppress cough, expectorants to increase mucus secretion, and mucolytics to reduce mucus viscosity. Specific drugs discussed include codeine, dextromethorphan, guaifenesin, acetylcysteine, and bromhexine. Adjuvant treatments like antihistamines, bronchodilators, steam inhalation and hydration are also covered. The document emphasizes treating the underlying cause of cough and provides a targeted treatment approach based on the cause.
Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures arising from abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. There are two main types of seizures - generalized seizures involving both brain hemispheres, and partial seizures beginning in one area. Common anti-epileptic drugs work by enhancing GABA inhibition, blocking sodium channels, or inhibiting calcium channels to prevent abnormal neuronal firing. Newer anti-epileptic drugs such as gabapentin, lamotrigine, and topiramate are generally as effective with fewer side effects than older drugs like phenobarbital, phenytoin, and carbamazepine. Treatment of prolonged seizures (status epilepticus) requires rapid intravenous administration of benzodiazepines or barbit
This document provides an overview of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antipyretic-analgesics. It discusses how NSAIDs work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and thereby reducing the production of prostaglandins. This provides NSAIDs with their analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. The document covers the classification of NSAIDs, their mechanisms of action, indications, and side effects involving the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. It also provides details on the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of aspirin as a prototypical NSAID.
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cough. It begins by describing cough as a protective reflex mechanism and identifies the main types as productive or dry. It then classifies drugs that can induce cough and those used to treat it, including antitussives to suppress the cough center, mucolytics to reduce mucus viscosity, and adjuvants like antihistamines and bronchodilators. Specific drugs are discussed for each category, noting their mechanisms of action, effects, side effects, and appropriate uses. Non-pharmacological approaches like hydration, steam inhalation are also mentioned. The summary emphasizes treating the underlying cause while providing symptomatic relief through suppressing cough, reducing mucus, or opening airways.
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are a commonly prescribed class of psychotropic drugs that have been used in clinical practice since 1961. BZDs are grouped as sedative-hypnotics, anxiolytics, antiepileptics, and muscle relaxants. They work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA at the GABAA receptor. In Egypt, common available BZDs include alprazolam, bromazepam, clordiazepoxide, clonazepam, diazepam, midazolam, and oxazepam. BZDs are indicated for anxiety disorders, insomnia, augmenting other medications, and epilepsy but have
Myasthenia gravis is a disease of skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptors caused by antibodies that prevent acetylcholine from binding to receptors, inhibiting nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction. Symptoms vary in severity and commonly involve the eyes, face, throat, or limbs. Diagnosis involves the Tensilon test and repetitive nerve stimulation or single-fiber electromyography to confirm impaired neuromuscular transmission. Treatment includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, immunosuppression with corticosteroids and other drugs, immunomodulation therapies like plasmapheresis, and thymectomy in some cases.
Benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core structure is a fusion of benzene and diazepine rings. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide, was discovered in 1955. In 1977, benzodiazepines were the most prescribed medications globally. They are commonly used as minor tranquilizers to treat anxiety, insomnia, seizures, and alcohol withdrawal. While generally safe, benzodiazepines can cause sedation, dependency, respiratory depression, and cognitive impairment in elderly patients with long-term use.
Beta blockers such as atenolol have been shown to have a relatively weak effect in reducing stroke compared to other antihypertensive classes such as calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, and thiazide diuretics. Evidence from Cochrane reviews shows that beta blockers do not reduce the risk of coronary heart disease compared to placebo or no treatment, and they may increase the risk of all-cause mortality and total cardiovascular disease compared to calcium channel blockers. While beta blockers lower the risk of total cardiovascular disease compared to placebo primarily by reducing stroke risk, their effect on other outcomes is not better than other classes of antihypertensive medications.
The document classifies drugs used to treat hypertension into 9 categories based on their mechanisms of action. These categories include drugs that act centrally, on autonomic ganglia, on postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings, on adrenergic receptors, directly on vascular smooth muscle, as potassium channel activators, by blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis, oral diuretics, and miscellaneous drugs. Examples are provided for each category of antihypertensive drugs.
This document outlines the approach and management of epilepsy. It discusses taking a thorough history, including details of seizure episodes, predisposing factors, and precipitants. A physical exam focuses on neurological assessment. Differential diagnoses include syncope, pseudoseizures, and cardiac arrhythmias. Investigations include EEG. Management involves patient education, treating underlying causes, avoiding triggers, pharmacological therapy including multiple antiepileptic drugs, and in some cases surgery. Antiepileptic drugs work via various mechanisms and have potential adverse effects requiring monitoring.
The aim of sharing this material is to help the needful students and provide detailed material for given topic. it is easy to lean in creative way with minimum contents.you all are most welcome for suggestions to improve it an to make it more creative easy and graspable. thank you
This document provides an overview of different types of headaches including their classification, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment. It discusses primary headaches such as migraines, tension headaches and cluster headaches. It also covers secondary headaches which are symptomatic of underlying conditions. Key points include migraines affecting 10-15% of the population, being more common in women, and the importance of differentiating between primary and secondary headaches to guide treatment.
Novel Drugs for Seizure disorder, Newer Drugs for seizure disorders, Recent Advances in treatment of seizure disorder, Recent Advances in Pharmacotherapy of sizure disorders, Recent Advances in Treatment of epilepsy, Newer Antiepileptics, Newer Anticonvulsants
The document discusses the evaluation and management of dizziness and vertigo. It outlines the main categories of dizziness including otologic, central, medical, and unlocalized causes. Evaluation involves taking a thorough history, performing a physical exam including tests of nystagmus, and ordering investigations like an audiogram or MRI. Common diseases discussed in more detail include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), vestibular neuritis, Meniere's disease, and migraine-associated vertigo. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause, patient education, rehabilitation, and medications in some cases.
Pharmacotherapy in bronchial asthma and recent advancesDr Resu Neha Reddy
A 32-year-old female patient presented to the emergency room with acute dyspnea, dry cough, and wheezing. She has a history of recurrent similar attacks that are made worse by exercise and dust exposure. The document provides an overview of bronchial asthma including its history, pathophysiology, triggers, diagnosis, and pharmacotherapy. It discusses the inflammatory process and mediators involved in asthma as well as treatment options like bronchodilators, corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and monoclonal antibodies.
Drugs used in ischaemic heart disease 1Pravin Prasad
This document discusses drugs used to treat ischemic heart disease. It classifies anti-anginal drugs into nitrates, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and potassium channel openers. Nitrates work by relaxing smooth muscle through nitric oxide donation. They provide relief of angina by reducing preload and afterload. Tolerance can develop with prolonged use. Beta blockers reduce cardiac work and oxygen demand. Potassium channel openers like nicorandil open potassium channels in smooth muscle to cause vasodilation and also act as nitric oxide donors. The document reviews the mechanisms, effects, uses and side effects of these major drug classes used in ischemic heart disease.
The document provides guidelines for childhood immunization in Malaysia. It discusses vaccines for diseases like BCG, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, hepatitis B, haemophilus influenzae type B, measles, mumps and rubella. The objectives are to assist healthcare providers and decrease disease complications. The guidelines target all children and healthcare providers. Evidence levels and committees involved in developing the guidelines are also mentioned. Detailed information on each vaccine including introduction, efficacy, administration, schedule and special situations is provided.
The document provides an overview of the gastrointestinal system, including:
- It describes the anatomy and functions of the GI tract from mouth to anus, as well as related organs like the liver and pancreas.
- It lists 100 key facts about the structure and function of different parts of the GI system, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and liver.
- It explains that understanding the basic science of the normal GI system is important for learning about GI diseases.
Short case approach to speech analysis summaryDr. Rubz
This document outlines a short case approach to analyzing speech through a series of tests of receptive and expressive language abilities, speech characteristics, repetition of sentences, and testing of other cognitive functions localized to different areas of the brain such as the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes. Tests include commands, writing, naming objects, line bisection, calculations, and motor skills to evaluate for conditions such as aphasia, dysarthria, apraxia, neglect and Gerstmann's syndrome resulting from lesions in specific brain regions. Physical exam of cardiovascular system is also recommended to investigate potential causes of stroke.
This document outlines learning outcomes for pediatric medical students on various pediatric presentations. It covers topics such as developmental delay, convulsions, bleeding, anaemia, oedema, failure to thrive, acute gastroenteritis, dyspnea, cough, wheezing, dengue fever, jaundice, fever with rash, respiratory distress in neonates, prolonged neonatal jaundice, neonatal jaundice, and infants of diabetic mothers. For each topic, it lists the skills students should learn, including describing history taking, examinations, differentiating conditions, investigations, and management approaches.
This document summarizes the physical exam findings that suggest Cushing's disease. When lying down, signs on the face include a moon face, hirsutism, acne, plethora from telangiectasia, and oral thrush. The shoulders may show supraclavicular fat pads and the abdomen may be obese with thin skin, purple striae, and bruising and wasting of the limbs. When standing up, the shoulders may have an interscapular buffalo hump and the spine may show kyphoscoliosis, vertebral fractures or osteoporosis. Long-term steroid use can cause similar findings and systemic exams include checking the urine for glucose, visual fields for pituitary tumors, and
The document outlines a detailed history and examination for evaluating patients presenting with nervous system disorders. The history section includes questions on headaches, visual disorders, loss of consciousness, speech disorders, motor disorders, sensory disorders, sphincter disorders, lower cranial disorders, and mental disorders. Details are sought on frequency, duration, onset, and associated symptoms. The examination section lists assessments of vital signs, neck, cardiovascular, respiratory, abdominal, lymph nodes, skin, head size and fontanelle.
This document provides an overview of cardiovascular anatomy and physiology. It describes the structure and blood flow through the heart chambers. It discusses concepts such as preload, contractility, afterload, and how they impact cardiac output and blood pressure. It also summarizes common symptoms of cardiac disease like chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, and syncope. The document concludes by outlining aspects of cardiovascular examination such as inspection, palpation of pulses, auscultation of heart sounds, and evaluation of jugular venous pressure.
Gastroenterology deals with conditions of the digestive tract and associated organs. Common complaints include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and GI bleeding. Management may involve medical or surgical treatment to differentiate benign from serious processes. Conditions asked about in the first week include abdominal pain, GI bleeding, diarrhea, and gastroesophageal reflux disease. A thorough history and physical exam are essential to make an accurate diagnosis and guide appropriate treatment.
This document provides guidelines for teaching medical students about peritonitis. It begins with an introduction defining the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity. It then lists the aims of instruction, including familiarizing students with the mechanisms, clinical manifestations, complications, and importance of timely treatment of peritonitis. The document outlines how knowledge of peritonitis relates to other disciplines like anatomy, microbiology, and physiology. It provides a classification system for peritonitis and discusses the routes of bacterial penetration. In closing, it emphasizes the importance of understanding peritonitis for adequate abdominal surgical treatment.
Cardiac failure ( long case approach ) summaryDr. Rubz
Cardiac failure, or heart failure, is defined as a state where the heart is unable to maintain an adequate cardiac output or can only do so at the expense of an elevated filling pressure. It is diagnosed when a patient with heart disease develops symptoms of low cardiac output, pulmonary congestion, or systemic venous congestion. Compensatory changes in heart failure include chamber enlargement, myocardial hypertrophy, increased heart rate, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and antidiuretic hormone release. Precipitating factors include myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, infections, noncompliance with medication or diet, and medical conditions like anemia, hyperthyroidism, or sepsis.
This document is a study guide for a practical course on oncology. It provides an overview of several common cancers, including head and neck cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and liver cancer. For each cancer, it summarizes the risk factors, diagnostic process, staging criteria, and treatment options. The study guide was created by a team of oncology experts at the National O.O.Bohomolets Medical University in Ukraine to aid medical students in learning about cancer diagnosis and management.
This case report summarizes the medical examination of a 56-year-old male patient named Alexander Marchenko who presented with continuous vertebra and leg pain. The physical examination revealed lumbar pain, limited movement, and abnormalities in the right leg. The patient's medical history included a lumbar nerve injury from lifting and previous unsuccessful physiotherapy. The examination findings were otherwise normal except for hypertension and occasional headaches.
This document provides guidelines for the investigation and management of febrile seizures in children. It outlines that:
1. Febrile seizures are generally benign and not associated with neurological consequences. The main focus is ruling out bacterial infection as the cause of fever.
2. Simple febrile seizures, which are brief and generalized, typically require no investigations. Complex seizures may warrant further workup outlined in an appendix.
3. Treatment involves stopping ongoing seizures with medications. Reassurance of caregivers and education about prognosis are also important aspects of management.
The document provides guidance on performing pelvic examinations, including:
1) Instructions for observing and palpating the external genitalia and internal structures using a speculum. Key steps include inspecting for abnormalities, examining the Bartholin's glands, and inserting the speculum.
2) Guidelines for Pap testing according to American Cancer Society recommendations, including screening intervals based on age and risk factors.
3) A list of required equipment for comprehensive pelvic examinations, including speculums, gloves, lubricants, and collection materials for Pap tests and STI screening.
Short case approach to parkinson's dz summaryDr. Rubz
This document provides guidance on evaluating a patient for Parkinson's disease and related conditions. It describes key signs and symptoms to assess including mask-like facies, tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. It also lists tests to help differentiate between Parkinson's disease and similar conditions like progressive supranuclear palsy or multiple system atrophy. Causes of true Parkinsonism are identified as well as differential diagnoses to consider.
This document provides a summary of the physical findings associated with Acromegaly. It describes the characteristic features seen in the hands, face, neck, thorax, abdomen, skeletal system, and common lab abnormalities. The hands are large with broad palms and spatulate fingers, and may have hyperhidrosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, or osteoarthrosis. The face has prominent supraorbital ridges, large nose and lips, prognathism, interdental spacing, macroglossia, and possible optic atrophy or bitemporal hemianopia. Other findings include goiter in the neck, skin tags or acanthosis nigricans in the axilla, gynecomastia or cardiomegal
The document provides guidelines for asthma management and prevention, outlining the four components of asthma care: developing a patient-doctor partnership; identifying and reducing exposure to risk factors; assessing, treating, and monitoring asthma; and managing exacerbations. It includes information on diagnosing asthma, classifying asthma control, pharmacological treatment approaches, and special considerations for managing different patient groups.
HIV/AIDS data Hub Asia Pacific -Malaysia 2014Dr. Rubz
This document provides a summary of HIV/AIDS data for Malaysia across multiple indicators:
- HIV prevalence is highest among key populations like people who inject drugs, female sex workers, and men who have sex with men. Condom use and safe injection practices have increased over time but remain below optimal levels.
- The number of reported HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths has declined in recent years. Most HIV transmissions are through heterosexual contact and injecting drug use.
- Vulnerability remains high as many key populations lack comprehensive HIV knowledge and access to prevention programs, testing, and treatment.
- Government spending on HIV has increased but more funding needs to be directed towards programs for key populations at higher
Chronic renal failure concise long case approach & crf with fluid overload m...Dr. Rubz
This document provides a concise long case approach for chronic renal failure. It outlines the key presenting complaints, history, physical exam findings, investigations, complications, and management strategies for chronic renal failure. The management involves addressing issues related to calcium/phosphate metabolism, anemia, osteodystrophy, fluid overload, and nutritional management. Treatment plans include diuresis, dialysis/filtration, erythropoietin therapy, calcium supplementation, and dietary restrictions. Referrals to other specialists are recommended based on the severity of renal failure and patient needs.
CN III, IV, & VI palsies are caused by lesions within the cavernous sinus. Horner's syndrome is caused by ipsilateral brainstem lesions or lesions of the cervical sympathetic chain, and presents with ptosis, miosis, and other symptoms. CN V palsies can be caused by ganglion/sensory root lesions or post-ganglionic lesions.
This document provides guidelines for the diagnosis and management of epilepsy in adults and children. It covers key areas such as diagnosis, investigations, classification, management, pharmacological treatment, prolonged or repeated seizures, special considerations for women, and review and referral. The guidelines are intended to help healthcare professionals provide consistent care for people with epilepsy.
The document discusses malignant hyperthermia, a rare genetic condition triggered by certain anesthetic agents. It can cause a severe hypermetabolic state and muscle rigidity. If not rapidly treated, it can result in death from complications like cardiac arrest or brain damage. The document outlines strategies for preventing and treating malignant hyperthermia in the operating room, including having emergency supplies and medication available, monitoring patients closely, and educating staff on treatment protocols.
This document presents the 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia. It was developed by a Task Force of experts and provides recommendations on the definitions, classifications, mechanisms, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and acute and long-term management of supraventricular tachycardias. Key changes from the 2003 guidelines include revised concepts and new recommendations on the differential diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of narrow and wide complex tachycardias using electrocardiographic, pharmacological and electrophysiological testing approaches.
This document provides a summary of health indicators in OECD countries. It begins with an introduction that describes the document as the 2013 edition of Health at a Glance, which presents recent comparable data on key health indicators across 34 OECD countries. The data is drawn from contributions of national health agencies and aims to monitor health status, determinants, health workforce, health care activities, and quality of care.
Acute heart failure: diagnosing and managing acute heart failure in adultsEmergency Live
The need for this guideline was identified as the NICE guidelines on chronic heart failure were being updated. We recognised at this time that there were important aspects of the diagnosis and management of acute heart failure that were not being addressed by the chronic heart failure guideline, which focussed on long term management rather than the immediate care of someone who is acutely unwell as a result of heart failure. The aim of this guideline is to provide guidance to the NHS on the diagnosis and management of acute heart failure.
Heart failure is a condition in which the heart does not pump enough blood to meet all the needs of the body. It is caused by heart muscle damage or dysfunction, valve problems, heart rhythm disturbances and other rarer causes. Acute heart failure can present as new-onset heart failure in people without known cardiac dysfunction, or as acute decompensation of chronic heart failure.
Acute heart failure is a common cause of admission to hospital (over 67,000 admissions in England and Wales per year) and is the leading cause of hospital admission in people 65 years or older in the UK.
This guideline includes important aspects of the diagnosis and management of acute heart failure that are not addressed by the NICE guideline on chronic heart failure (NICE clinical guideline 108). The guideline on chronic heart failure focused on long-term management rather than the immediate care of someone who is acutely unwell as a result of heart failure.
This guideline covers the care of adults (aged 18 years or older) who have a diagnosis of acute heart failure, have possible acute heart failure, or are being investigated for acute heart failure. It includes the following key clinical areas.
This document is a handbook on capsule endoscopy that was edited by Zhaoshen Li, Zhuan Liao, and Mark McAlindon. It contains 10 chapters written by various experts on different aspects of capsule endoscopy, including the history of capsule endoscopy, current capsule platforms, applications of capsule endoscopy in the small bowel, esophagus, colon, and pediatrics, as well as future directions and case presentations.
CARE is a humanitarian organization that works to alleviate global poverty. This document provides a step-by-step guide for collecting and analyzing data on infant and young child feeding practices. The guide was produced by CARE with funding from a private foundation. It is intended to help organizations properly survey, sample, collect, clean, analyze, and report data on important infant feeding indicators.
Think of epilepsy as an electrical storm in the brain. This abnormal brain activity causes seizures, unusual behavior or sensations, or a loss of awareness.
Most of the 50 million people who have it can live seizure-free if they take inexpensive, effective medicines. But 80% of people with epilepsy live in low- and middle-income countries, where three-quarters of them lack treatment, according to a new WHO global report on epilepsy.
The report is produced by WHO in collaboration with the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE).
This document provides guidelines for HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care for key populations. It summarizes the methodology used to develop the guidelines, which included establishing expert groups, reviewing evidence, and developing recommendations. The guidelines cover a comprehensive package of interventions for key populations, including health sector interventions like prevention, testing, treatment, and management of coinfections. It also addresses critical enablers of effective responses like reducing stigma and discrimination, and supportive laws and policies. The target audience is those involved in HIV responses for key populations.
Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care for ...clac.cab
This document provides guidelines for HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care for key populations. It summarizes the methodology used to develop the guidelines, which included establishing expert groups, reviewing evidence, and developing recommendations. The guidelines cover a comprehensive package of interventions for key populations, including health sector interventions like prevention, testing, treatment, and management of coinfections. It also addresses critical enablers of effective responses like addressing legal barriers and reducing stigma and discrimination. The target audience is those involved in HIV responses for key populations.
Neurologia, neuroanatomia, medicina interna.
La neuroanatomía es el estudio de la estructura y la organización del sistema nervioso.1Se llama neuroanatomía comparada a la ciencia que analiza y compara los sistemas nerviosos de las diferentes especies. Desde los sistemas más simples hasta el de los mamíferos y el hombre.
El primer registro escrito conocido de un estudio de la anatomía del cerebro humano es egipcio, el papiro de Edwin Smith. El siguiente desarrollo importante en neuroanatomía fue de unos mil años más tarde, cuando el griego Alcmeón determinó que el cerebro y no el corazón, como se creía, gobierna al cuerpo y recibe información de los sentidos. Uno de los fundadores de la neuroanatomía moderna fue el descubridor de la neurona, el español Santiago Ramón y Cajal, premio Nobel de medicina o fisiología en 1906.
This 2013 edition of Health at a Glance – OECD Indicators presents the most recent comparable
data on key indicators of health and health systems across the 34 OECD member countries. Where
possible, it also reports comparable data for Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, the Russian Federation,
and South Africa, as key emerging countries
This document discusses levetiracetam, an antiepileptic drug, for the treatment of childhood epilepsy. It reviews levetiracetam's mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety and tolerability based on clinical studies. Levetiracetam has been shown to effectively treat partial and generalized seizures as both add-on therapy and monotherapy. It has a favorable safety profile, though behavioral changes have been reported more often in younger patients. Overall, results suggest levetiracetam is a valuable treatment option for epilepsy in pediatric patients.
Evidence for the ten steps to succesful breastfeedingPaul Mark Pilar
This document reviews evidence for the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding, which are the foundation of the WHO/UNICEF Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. The review finds that implementing each individual Step has some positive effect on breastfeeding outcomes, but implementing all Ten Steps together can have the greatest impact. Conversely, omitting one or more Steps may limit the overall effectiveness of those that are in place. The evidence shows improved breastfeeding rates across different settings and cultures from implementing the Ten Steps within maternity facilities. While many other factors also influence breastfeeding, improving healthcare practices through the Ten Steps is seen as fundamental to realizing gains from other breastfeeding promotion activities. The review methodology prioritizes experimental and quasi-experimental studies, with
Evidence for the ten steps to succesful breastfeedingPaul Mark Pilar
This document provides evidence for the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding as outlined by the World Health Organization. It summarizes research showing that implementing policies to support breastfeeding, training health care staff, preparing mothers during pregnancy, ensuring early skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding, providing breastfeeding guidance, restricting formula and pacifier use, practicing rooming-in, and feeding on demand all have significant benefits for increasing breastfeeding rates and improving health outcomes for both mothers and babies. The document concludes that fully implementing these Ten Steps is an effective global strategy for promoting and supporting breastfeeding.
2018 esc guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease during pregn...Vinh Pham Nguyen
This document provides guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy published by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in 2018. It was developed by an international task force and provides recommendations on risk assessment, diagnosis, treatment and management for a variety of heart conditions that may occur during pregnancy. The guidelines reflect recent advances and aim to improve outcomes for both mothers and infants.
Fat embolism syndrome state of-the-art review focused oncadoc
This review article discusses fat embolism syndrome (FES), a rare but potentially fatal complication of trauma or orthopedic surgery characterized by pulmonary symptoms. The article describes the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and characteristic imaging findings of FES. On chest computed tomography (CT), FES presents with diffuse, well-demarcated ground glass opacities or ill-defined centrilobular nodules. Combining these imaging findings with the classic clinical syndrome can help achieve the correct diagnosis in hypoxic patients with recent trauma or surgery. Management of FES remains supportive, and the benefit of medical therapies is unclear.
This document provides information about a study guide book for obstetric anesthesia certification and recertification. The book is titled "Absolute Obstetric Anesthesia Review" and is authored by Cassandra Wasson, Albert Kelly, David Ninan, and Quy Tran. It is intended to provide a concise study guide for anesthesiology residents, obstetric anesthesiology fellows, and anesthesiologists providing care to obstetric patients. The book is organized based on the outline from the American Board of Anesthesiology and covers topics relevant to the boards and clinical practice of obstetric anesthesia.
Pathophysiology a practical approach (Lachel Story) (z-lib.org).pdfHectorSantiagoLopezA2
This document provides information about the third edition of the textbook "Pathophysiology: A Practical Approach" by Lachel Story. It was published in 2018 by Jones & Bartlett Learning and discusses pathophysiology from a nursing perspective. The book contains 7 chapters that cover cellular function, immunity, hematopoietic function, cardiovascular function, respiratory function, fluid/electrolyte/acid-base homeostasis, and urinary function. It is intended to help nurses understand disease processes and apply pathophysiological principles to patient care.
This document summarizes findings from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health regarding adherence to various health guidelines. It examines guidelines for smoking, alcohol use, overweight/obesity, nutrition, physical activity, and pregnancy/early motherhood. The study analyzed data from three cohorts of Australian women born between 1921-1926, 1946-1951, and 1973-1978 to assess adherence levels and changes over time. Key findings included low adherence rates for smoking, alcohol, nutrition, and physical activity guidelines across cohorts.
HIV discrimination among health providers in Malaysia by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
Although doctors took oath that they will treat everyone the best they can and without judging anyone but discrimination still exist especially in HIV affected people. Due to this issue, Pertubuhan Advokasi Masyarakat Terpinggir Malaysia has taken a step to engage with doctors at government sector and desensitize them and find the line to stand together.
This document provides a regional overview of HIV/AIDS trends in Asia and the Pacific from 1990-2013. It summarizes that there are currently 4.8 million people living with HIV in the region, with new infections declining significantly since 2001 but remaining largely unchanged in the past 5 years. Treatment coverage has increased substantially, with 1.56 million people now on ART, however this is still only about one-third of those in need. The challenges ahead include addressing gaps in prevention for key populations and along the treatment cascade.
1. The document summarizes Malaysia's HIV/AIDS situation and recommendations for interventions. It reports that while HIV transmission is declining overall, sexual transmission now accounts for over 50% of new cases, especially among heterosexuals and men who have sex with men. 2. Key recommendations include expanding access to antiretroviral treatment, strengthening prevention services for at-risk groups, and implementing proven interventions like condom promotion and harm reduction programs. 3. Achieving the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets of diagnosing 90% of HIV cases, treating 90% of those diagnosed, and virally suppressing 90% of those treated is an important goal.
The document announces an e-mail auction to raise funds for the United Learning Centre, which provides education and meals to 140 refugee children in Malaysia. The auction includes donations of a Rado watch, porcelain vases, paintings, a lamp, and other items. Proceeds will help the learning center continue offering refugee children education, nutrition, and boarding for those whose parents work far away. The auction encourages supporting this charity auction to help children in need.
Testicular cancer for public awareness by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
A presentation prepared for Charity Dinner with Fun Charity. All the profits of the event will go to FReHA (a NGO which supports women's and reproductive health.)
Prostate cancer for public awareness by DR RUBZDr. Rubz
A presentation prepared for Charity Dinner with Fun Charity. All the profits of the event will go to FReHA (a NGO which supports women's and reproductive health.)
Breast Cancer for public awareness by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
This document provides information from a presentation on breast cancer given by Dr. Ruby Bazeer. It discusses the anatomy of the breast and lymphatic system. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, with over 1.5 million new cases diagnosed annually. While breast cancer can be fatal if not detected early, it is curable when found early through methods like breast self-exams, clinical exams, ultrasound and mammography. The document outlines risk factors, signs and symptoms, screening recommendations, cancer stages and types of treatment for breast cancer. It aims to educate about this disease and the importance of early detection.
This is the first phase (qualitative) of the current project we are working on with the supervision of University Malaya and Yale School of Medicine.It will be publish as IBBS 2013 by end of the year. This slide is just a rough picture of what we are doing at the moment. This is copyright protected!
This document appears to be a set of slides for a lecture or teaching session on rapidly interpreting electrocardiograms (ECGs) given by Dr. James Smitt of Monash University on July 25, 2013 for third year medical students. The slides provide instruction on efficiently analyzing ECG readings to identify potential cardiac issues or abnormalities.
The document summarizes key details about the inguinal canal and inguinal hernias. It describes the anatomy of the inguinal canal including its entrance, exit, roof, floor, and walls. It then discusses direct and indirect inguinal hernias, their causes, signs and symptoms, examination findings, and surgical repair techniques like Lichtenstein and Shouldice repairs. Femoral hernias are also briefly covered.
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the breast as well as common breast conditions. It discusses the structure of the breast including lobes, lobules, ducts, and surrounding tissues. It then covers common benign and malignant breast diseases like fibroadenomas, cysts, mastitis, and ductal carcinoma in situ. The document concludes with descriptions of clinical exam findings, imaging tests, biopsy procedures, and management of various breast abnormalities.
This document discusses techniques for breast examination and signs of breast cancer. It describes various types of lumps, skin changes, and nipple disorders that may indicate breast cancer, including hard or soft lumps, skin dimpling or redness, nipple inversion or discharge. It also summarizes ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, and how cancer can spread through lymph or blood vessels. Risk factors like genetics, lifestyle, and environment that may contribute to breast cancer development are outlined. Diagrams depict breast anatomy and different stages of cancer progression.
The document discusses various conditions that can affect the male genital tract including hydrocele, hematocele, spermatocele, varicocele, testicular tumors, testicular torsion, epididymo-orchitis, and undescended testis. It provides information on the presentation, risk factors, investigations, management, and complications of each condition. The document is a reference for doctors on evaluating and treating various scrotal and testicular issues.
This document discusses different types of hernias, including ventral, incisional, and Spigelian hernias. It defines a hernia as an abnormal protrusion of an organ outside its normal cavity. It classifies hernias based on their location, such as inguinal or femoral. Incisional hernias occur through a previous surgical wound. Signs and symptoms vary from a painless lump to a painful, swollen protrusion. Management typically involves surgical repair to excise the hernia sac and close the defect.
1. Orchitis and epididymo-orchitis are usually caused by blood-borne infections like Chlamydia, gonorrhea, or E. coli. They present with acute pain and swelling of the testes or epididymis.
2. Undescended testes occur in 1% of boys after 1 year of age and can lead to infertility if not treated. Risk factors include prematurity and family history. Treatment is orchidopexy to bring the testes into the scrotum.
3. Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood supply to the testes. It requires urgent surgery to untwist the cord or
Malaria is the most commonly imported tropical disease in the UK, with 1,500-2,000 cases reported annually. Three-quarters of cases are caused by Plasmodium falciparum, which can rapidly cause severe multi-organ disease if not treated promptly. Diagnosis relies on examination of blood films by an expert microscopist to detect parasites, though rapid diagnostic tests can also identify P. falciparum. Treatment depends on the Plasmodium species and severity of illness. Uncomplicated non-falciparum malaria is usually treated with chloroquine, while uncomplicated P. falciparum is treated with atovaquone-proguanil, quinine,
Tuberculosis is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It typically affects the lungs but can spread to other organs. Primary TB occurs after initial exposure and may result in an asymptomatic Ghon focus or spread to lymph nodes and other sites. Secondary TB occurs from reactivation of a dormant lesion, usually in the apices of the lungs. Diagnosis involves testing sputum, blood, or other fluids for acid-fast bacilli on smear or culture. Chest x-ray may show consolidations, cavities or fibrosis. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over 6-9 months to prevent resistance, with monitoring of side effects like hepatitis and optic neuritis. Contact tracing and screening of household members is
This document summarizes different types of shock including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, septic, anaphylactic, and obstructive shock. It provides details on definitions, signs and symptoms, investigations, and management for each type of shock. General management includes maintaining the airway, providing oxygen, establishing intravenous access, monitoring vital signs, and administering fluids with or without vasopressors depending on the type and severity of shock. Specific investigations and treatments are outlined for each shock type.
Stroke ( concise long case approach ) summaryDr. Rubz
The document provides guidance on evaluating and managing patients presenting with suspected stroke. It outlines an approach to answering 6 key questions from the history, physical exam, and investigations to determine if the patient is having a stroke, identify the location and type of stroke, understand the mechanism, assess functional impairment, and identify risk factors. Principles of acute management include aspirin, thrombolysis if eligible, controlling blood pressure and blood glucose, and preventing hyperthermia. Secondary prevention involves antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulation if indicated, carotid endarterectomy for severe stenosis, controlling hypertension and lipids, smoking cessation, and managing diabetes risk factors.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!