The document defines different types of social groups including formal and informal groups, as well as crowds, mobs, audiences, and teams. It also examines the stages of group formation and different aspects of group structure such as norms, roles, status, and cohesiveness. Finally, it discusses several group processes including social facilitation, social loafing, and group polarization.

2. Group
Crowd
Team
Audience
Mobs

3. WHAT IS A GROUP?

4. A group is an organized system of
two or more individuals, working in
face to face relationships to share
information and resources for a
task to be achieved.
Or
When two or more individuals
are classed together either by the
organization or out of social needs,
it is known as a group.

5. CROWD
Collection of people present at
a place/situation by chance.
-There is neither any structure nor
feeling of belongingness.
-- Behavior of people in a crowd
is irrational & there is no
interdependence among
members.

6. MOBS
A large crowd of people, especially
one that is disorderly and intent on
causing trouble or violence
-When audiences go into a frenzy
they become mobs
-definite sense of purpose
-polarization in attention
-actions of people are in a common
direction

7. TEAMS
a team can be defined as a group
of individuals working in a face to
face relationship for a common
goal. The team functions almost
like an individual
a team is the collection of people,
who are linked together to achieve
a common objective.

8. AUDIENCE
-Collection of people
assembled for a special
purpose
-Generally passive
(accepting or allowing what
happens or what others do,
without resistance.)

9. BASIS FOR COMPARISON GROUP TEAM
Meaning A collection of individuals who
work together in completing a
task.
A group of persons having
collective identity joined
together, to accomplish a goal.
Leadership Only one leader More than one
Members Independent Interdependent
Work Products Individual Collective
Focus on Accomplishing individual goals. Accomplishing team goals.
Accountability Individually Either individually or mutually

10. quiz

12. Security and Safety needs
-Status/power
Goal Achievement
Satisfaction of social and
psychological needs
Provide Knowledge and
information
Why do people
Join Groups?

13. Primary and Secondary Group
In-group and Out-group
Formal and Informal Group

14. PRIMARY GROUP
• Pre-existing formations are
given to the
individual
-e.g.. family, caste, religion
• Face-to-face interaction
• Share warm emotional bonds
• Central to individual’s
functioning
SECONDARY GROUP
• Individual joins by chance
-e.g.. Political party
• Relationships are more
impersonal, indirect & less
frequent
• It is easy to leave & join
another group

15. INGROUP
• one’s own group
• Refer using ‘WE’
• Supposed to be
similar
OUTGROUP
• Another group
• Refer using
‘THEY’
• Viewed differently

16. • Formal groups are created and maintained to fulfil needs or tasks
which are related to the total organisation mission. Thus these are
consciously and deliberately created. Such groups may be either
permanent in the form of top management team such as board of
directors or management committees etc.
• Informal groups, on the other hand, are created in the
organisation because of operation of social and psychological
forces operating at the work-place. Members create such groups
for their own satisfaction and their working is not regulated by the
general framework of organisational rules and regulations.

17. Group formation stages
Groups are an integral part of
modern organizations. They
are present everywhere, from
the shop floor to the highest
levels of management.

18. A group passes through five lifecycle stages:
FORMING
STORMING
NORMING
PERFORMING
ADJOURNING
Group forms & situation is uncertain &
disorganized
Turbulence, disruption, & frustration is at
highest level
Share vision, values, goals, and expectations;
deviations are not welcome
Roles are specific, goals are clear, and results
are noted
Orderly disbanding

20. Four different
aspects of
group structure
Norms
Roles
Status
Cohesiv
eness

21. Group norms
• Set of beliefs, feelings, and attitudes commonly shared by group
members. These are also referred to as rules or standards of
behavior that apply to group members. Norms serve three functions
namely
Predictive- basis for understanding
the behavior of others
Relational- some norms
define relationships
Control- regulate the
behavior of others

22. Group norms Characteristics
Represents characteristics
of group
Basis for predicting and
controlling behavior of
others
Related to behaviors
considered important for
their group
They are applied to all
members.

23. Role
Various parts played by group members. There are
two elements that define this role identity-
Role Perception-An individual is expected to behave
according to his own perception in the group.
Role Expectation-It is defined as how others believe
one should behave in a given situation.

24. Status
Socially defined position or rank given to
groups or group members by others.
High status members of the group have
more freedom to deviate from the norms.
Group norms
Status equity
culture
Group member status

25. Group Cohesiveness
COHESION
SOCIAL TASK
The bonds of interpersonal
attraction that link
group members
The way in which skills and
abilities of the group
members mesh to allow
optimal performance

26. Results
Did your group act like this… … Or like this?
Groups with High Cohesiveness Get Better Results!

28. It is the process of working
or acting together to
achieve group’s goal.
when two or more people
have a common goal that
they work together to
accomplish.

29. Struggle of two or
more persons for
the same object
which is so limited
that cannot be
shared.

31. SOCIAL FACILITATION
SOCIAL LOAFING
GROUP POLARISATION

32. • Performance on specific tasks is influenced by the mere presence of others.
Dominant response is most likely to happen. Happens due to increase in arousal.
SOCIAL FACILITATION
Help
Hinder
HAPPENS ONLY WHEN ONE’S
EFFORTS ARE EVALUATED

33. Perform task in
presence of
audience
Do not know the task well
Know the task well
Performance
Improves
Performance
Declines

34. • Individuals perform less hard in a group than they do when
performing alone.
• It is reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task
i.e., one in which outputs are pooled with those of other group
members.
SOCIAL LOAFING
GROUPS WITH
SOCIAL
LOAFING
Less
Productive
Perform poorly

35. HOW TO REDUCE SOCIAL LOAFING
Identify
efforts of
each person
make group
members
committed
Strengthen
group
cohesiveness
Increase
importance
or value of a
task
Increase
pressure to
work hard By Giving Individual Grade
FA B
Making performance of each person
essential for success

36. GROUP POLARISATION
The strengthening
of the group’s
initial position as a
result of group
interaction &
discussion .
Groups are more
likely to take
extreme decisions
than individuals
alone.
CAUSES OF GROUP POLARISATION
GROUP POLARISATION
Combinat
ion of
two
Persuasiv
e
Argumen
ts
Social
Comparis
ons