This document discusses special considerations for teaching listening comprehension. It notes that listening can be difficult due to speaker factors like speed of speech, listener factors like purpose, and content factors like vocabulary. It suggests choosing speakers based on students' levels and adjusting speech speed. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding for learning and maintaining student interest. Finally, it proposes several teaching methods to help students improve their listening skills, such as having students summarize podcasts, discuss movies, and analyze music.

3. Special Considerations for Teaching Listening -Understanding-

4. 1. What Makes Listening Difficult? 2 . How Can We Remove Listening Difficulties? 3. Why Understanding is a Consideration? 4. The teaching method to help students

5. 1. What Makes Listening Difficult? The Speaker: 1. How many people speak at the same time? 2. How quickly do they speak? The Listener: 1. What is the purpose in listening? 2. What is the level of response? The Content: 1. Grammar 2. Vocabulary

6. 2 . How Can We Remove Listening Difficulties? Choosing speaker depends on the situation Adjust the speed of speech with practice Telling the reason why students need to listen Figuring out the level of students’ listening skills Providing information

7. 3. Why Understanding is a Consideration? Progress of Class: Impossibility of learning without understanding Absence of Interest: Easy way to lose interest Learning Effect: Impossibility of expectation of learning effect

8. 4. The teaching method to help students 4-1.Telling the Movie Story Instructor divide two groups A & B Group A members find partner in group of B Group A listen to part of the movie and Group B goes out side at the same time Group A tells story to their partner from B group

9. 4. The teaching method to help students 4-2.Using Podcasts Learners listen and take note Learners summarize what they listened to and find the main idea Learners record their voice to their partners Learners listen partner’s voice and ask question Learners response to the question

10. 4. The Teaching Method to Help Students 4-3.Listening(Watching) the Music(Movie ) Instructor gives information about music(movie) Instructor provides vocabulary words Learners listen(watch) music(movie) Instructor gives the paper/ provides lyrics(script) Learners practice with their partner Learners listen to music

13. Because students who are learning speaking tend to be exhausted because of the following reasons.

14. We can easily notice how students have improved in reading or grammar. It can be tested by tests or quizzes on paper. On the other hand, it is hard to notice how much students have improved in speaking. Students are not sure whether they have improved or not. 1. They don’t know how much they have improved .

15. In Chinese, there is no past tense or future tense. Chinese friends hardly use these tenses in English speaking. In Korean, when someone was asked by question sentence of negative form, "yes” means “negative,” and “no” means “affirmative.” In English, on the contrary to this, no matter the question is positive or negative, "yes” means “affirmative,” and “no” means “negative.” 2. It is hard to overcome difference between native language and second language.

16. 1. Keep motivating ! - We have to keep motivating students in order to encourage and keep them interested in speaking. 2. Praise specifically ! - When you praising, you have to praise specifically. For example, “your ‘r’ pronunciation got better than yesterday!”

17. 3. Give authentic tasks ! Assign tasks to students. It could help students to be more familiar with the different usage in second language. 4. Give interesting tasks ! When we give interesting tasks such as role playing favorite dramas or show dialogs to students, students acquire the different usage in second language and also keep interest in speaking.

18. Spoken discourse is different from written discourse. It is complex. Some features include : Spoken of idea units (conjoined short phrases and clauses) May be planned (lectures) or unplanned (conversations) Employs more vague or generic words than written language. Contains slips and errors reflecting on-line processing Involved reciprocity (interactions are jointly constructed) Shows variation (between formal and casual speech), reflecting speaker roles, speaking purpose, and the context (Richards, Jack).

19. Talk as Interaction Talk as Transaction Talk as Performance

20. “ Conversation” (primarily social function) Focus is more on the speaker than on the message Casual or formal depending on circumstance Reflects role relationships ( like speaker identity) Uses conversational conventions and registers Reflects degrees of politeness Employs many generic words Is jointly constructed

21. Opening and closing conversations Choosing topics Making small-talk Joking Recounting personal incidents and experiences Turn-taking Using adjacency-pairs Interrupting Reacting to others Using an appropriate style of speaking

22. Message is central focus; making oneself understood clearly and accurately more than social interaction (information focus) Participants employ communication strategies to be understood Frequent questions/repetitions/comprehension checks. May have negotiation/digression Linguistic accuracy is not always important Two different types of Transaction : Giving/receiving information Obtaining goods/services

23. Explaining a need or intention Describing something Asking/ questioning Asking for clarification Confirming information Justifying an opinion Making suggestions Clarifying understanding Making comparisons Agreeing and disagreeing

24. “ Public Talk” (transmitting information) Identifiable generic structures (predictable organization and sequencing) Speaker must include all necessary information in text Monolog rather than dialog Closer to written discourse Focus on both message and audience Form and accuracy is important

25. Using an appropriate format Presenting information in an appropriate sequence. Maintaining audience engagement Using correct pronunciation and grammar Creating an effect of the audience Using appropriate vocabulary Using appropriate opening and closing.

26. Talk as Interaction Talk as Transaction Talk as Performance Practice each register with explicit scenario and register examples stating the purposes for each different function. Include follow up activities and time for practice.

27. Larry, M. (2011) Learning a language: What makes listening difficult? Patricia, W. (2010) Using podcasts to integrate listening, speaking, and pronunciation skills. Richards, J. Teaching listening and speaking: From theory to practice. Obtained from Dr. Julie Ciancio: EESL 542D, CSUSB. Winter 2011.

28. Student picture : http://curriculum.qcda.gov.uk/key-stages-3-and-4/case_studies/casestudieslibrary/case-studies/Personal_development_at_the_heart_of_school_improvement.aspx Exhausted picture 1 : http:// brainboosterplus.com/Students.html Exhausted picture 2 : http://www.123rf.com/photo_3237638_exhausted-student-over-the-grass-in-the-park.html Simpson picture : http://hannae6-2.springnote.com/pages/3364121 Praising picture 1 & 2 are from clip art from Microsoft office power point.