Mobile technology refers to devices that allow access to information from any location. This includes technologies like GSM and CDMA.
GSM uses TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to share the same frequency channel. It provides international roaming and good call quality. CDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum to allow multiple transmitters to send over a single channel simultaneously. It provides higher capacity than GSM and better coverage. Both have advantages and disadvantages depending on users' needs.
GPRS Architecture and its components are covered extensively.
The slides give a little information about gprs and also gets into deeper explanation of its architecture.
Professor Mark Beach's presentation (without videos) on the University of Bristol's Massive MIMO activities as given at the IET's 'Towards 5G Mobile Technology – Vision to Reality' event, January 25th 2017.
In networking terminology, wireless is the term used to describe any computer network where there is no physical wired connection between sender and receiver, but rather the network is connected by radio waves and/or microwaves to maintain communications. Wireless system includes different generations of wireless technology - 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 4G and 5G.
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
CDMA handsets come without SIM card
And GSM phones need a SIM Card.
GSM standards are the most popular .
And being provided by
BhartiAirtel,Vodafone,Aircel,BSNL and also Reliance and Tata Teleserices since the recent times.
CDMA stands are prominent
from the network operation
Like Reliance,Tata Indicom,etc.
Technically ,the basic difference is between the types of
modulation methods (multiplexation) employed
From the time mobile phones were introduced in country 1997, until the end of 2002, the market was dominated by just ,namely, GSM.
In December 2002, Reliance Communications (then known as Reliance Infocomm) launched CDMA services across 17 circles on country basis.
CDMA has since been growing faster than GSM; although on lower base.
GPRS Architecture and its components are covered extensively.
The slides give a little information about gprs and also gets into deeper explanation of its architecture.
Professor Mark Beach's presentation (without videos) on the University of Bristol's Massive MIMO activities as given at the IET's 'Towards 5G Mobile Technology – Vision to Reality' event, January 25th 2017.
In networking terminology, wireless is the term used to describe any computer network where there is no physical wired connection between sender and receiver, but rather the network is connected by radio waves and/or microwaves to maintain communications. Wireless system includes different generations of wireless technology - 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 4G and 5G.
Protocols And IP suite PPT
Contents are
History
TCP/IP Suite Layer
a} Network Interface
b} Internet Layer
c} Transport Layer
d} Application Layer
3.Comparison of OSI and IP
CDMA handsets come without SIM card
And GSM phones need a SIM Card.
GSM standards are the most popular .
And being provided by
BhartiAirtel,Vodafone,Aircel,BSNL and also Reliance and Tata Teleserices since the recent times.
CDMA stands are prominent
from the network operation
Like Reliance,Tata Indicom,etc.
Technically ,the basic difference is between the types of
modulation methods (multiplexation) employed
From the time mobile phones were introduced in country 1997, until the end of 2002, the market was dominated by just ,namely, GSM.
In December 2002, Reliance Communications (then known as Reliance Infocomm) launched CDMA services across 17 circles on country basis.
CDMA has since been growing faster than GSM; although on lower base.
There is a big market demand for broadband service due smart phone improvement, customer behavior in consuming more data compared to voice and attractive data plan from operator. WiMAX is one of technology that can venture to provide and enhance broadband service. The deployment scenario is discussed in general.
Mobile forensics is a branch of digital forensics. Simply, it is a science of recovering different kinds of evidence from mobile phones. It helps investigators significantly to reach to the criminal.
10 Content Marketing Mistakes that can be easily avoided Impulse Digital
Content marketing is a part of bigger digital marketing strategy for any brand. However, equal amount of planning and precision is needed to yield the best results. Here are 10 mistakes to avoid while implementing a content marketing strategy.
What is GSM?
Global System for Mobile Communications, or GSM for short, is a digital mobile communications standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Organization ETSI. It uses time division multiple access technologies for its air interface. Since its commercial introduction in the mid-1990s, it has been adopted by more than 100 countries worldwide.
GSM is an open standard currently being developed by 3GPP. 2015, many GSM network are used by operators worldwide.
GSM belongs to the 2nd generation (2G) cellular mobile communication technology. Analog cellular technology is known as Generation 1 mobile technology, and broadband CDMA technology is known as Generation 3 mobile technology, or 3G.
GSM is a digital cell phone network standard developed in Europe to allow users to use one cell phone network standard for all parts of the world so that users can travel around the world with one cell phone.
A study of reserach paper they investigate the problem of seamless VM migrations in the DCN. Leveraging the benefit of decoupling a service from its physical location in the emerging technique named data networking; we propose a named service framework to support seamless VM migrations. In comparison with other approaches, their approach has following advantages: 1) the VM migration is interruption free; 2) the overhead to maintain the routing information is less than that caused by classic NDN; 3) the routing protocol is robust to both link and node failures; 4) the framework inherently supports the implementation of a distributed load balancing algorithm, via which requests are distributed to VMs in balance. The analysis and simulation results verify these benefits.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
2. Mobile technology a generic term used to refer to a variety of devices
that allow people to access data and information from where ever they
are.
"Mobile Technology: being able to use a computing device even when
being mobile and therefore changing location. Portability is one aspect of
mobile technology.“
Mobile Technology
5. Introduction
• 1982 -Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) formed Groupe
Special Mobile (GSM) to develop a public land mobile system.
• Later named as Global System for Mobile Communications..
6. The proposed GSM system had to meet certain criteria. They are as
follows….
Good speech quality
Low terminal and service cost
Support for international roaming
Ability to support handheld terminals
Support for range of new services and facilities
Spectral efficiency
ISDN ( Integrated Services Digital Network) Compatibility)
7. Architecture of the GSM
network:
Figure shows the layout of a generic GSM network.
8. The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts.
The Mobile Station is carried by the subscriber.
The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile
Station.
The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the (Mobile
services Switching Center) MSC, performs the switching of calls between
the mobile users, and between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC
also handles the mobility management operations.
9. Techniques used in GSM
In the GSM system, TDMA in combination with FDMA is used .Thus, only
a single mobile is using a given frequency/timeslot combination at any
particular time.
Frequency D iv isio n M ult iple A ccess ( FD M A ) :
Each call is carried on a separate frequency channel. Provides multiuser
access by separating the used frequencies.
Time Div isio n Multiple Access (TDMA):
Each frequency channel is further divided into a set of timeslots; each
timeslot carries the data of a voice call. Provides multiuser access by
chopping up the channel into sequential time slices.
10. Basic GSM Services:
1 . SMS . .
2 . Vo ice Mail. .
3 . A d v ice o f Ch arg e . .
4 . Ro amin g . .
5 . Call h o ld . .
6 . Call w aitin g . .
7 . Co n f er en ce call. .
11. Application of GSM
Various GSM applications include GSM modems, GSM terminals, GPRS
amalgamation, GSM security, GSM remote monitoring.
Application of GSM is dependent upon its frequency. Some countries in the
world use GSM-900 or E-GSM. The frequency in E-GSM is extended to
about 920 to 960MHZ.Latest mobile phones support E-GSM.GSM
technology allows you to use any mobile handset and everywhere. Once
you’re connected to the GSM technology you do not have to worry about
the network coverage and frequency.
12. Advantages of GSM
1. Less signal deterioration inside buildings.
2. Ability to use repeaters.
3. Talktime is generally higher in GSM phones due to the pulse nature of
transmission.
4. The availability of SIM allows users to switch networks and handsets at
will, aside from a subsidy lock.
5. GSM covers virtually all parts of the world so international roaming is not
a problem.
6. The much bigger number of subscribers globally creates a better network
effect for GSM handset makers, carriers and end users.
7. High transmission quality of audio and reliability for
wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at higher speeds (e.g. from cars, trains)
13. Disadvantages of GSM:
1) Interferes with some electronics, especially certain audio
amplifiers.
2) Intellectual property is concentrated among a few industry
participants, creating barriers to entry for new entrants and limiting
competition among phone manufacturers.
3) GSM has a fixed maximum cell site range of 120 km, which is
imposed by technical limitations.
4) High complexity of the system.
14. Conclusion:
Gsm is a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used and uses a
combination of TDMA and FDMA technologies.
GSM has provided us with international roaming and clarity of voice
due to its wide infrastructure..
16. Introduction
• CDMA is a military technology first used during World War II by English
allies to foil German attempts at jamming transmissions. The allies decided
to transmit over several frequencies, instead of one, making it difficult for
the Germans to pick up the complete signal.
• Because Qualcomm created communications chips for CDMA
technology, it was privy to the classified information. Once the information
became public, Qualcomm claimed patents on the technology and became
the first to commercialize it.
17. CDMA
• In data communication, the idea of allowing several transmitters to send
information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This
allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). This
concept is called multiple access.
• CDMA is a “spread spectrum” technology, which means that it spreads the
information contained in a particular signal of interest over a much greater
bandwidth than the original signal.
• The core principle of spread spectrum is the use of noise-like carrier
waves, and, as the name implies, bandwidths much wider than that required
for simple point-to-point communication at the same data rate.
18. Three Types of Spread Spectrum Communications
• There are three ways to spread the bandwidth of the
signal:
• Frequency hopping
• Time hopping
• Direct sequence.
• CDMA uses Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system
and Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum .
• CDMA system works directly on 64 kbit/sec digital
signals.
19. How it works?
• In CDMA, both data and voice are separated from signals using codes and
then transmitted using a wide frequency range. Because of this, there are
more space left for data transfer.
• As a result, CDMA uses much wider signals than those used in other
technologies. Wideband signals reduce interference and allow one cell
frequency reuse. There is no time division, and all users use the entire
carrier, all of the time.
20. • CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to each user. Instead, every
channel uses the full available spectrum. Individual conversations are
encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence.
• CDMA consistently provides better capacity for voice and data
communications than other commercial mobile technologies, allowing
more subscribers to connect at any given time
21.
22. • CDMA changes the nature of the subscriber station from a analog device to
a digital device.
• CDMA receivers do not eliminate analog processing entirely, but they
separate communication channels by means of a modulation that is applied
and removed in the digital domain, not on the basis of frequency.
23.
24. Benefits of CDMA
• CDMA CAPACITY INCREASES
• IMPROVED CALL QUALITY
• SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM PLANNING
• ENHANCED PRIVACY
• IMPROVED COVERAGE
• INCREASED PORTABLE TALKTIME
• BANDWIDTH ON DEMAND
25. Uses
• Excellent call quality and low current draw.
• Less costly to implement
• Provides three to five times the calling capacity than GSM and TDMA
• It provides more than 10 times the capacity of the analog cell phone system
(AMPS).
• Used by the military for secure phone calls.
• Difficult to jam and detect
26.
27. Functions GSM CDMA
Frequency 900MHz,1800MHz,1900
MHz
800MHz,1900MHz
SIM card Yes No
Techniques used FDMA and TDMA Spread Spectrum
Compatibility Better than cdma Can’t be used
overseas..So, not good as
gsm.
Flexibility to variety of
phones
Yes No
System Capacity Fixed and limited Flexible and higher than
gsm
Economics Expensive Lower than gsm
28. Conclusion:
• In GSM you use a wider variety of phones with your service, it also allows you
to take any GSM hardware and make it "your phone" instantly, including the
ability to carry your contacts right on the SIM card.
• CDMA consistently provides better capacity for voice and data communications
than other commercial mobile technologies, allowing more subscribers to
connect at any given time.GSM and CDMA are both frontier technologies
having some advantages and disadvantages. It depends upon the subscriber’s
choice which technology best suits their needs.
29. References:
Mobile Computing Technology, Applications
and Service Creation – Asoke K Talukder,
Hasan Ahmed, Roopa R yavagal
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.scribd.com