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This document discusses principles and techniques for teaching listening and speaking skills through communicative activities. It provides an overview of what makes listening and speaking difficult for language learners. Some key principles for teaching listening include exposing students to different processing styles, task types, and authentic materials. For teaching speaking, the document recommends using a range of techniques, intrinsic motivation, authentic contexts, feedback, and teaching speaking in conjunction with listening. A variety of tasks and materials are presented for both skills, including information gaps, role plays, surveys, and games.




























