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Anatomy Urinary System.ppt
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- 2. Introduction Excretion • is theprocess of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them from the body • It is carried out by the respiratory, integumentary, digestive, and urinary systems
- 3. Introduction… Several organs contributeto the job of waste elimination from the body • kidneys- excrete water, waste from protein catabolism , some bacterial toxin ,H+, inorganic salts , heat and carbon dioxide • Lungs- excrete carbon dioxide, heat and little water • Skin (sweat glands) –excrete heat ,water, CO2, salt and urea • GIT- eliminates solid ,undigested food ,water, ,salts and heat
- 4. Urinary system… • Theprimary function of the urinary system is to regulate the concentration and volume of blood by removing selected amounts of water and solutes. • The branch of medicine that deals with the structure, function, diseases of the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system is known as nephrology
- 5. Urinary system… • Nephrologyis the scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the kidneys. • The branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary systems and the male reproductive system is called urology • A physician who specializes in this branch of medicine is called a urologist
- 7. Organs of theurinary system • Organs of the urinary system are:- • Two kidneys • Two ureters • One urinary bladder and • One urethra
- 8. The urinary systemincludes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Notice the relationship of these structures to the major blood vessels.
- 9. kidneys • Bean shaped •Retroperitoneal organs attached to the posterior abdominal wall. • Each kidney is enclosed in renal capsule • left kidney is a longer and more slender organ than the right kidney, and nearer to the midline. • Right kidney is lower than left kidney.
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- 11. Kidneys… • Kidneys arereddish brown in color and • Are located b/n the levels of the last thoracic & third lumbar vertebrae which means just above the waist. • They are found b/n the parietal peritoneum and posterior wall of the abdomen. • Are partially protected by the eleventh and twelfth pairs of ribs. • Since their position is behind the peritoneum they said to be retroperitoneal organ. • Other organs include under retroperitoneal organs are called adrenal gland
- 12. Kidneys… • A notchnear the center of the medial concave border is called the hilus. • The hilus is: – The passage through which the ureter leaves the kidney. – Blood & lymphatic vessel & nerves enter & exit the kidney. • The entrance to cavity in the kidney called the renal sinus
- 13. Kidneys… The kidney aresurrounded by three layers 1. Renal capsule • The inner most layer • Is a thin transparent fibrous membrane • It is continuous with the outer coat of the ureter at the hillus. 2. Adipose capsule • The middle layer • It is a mass of a fatty tissue 3. Renal facia • The outer most layer • Is a thin layer of dense irregular C.T. • Attach kidney to the surrounding structures and the abdominal wall
- 14. Kidneys… • The kidneyitself has the internal medulla and external cortex. • The medulla consists of pale cone-shaped structured called renal pyramid. • The base of the pyramid face the cortex and their apexes are known as renal papillae. • The renal cortex is subcapsular, arching over the bases of the pyramids and extending b/n them toward the renal sinus as renal columns
- 15. Kidneys… • The functionalportion (parenchyma) of the kidney is the cortex and renal pyramids. • The parenchyma of each kidney consists of about 1 million microscopic structures called nephrons • A large cavity in the renal sinus is called renal pelvis
- 16. Kidneys… • The edgedof the pelvis contains cup like extension called major and minor calyces. • There are 2 to 3 major calyces and 8 to 18 minor calyces.
- 17. Kidneys… – Each minorcalyx receives urine from collecting ducts of one pyramid & delivers urine to major calyces. – From the major calyces, the urine drains in to the renal pelvis &out through the ureter to the urinary bladder
- 18. Kidneys… Path of urinedrainage Nephrons collecting ducts papillary ducts minor calyx-major calyx-renal pelvis- ureter urinary bladder urethra
- 19. Kidneys… Function of kidneys •Regulation of blood volume and composition • Regulation of blood pressure • Contribution to metabolism
- 20. Function of kidneys…. •The kidneys filter blood plasma, separate wastes from useful chemicals • regulate blood volume and pressure • secrete renin and erythropoietin • regulate blood pH, • synthesize calcitriol • detoxify free radicals and drugs, and • Generate glucose in times of starvation.
- 21. Kidneys… Metabolic wastes removedby kidney are :- • Wastes produced by the body, such as CO2 and nitrogenous wastes • The main human nitrogenous wastes are urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
- 22. Kidneys… • The levelof nitrogenous wastes in the blood is often expressed as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) • An elevated BUN is called azotemia, and may progress to a serious syndrome called uremia
- 23. Kidneys… • Nephrons arefunctional unit of kidneys • Nephrons consist of renal corpuscle and renal tuble • Blood enters the kidneys through the renal artery and leaves through the renal vein. • A single large renal artery, a lateral branch of the abdominal aorta, supplies each kidney. • Renal arteries deliver about 25% of resting COP to the kidney
- 24. Kidneys… • Nephron types 1.corticalnephrons. - About 80–85% of the nephrons -Their renal corpuscles lie in the outer portion of the renal cortex, -they have short loops of Henle 2. juxtamedullary nephrons. - The other 15–20% of the nephrons -Their renal corpusles lie deep in the cortex, - They have a long loop of Henle that extends into the deepest region of the medulla
- 25. 25 Nephron: types Cortical nephron(85%) has peritubular capillaries Juxtamedullary nephron (15%) has vasa recta 2.6 million nephrons
- 26. 26 Nephron: Components Types:Cortical, Juxta-medullary Abundance(2 - 2.6 millions) Components: Glomerulus:
- 27. (a) A singleNephron. (b) A renal pyramid containing nephrons. (c) Longitudinal section of a kidney
- 31. Kidneys… • The microscopestructure • i. Nephron: which elaborate urine • Ii. Collecting tubules i. Nephron:- comprises a – Renal corpuscles: concerned with filtration of plasma and – Rental tubule: concerned selective restoration from the glomerular filtrate to form the urine.
- 32. Kidneys… ii. Collecting tubules:- carry fluid from several renal tubules to a terminal papillary duct. • Opening in to a minor calyx at the apex of renal papilla. • Renal corpuses are small rounded masses that are visible in the renal cortex and columns.
- 33. Renal corpuscles aretwo components • The glomerulus and glomerular capsule or bowman’s capsule i. The glomerulus: a tuff of capillary loops that are supplied by an efferent arteriole. Afferent arteriole Efferent arteriole Glomerulus Glomerular capsule Proximal convoluted tubule
- 34. Kidneys… ii. The glomeruluscapsule (of bowman): • is a double walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomerulus. • It is an expanded end of renal tubule (the proximal convoluted tubule ) • Capsular (bowman’s) space is a space b/n the outer wall (parietal) and inner wall (visceral layer) of the glomerular capsule.
- 35. Kidneys… • As bloodflows through the glomerular capillaries water and most kinds of solutes filter from blood plasma into the capsular space. • From the capsular space, filtered fluid passes in to the renal tubule
- 36. Kidneys… 36 : • The renaltubule consists of a I. Proximal convulated tubule (PCT) II. Loop of henle (nephron loop) III. Distal convoluted tubules
- 37. Kidneys… • The wallof the entire renal tubule consists of a single layer of epithelial cells and a basement membrane. • The renal tubule empties it’s consist to collecting ducts. • collecting ducts then merge to papillary duct which drain in to a minor calyx which inurn empty to major calyx to the renal pelvis and then to Ureters that carry urine to urinary bladder.
- 38. Kidney… Clinical Condition Renal Failure •Renal failure is a decrease or cessation of glomerular filtration. • In acute renal failure (ARF), the kidneys abruptly stop working entirely (or almost entirely). • The main feature of ARF is the suppression of urine flow, usually characterized either by oliguria (daily urine output between 50 mL and 250 mL), or by anuria (daily urine output less than 50 mL).
- 39. Ureters • There aretwo ureters one for each kidney. • It is an extension of the pelvis of the kidney and stretches to the urinary bladder • Each of the two ureters transports urine from the renal pelvis of one kidney to the urinary bladder. • The ureters are 25–30 cm (10–12 in.) long and are thick walled, narrow tubes that vary in diameter from 1 mm to 10 mm along their course
- 40. Ureters… • Even thoughthere is no anatomical valve at the opening of each ureter into the urinary bladder, a physiological one is quite effective. • When this physiological valve is not operating properly, it is possible for microbes to travel up the ureters from the urinary bladder to infect one or both kidneys • Ureters are retroperitoneal organs.
- 41. Ureters… • The wallof the ureters is composed of three layers – An external adventitia, – A middle non striated muscles and – An inner muscular layer
- 43. Urinary bladder • Isa hollow muscular organ situated retroperitoneal, posterior to the pubic symphysis • In the male, it is directly anterior to the rectum. • In the female, it is anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus. • Is freely movable and held in position by folds of peritoneum. • When slightly distended due to the accumulation of urine, the urinary bladder is spherical. When it is empty, it collapses. As urine volume increases, it becomes pear-shaped and rises into the abdominal cavity
- 44. Urinary bladder… • Infemales, the capacity is smaller b/c the uterus occupies the space just above the bladder. • The urinary bladder consists of a mucous, a muscular and a serous coat. • The average capacity is 700 to 800ml
- 46. Urethra • Is smalltube leading from the floor of the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body. • In both males and females, the urethra is the terminal portion of the urinary system and the passageway for discharging urine from the body. • In males, it discharges semen (fluid that contains sperm) as well.
- 47. Urethra… • In females,the urethra lies directly posterior to the pubic symphysis, and has a length of 4 cm (1.5 in.) • The male urethra first passes through the prostate, then through the deep muscles of the perineum, and finally through the penis, a distance of about 20 cm (8 in.). • The wall comprises an outer muscle and an inner mucous membrane (which is continuously with that of the urinary bladder)
- 48. Urethra… Parts of maleurethra 1. Prostatic urethra 2. Membranous urethra 3. Penile urethra • The urethral orifice is on the glans penis.
- 50. Path of Urinein Urinary System Glomerulus Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Renal pyramid Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureter Bladder Urethra Out of the body