The document discusses oral communication skills and classroom speaking performance. It describes micro skills which refer to skills at the sentence level used in conversational discourse, and macro skills which are skills at the discourse level. It then outlines various linguistic skills required for oral production, including grammar, vocabulary, fluency, pronunciation, pragmatics, and language interaction. Finally, it discusses different types of speaking tasks that can be used in the classroom from imitative tasks that practice language forms, to intensive, responsive, transactional, interpersonal, and extensive speaking tasks which provide opportunities for meaningful interaction and language use.

1. Oral Communication Skills &
Classroom Speaking Performance
By
Luis Carlos Lasso Montenegro

2. Micro Skills
Skills at the
Sentence Level
They refer to the skills speakers
use in conversational discourse
and provide teachers a clear idea
of what the learners actually
need to perform in oral
communication.
Both Micro & Macro Skills are
focused on the forms and
functions of language and can
become a testing criteria in
speaking evaluation.
Macro Skills
Skills at the
Discourse Level
Reference: Brown, H. (2007). Teaching by principles, an interactive approach to language
pedagogy. Third Edition. New York: Pearson Education.

3. Linguistic Skills in
Oral Production
GRAMMAR AND
VOCABULARY RANGE
FLUENCY AND
ACCURACY
PRONUNCIATION
Ability to use language
system, grammar rules
and lexical units.
Capacity of pronouncing
correctly English words
and phrases.
Functional use of
spoken language
PRAGMATICS
TYPES OF SPOKEN
LANGUAGE
Ability to express ideas
using spoken language
and different types of oral
production
Ability to interact in a
social context.
LANGUAGE
INTERACTION

4. • Produce chunks of language of different lengths.
•Orally produce differences among English phonemes and
allophonic variants.
•Produce English stress patterns and intonation contours.
• Use an adequate number of lexical units in order to
accomplish pragmatic purposes.
•Produce fluent speech.
•Monitor oral production and use strategic devices (pauses,
fillers, backtracking, turntaking…)
•Use grammatical patterns and rules.
•Produce speech in natural constituents (appropriate
phrases, pause, breathing...)
•Express a particular meaning in different grammatical
forms.
Reference: Brown, H. (2007). Teaching by principles, an interactive approach to language
pedagogy. Third Edition. New York: Pearson Education.

5. • Use cohesive devices in spoken discourse.
• Accomplish appropriate communicative functions
according to situations, participants and goals.
•Use appropriate registers, implicatures, pragmatic
conventions and other sociolinguistic features in face-to-
face conversations.
•Convey links and connections between events and
communicate such relations (main idea, exemplification…)
•Use facial features, kinesics, body language (non verbal)
with verbal language to convey meanings.
• Develop and use speaking strategies such as
emphasizing, rephrasing, providing a context, asking for
help, using circumlocutions…
Reference: Brown, H. (2007). Teaching by principles, an interactive approach to language
pedagogy. Third Edition. New York: Pearson Education.

6. Imitation occurs not for the
purpose of meaningful
interaction, but for focusing
on some particular element
of language form.
Drills (limited practice
through repetition) provide
learners an opportunity to
listen and to orally repeat
certain strings of language.
Imitative Speaking Tasks
• Minimal Pair repetition
•Word/phrase repetitions
•Sentence repetition
EXAMPLE
Students listen to the teacher and repeat
the pronunciation of English words and
expressions such as:
Words: Bus Terminal, police station,
desk clerk, information counter,
downtown…
Expressions:
-Good Morning, may I help you?
-Excuse me sir, where can I get a taxi?
-How much does it cost?
-What time does the bus leave?

7. Unlike imitative speaking
which is designed to
practice some phonological
or grammatical aspect of
language, Intensive
speaking provide learners
the opportunity to “go
over” and use certain forms
of language through
controlled speech
production.
Intensive Speaking Tasks
• Directed response
Tell me he went home.
•Read-aloud
(for pronunciation or fluency)
•Oral sentence completion
Yesterday, I______
•Oral cloze procedure
Yesterday, I ______ to the gym
•Dialogue completion
A: May I help you?
B: ______________
•Directed response
What did you do last weekend?

8. Responsive speaking
involves short replies to
teacher or student-initiated
questions or comments.
These replies are usually
sufficient and do not
extend to dialogues.
Speech production can be
meaningful and authentic.
Responsive Speaking Tasks
• Picture description or elicitation
of directions
How do I get to the post office?
•Question & Answer
How do you like the weather?
•Question elicitation
Ask me about my hobbies and
interests.
•Elicitation for instructions
What’s the recipe to make a pie?
•Paraphrasing
(a short narrative, a phone
message, report…)

9. TRANSACTIONAL DIALOGUE
Transactional language is an
extended form of responsive
language which is carried out
for the purpose of conveying
or exchanging specific
information.
Interactive Speaking Tasks
•Role plays
• Oral interviews
• Discussions and
conversations
• Games
INTERPERSONAL DIALOGUE
Interpersonal dialogue is
carried out more for the
purpose of maintaining
social relationships than for
the transmission of facts
and information.
•Casual register
•Colloquial language
•Slang
•Sarcasm
•Emotions

10. Extensive speaking
(Monologues) usually occurs
when students are asked to
give oral reports, summaries or
short speeches.
The kind of register is more
formal and speaking
performance is carefully
produced.
Monologues can be planned or
presented without earlier
preparation.
Extensive Speaking Tasks
• Oral presentations
(Academic or professional
context)
•Storytelling
•Retelling a story or news
event
•Reporting information

11. Which activities can the teacher carry out to
get students to speak fluently?

12. Thanks for your
attention!