The document discusses the greenhouse effect and global warming. It defines the greenhouse effect as a process where gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun, causing the gradual rise in Earth's temperature. It then lists common greenhouse gases and their sources. Global warming is defined as the continuing rise in average temperatures due to increased greenhouse gases. The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, stronger extreme weather events, and threat to biodiversity. Solutions proposed are transitioning to renewable energy, improving efficiency, sustainable practices, and reducing consumption.

1. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
& GLOBAL WARMING
Presented by Mamoona
Ghaffar
Mamoona
Mamoona

2. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT &
GLOBAL WARMING
SUBMITTED TO: MA’AM MEMOONA ASIM
SUBMITTED BY: MAMOONA GHAFFAR
ROLL NO: 35846
REGISTRATION #: 2016 GCUF 068036
DEGREE: BS HONS BOTANY (REGULAR)
COURSE TITLE: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
COURSE CODE: BOT-602
TOPIC: GREENHOUSE EFFECT & GLOBAL WARMING

3. CONTENT
Greenhouse Effect
1. Introduction + definition
2. Greenhouse gases (GHG)
3. Sources of GHG
4. Types of greenhouse
a) Artificial
greenhouse
b) Natural greenhouse
5. Process of greenhouse effect
6. Causes of greenhouse effect
7. Disadvantages of GHG
8. Effects of greenhouse effect
9. Solutions of greenhouse
effect
Global Warming
1. Introduction + definition
2. Causes of global warming
3. Effects of global warming
4. Steps to reduce
5. Solutions of global warming

4. The Greenhouse Effect is the problem
caused by increased quantities
of gases such as carbon dioxide in the air.
These gases trap the heat from the sun,
and cause a gradual rise in the temperature
of the Earth's atmosphere.
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
Mamoona

5. What is Greenhouse Effect?
The Greenhouse Effect occurs when certain gases in the
atmosphere trap infrared radiation. This effect makes the
planet warmer. When there is more greenhouse gases in the
air, the air holds more heat. This is why more greenhouse
gases cause global warming.
The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal
radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by
atmospheric greenhouse gases, & is re-radiated.
The word greenhouse effect holds two meanings
One is the natural greenhouse effect that one that keeps
our Earths climate normal and comfortable
On the other hand there is a man made greenhouse effect
which is an enhancement of natural greenhouse.
Made from burning fossil fuels petroleum, coal, and natural
gas. Mamoona

6. Green House Gases
(GHG)
The greenhouse effect is caused due to green house gases such
as:
1. Water vapour (H2O)
2. Carbon dioxide ( CO2)
3. Methane (CH4)
4. Cfcs
5. Nitrous oxide (N2O)
6. Ozone (O3)
7. Hydro fluorocarbons (includes HCFCs and HFCs)
Mamoona

7. The gases in the atmosphere that absorb radiation are
known as "greenhouse gases" (GHG).
The greenhouse effect, in turn, is one of the leading
causes of global warming.
Any 2 advantages of greenhouse effect are:
a) Sustain life on earth
b) Maintains the average temperature of earth
There are three factors affect the degree to which any
greenhouse gas will influence global warming, as
follows:
1. Its abundance in the atmosphere.
2. How long it stays in the atmosphere.
3. Its global-warming potential.
Mamoona

8. Sources Of Greenhouse
Gases
1. Carbon dioxide
(CO2):
 comes from solid waste,
Fossil fuels burning,
especially coal (70-75%)
Transportation
Power generation
 Deforestation and plant
burning (20-25%).
 Average time in the
troposphere is 50-500 years.
A certain of chemical
reactions
2. Methane (CH4):
 Rice paddies, guts of cattle and
termites, coal production
Wet lands
During extraction & transport of
natural gas
Can be released from buried
waste
Organic matter when decomposes
in the absence of Oxygen
 Average time of methane in
troposphere is 9-15 years.

9. Sources Of Greenhouse Gases
3. Chlorofluorocarbons:
Air-conditioners,
refrigerators, plastic foams,
aerosols
Average time in troposphere
is 11-20 years.
It become dangerous when
released into the atmosphere,
depleting the ozone layer.
4. Nitrous oxide (N2O) /
Laughing gas :
Fossil fuels burning,
combustion
 solid waste, live- stock wastes,
and nylon production.
Artificial soil fertilizers
Emitted during industrial
activities.
Average time of N2O in
troposphere is 120 years.

10. Difference Between Natural &
Artificial Greenhouse
Natural
greenhouse
Artificial
greenhouse
1. It is created naturally. 1. It is created by humans.
2. The greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere trap the solar
radiations to warm the earth.
2. The transparent glass allows the
radiations to pass through & traps
the radiations by not letting them
escape.
3. It occupies a large area. 3. It occupies relatively small area.
4. It creates the heating effect in
the whole earth.
4. It creates the heating effect only in
a certain specified area.
Mamoona

11. 1. Natural Greenhouse
Earth is much colder than the sun, but it
is warmer than the space outside its
atmosphere. Earth atmosphere is made
up of gases & these gases allow some
solar radiation to reach the planet but
also absorb some of the heat radiation
from the planet, trapping it & radiating it
back downward to the surface. This
cycle is called the greenhouse effect.
Earth’s atmosphere traps enough heat
to keep the entire planet warm.
Mamoona
Mamoona

12. 2. Artificial Greenhouse
The house which is made from glasses in
botanical garden to increase the inside
temperature is called artificial greenhouse.
 People grow tomatoes, flowers & other
plants in them. A greenhouse stays warm
inside, even during winter. Sunlight shines
in & warms the plants & air inside. But the
heat is trapped by the glass & can’t escape.
So during the day light hours, it get warmer
& warmer inside a greenhouse & stays
pretty warm at night too.
 Any 2 advantages of artificial
greenhouse are:
a) We can grow off seasonal crops.
b) Tropical plants can be grown in
Mamoona
Mamoona

13. Process Of The Greenhouse Effect
Sun’s energy
passes through
atmosphere
26% is reflected or
scattered
19 % absorbed by
clouds, gases &
particles
4% reflected to
space by space
51% reaches the
surface Mamoona

14. Causes Of Greenhouse Effect
1. Greenhouse gases
2. Ozone layer depletion
3. Formation of clouds
4. Burning of fossil fuels
5. Deforestation
6. Increase in Population
7. Farming
8. Industrial Waste and Landfills
Mamoona

15. Disadvantages Of
Accumulation Of Greenhouse
Gases
1. Increase in earth’s average temperature
2. Rise in sea level
3. Melting of snow, glaciers
4. Extinction of various plants & animal species
5. Struggle of existence
Mamoona
Mamoona
Mamoona

16. Effects of Too Much Greenhouse
Gases in the Atmosphere
1. Global Warming:
As alluded to earlier, the greenhouse effect is
not synonymous with global warming, but rather
a phenomenon caused by it. The increase in the
amounts of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere reduces the out-flux of infrared
radiation, resulting in a warmer temperature.
Changes in the Earth’s temperature will trigger
other phenomena like changes in wind patterns
and variation of cloud covers.
2. Rise in Sea Level:
Aside from those that were mentioned above,
global warming can also cause the rise in sea
level. The increase in temperature results in the
thermal expansion of seawater and melting of
the ice and glaciers in some regions like
Greenland and Antarctica, thereby adding water
to the total water in the ocean. Several studies
are predicting that if global warming continues,
the Earth’s sea level will become ten times
higher (from 0.09 meters to 0.88 meters) in the
next 90 years.

17. 3. Effects on Biological Cycles:
Because of higher temperatures, it is expected
that biological cycles will be affected as well.
One of the most affected is the hydrological
cycle. Because the atmosphere becomes
relatively warmer than it was, the amount of
evaporation is also expected to increase. In
other words, this means that higher amount of
precipitation will be experienced. On the other
hand, global warming also contributes to the
loss of coastal areas and other habitats, thereby
reducing organism population and diversity.
4. Economic and Agricultural
Impacts:
Because of higher carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere, photosynthesis can readily occur,
making plants grow at a faster rate. However,
too much heat can also affect soil and water
conditions, thereby causing them to wilt and
eventually die. When this happens, agricultural
production, as well as economic growth will be
affected
Mamoona
Mamoona

18. Effects of Too Much Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere
Mamoona

19. Solutions Of Greenhouse Effect

20. Mamoona

21. Global warming refers to continuing rise in the average
temperature of earth’s climate system.
Global warming is a phenomenon of climate change
characterized by a general increase in average temperatures
of the Earth, which modifies the weather balances and
ecosystems for a long time. It is directly linked to the
increase of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, worsening
the greenhouse effect.
Global warming is likely to be the greatest threat of the 21st
century. Find out its causes and effects, but most importantly
the solutions to prevent climate change.
GLOBAL WARMING
Mamoona

22. What Is Global Warming?
Global warming is a phenomenon of climate change
characterized by a general increase in average temperatures of
the Earth, which modifies the weather balances and ecosystems
for a long time. It is directly linked to the increase of greenhouse
gases in our atmosphere, worsening the greenhouse effect.
In fact, the average temperature of the planet has increased by
0.8º Celsius (33.4° Fahrenheit) compared to the end of the 19th
century. Each of the last three decades has been warmer than all
previous decades since the beginning of the statistical surveys in
1850.
At the pace of current CO2 emissions, scientists expect an
increase of between 1.5° and 5.3°C (34.7° to 41.5°F) in average
temperature by 2100. If no action is taken, it would have harmful
consequences to humanity and the biosphere.
Mamoona

23. Causes Of Global Warming
4. Increasing
automobiles

24. Mamoona

25. Global warming causes
1. FOSSIL FUELS
The massive use of fossil
fuels is obviously the first
source of global warming,
as burning coal, oil and
gas produces carbon
dioxide - the most
important greenhouse gas
in the atmosphere - as
well as nitrous oxide.
2. INTENSIVE FARMING
Another cause of global
warming is intensive farming,
not only with the ever-
increasing livestock, but also
with plant protection
products and fertilizers. In
fact, cattle and sheep
produce large amounts of
methane when digesting
their food, while fertilizers
produce nitrous oxide
emissions.
3. DEFORESTATION
The exploitation of forests
has a major role in climate
change. Trees help
regulate the climate by
absorbing CO2 from the
atmosphere. When they
are cut down, this positive
effect is lost and the
carbon stored in the trees
is released into the
atmosphere.

26. Global warming causes
4. WASTE DISPOSAL
Waste management
methods like landfills and
incineration emit
greenhouse and toxic
gases - including methane
- that are released into the
atmosphere, soil and
waterways, contributing to
the increase of the
greenhouse effect.
5. MINING
Modern life is highly
dependent on the mining and
metallurgical industry. Metals
and minerals are the raw
materials used in the
construction, transportation
and manufacturing of goods.
From extraction to delivery,
this market accounts for 5%
of all greenhouse gas
emissions.
6. OVERCONSUMPTION
Finally, overconsumption
also plays a major role in
climate change. In fact, it
is responsible for the
overexploitation of natural
resources and emissions
from international freight
transport, which both
contribute to global
warming.

27. Global Warming Effects
1. Melting glaciers, early snowmelt, and severe droughts will cause more
dramatic water shortages and increase the risk of wildfires in the
American West.
2. Rising sea levels will lead to coastal flooding on the Eastern Seaboard,
especially in Florida, and in other areas such as the Gulf of Mexico.
3. Forests, farms, and cities will face troublesome new pests, heat waves,
heavy downpours, and increased flooding. All those factors will damage
or destroy agriculture and fisheries.
4. Disruption of habitats such as coral reefs and Alpine meadows could
drive many plant and animal species to extinction.
5. Allergies, asthma, and infectious disease outbreaks will become more
common due to increased growth of pollen-producing ragweed, higher
levels of air pollution, and the spread of conditions favorable to
pathogens and mosquitoes.
Mamoona

28. Global Warming Effects
Here are some consequences that are documented in the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Global
Warming:
1. On biodiversity:
The increase of temperatures and the climate upheavals disturb the
ecosystems, modify the conditions and cycles of plant reproduction. The
scarcity of resources and climate change are changing life habits and migratory
cycles of animals. We are already witnessing the disappearance of many
species - including endemic species - or, conversely, the intrusion of invasive
species that threaten crops and other animals.
Global warming therefore impacts biodiversity. It is the balance of biodiversity
that is modified and threatened. According to the IPCC, a 1.5°C (34.7°F)
average rise might put 20-30% of species at risk of extinction. If the planet
warms by more than 2°C, most ecosystems will struggle.
Mamoona

29. 2. On oceans:
Because of global warming, permafrost and ice are melting massively at the poles,
increasing the sea level at a rate never known before. In a century, the increase reached
18 cm (including 6 cm in the last 20 years). The worst case scenario is a rise of up to 1m
by 2100.
The acidification of the oceans is also of great concern. In fact, the large amount of
CO2 captured by the oceans makes them more acidic, arousing serious questions about
the adaptability of seashells or coral reefs.
3. On humans:
Human beings are not spared by these upheavals. Climate change is affecting the
global economy. It is already shaking up social, health and geopolitical balances in many
parts of the world. The scarcity of resources like food and energy gives rise to new
conflicts.
Rising sea levels and floods are causing population migration. Small island states are in
the front line. The estimated number of climate refugees by 2050 is 250 million people.
4. On the weather:
For decades now, meteorologists and climatologists around the world have been
watching the effects of global warming on the weather phenomena. And the impact is
huge: more droughts and heat waves, more precipitations, more natural disasters like
floods, hurricanes, storms and wildfires, frost-free season, etc.
Mamoona

30. STEPS TO REDUCE GLOBAL
WARMING
1. Renewable energies
2. Energy & water efficiency
3. Sustainable transportation
4. Sustainable infrastructure
5. Sustainable agriculture & forest management
6. Responsible consumption & recycling
7. Plant more trees
8. 3R: Reduce, reuse, recycle
9. Turn off electronic devices when not in use
10.Spread awareness

31. Mamoona

32. Mamoona

33. GLOBAL WARMING
PREVENTION
1. Renewable
energies
The first way to prevent
climate change is to
move away from fossil
fuels. What are the
alternatives? Renewable
energies like solar, wind,
biomass and
geothermal.
2. Energy & water
efficiency
Producing clean energy is
essential, but reducing our
consumption of energy and
water by using more
efficient devices (e.g. LED
light bulbs, innovative
shower systems) is less
costly and equally
important.
3. Sustainable
transportation
Promoting public
transportation,
carpooling, but also
electric and hydrogen
mobility, can definitely
help reduce
CO2 emissions and thus
fight global warming.

34. GLOBAL WARMING
PREVENTION
4. Sustainable
infrastructure
In order to reduce the
CO2 emissions from
buildings - caused by
heating, air
conditioning, hot water
or lighting - it is
necessary both to build
new low energy
buildings, and to
5. Sustainable
agriculture &
forest
management
Encouraging better use
of natural resources,
stopping massive
deforestation as well
as making agriculture
greener and more
efficient should also be
6. Responsible
consumption &
recycling
Adopting responsible
consumption habits is
crucial, be it regarding
food (particularly
meat), clothing,
cosmetics or cleaning
products. Last but not
least, recycling is an

35. REFERENCE
GREENHOUSE EFFECT:
https://www.gsi.ie/en-ie/geoscience-topics/climate-change/Pages/Causes-and-the-
greenhouse-effect.aspx
https://www.bioexplorer.net/greenhouse-gases.html/
GLOBAL WARMING :
https://solarimpulse.com/global-warming-solutions?utm_term=what
https://www.nrdc.org/stories/global-warming-101
https://warmheartworldwide.org/climate-
change/?gclid=Cj0KCQjwlN32BRCCARIsADZ-
J4tupWubfx_vSfZWKnkLepnpek9d1hwPTfmyzFjzl1aywbuqT%E2%80%A6%201/23
https://www.nrdc.org/stories/global-warming-101
https://www.slideshare.net/mandira789/final-presentation-on-greenhouse-effect
https://www.slideshare.net/jhim1022/greenhouse-effect-and-global-warming-
72683935
Mamoona