The document provides an overview of graphics processing units (GPUs). It defines a GPU as a processor optimized for graphics, video, and visual computing. GPUs have a highly parallel architecture with thousands of smaller cores designed to handle multiple tasks simultaneously, unlike CPUs which have fewer serial cores. The document compares CPU and GPU architectures, describes the physical components of a GPU including the motherboard, graphics processor, memory, and display connector. It provides details on GPU memory, pipelines, and manufacturers like NVIDIA, AMD, and Intel. The document concludes with information on latest GPU technologies such as CUDA, PhysX, 3D Vision, and examples of high-end consumer GPUs.

1. GRAPHICS PROCESSING
UNIT(GPU)
BY
AMALRAJ.R
ELECTRONICS
C.P.T.C

2. INTRODUCTION
What is GPU?
• It is a processor optimized for 2D/3D graphics, video,
visual computing, and display.
• It is highly parallel, highly multithreaded
multiprocessor optimized for visual computing.
• Its uses parallel archetecture.It is also called Visual
processing unit
• It serves as both a programmable graphics processor
and a scalable parallel computing platform.
• It works along with CPU

3. CPU VERSUS GPU
• A SIMPLE WAY TO UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN A CPU ANDGPU IS TO COMPARE HOW
THEY PROCESS TASKS. A CPU CONSISTS OF A FEW
CORES OPTIMIZED FOR SEQUENTIAL SERIAL
PROCESSING WHILE A GPU HAS A MASSIVELY
PARALLEL ARCHITECTURE CONSISTS OF THOUSANDS
OF SMALLER, MORE EFFICIENT CORES DESIGNED FOR
HANDLING MULTIPLE TASKS SIMULTANEOUSLY
• GPUS HAVE THOUSANDS OF CORES TO
PROCESS PARALLEL WORKLOADS EFFICIENTLY

4. GPU vs CPU
• A GPU is tailored for highly parallel operation while a CPU
executes programs serially
• For this reason, GPUs have many parallel execution units and
higher transistor counts, while CPUs have few execution units
and higher clockspeeds
• GPUs have much deeper pipelines (several thousand stages
vs 10-20 for CPUs)
• GPUs have significantly faster and more advanced memory
interfaces as they need to shift around a lot more data than
CPUs

5. CPU VERSUS GPU

6. PHYSICAL VIEW
OF A GPU

7. COMPONENTS OF A GPU
* MOTHERBOARD
* GRAPHICS PROCESSOR
* MEMORY
* DISPLAY CONNECTOR

8. The images you see on your monitor are made of tiny
dots called pixels. At most common resolution
settings, a screen displays over a million pixels, and the
computer has to decide what to do with every one in
order to create an image. To do this, it needs a
translator something to take binary data from the CPU
and turn it into a picture you can see. Unless a
computer has graphics capability built into the
motherboard, that translation takes place on the
graphics card
Working

9. The CPU sends information about the image to the
graphics card. The graphics card decides how to use the
pixels on the screen to create the image. It then sends that
information to the monitor through a cable
To make a 3Dimage,the graphics card first creates a wire
frame out of straight lines. Then, it rasterizes the image
(fills in the remaining pixels). It also adds lighting,
texture and color. For fastpaced games,the computer
has to go through this process about sixty times per
second. Without a graphics card to perform the necessary
calculations, the workload would be too much for the
computer to handle.
Working Continues……

10. The graphics card accomplishes this task
using four main components:
A motherboard connection for data and
power
A processor to decide what to do with each
pixel on the screen
Memory to hold information about each
pixel and to temporarily store completed
pictures

11. GRAPHICS PROCESSOR
A graphics card's processor, called a graphics processing unit
(GPU), is similar to a computer's CPU. A GPU is designed
specifically for performing the complex mathematical and
geometric calculations that are necessary for graphics
rendering. Some of the fastest GPUs have more transistors
than the average CPU. A GPU produces a lot of heat, so it is
usually located under a heat sink or a fan.
RAM
As the GPU creates images, it needs somewhere to hold
information and completed pictures. It uses the card's RAM for
this purpose, storing data about each pixel, its color and its
location on the screen

12. PCI Connection
Graphics cards connect to the computer through the
motherboard. The motherboard supplies power to the
card and lets it communicate with the CPU. PCI Express is
the newest form of connection and provides the fastest
transfer rates between the graphics card and the
motherboard

13. A good overall measurement of a card's performance is
its frame rate, measured in frames per second (FPS). The
frame rate describes how many complete images the card can
display per second. The human eye can process about 25
frames every second, but fast action games require a frame
rate of at least 60 FPS to provide smooth animation and
scrolling
The graphics card's hardware directly affects its speed. These
are the hardware specifications that most affect the card's
speed and the units in which they are measured:
GPU clock speed (MHz)
Size of the memory bus (bits)
Amount of available memory (MB)
Memory clock rate (MHz)
Specifications

14. Modern GPU Architecture

15. The GPU pipeline
• The GPU receives geometry
information(mainly triangles in 3D) from
the CPU as an input and provides a picture as
an output
• Let’s see how that happens
host
interface
vertex
processing
triangle
setup
pixel
processing
memory
interface

16. Host Interface
• The host interface is the communication bridge between the
CPU and the GPU
• It receives commands from the CPU and also pulls
geometry information from system memory
• It outputs a stream of vertices in object space with all their
associated information (normals, texture coordinates, per
vertex color etc)
host
interface
vertex
processing
triangle
setup
pixel
processing
memory
interface

17. Vertex Processing
*A vertex processing is a graphics processing function that maps
vertices onto the screen and adds special effects to
objects in a 3D environment.
• One of its purposes is to transform each vertex's 3D position
in virtual space to the 2D coordinate at which it appears on
the screen.
• Vertex pipelines also eliminate unneeded geometry by
detecting parts of the scene that are hidden by other parts
and simply discarding those parts
host
interface
vertex
processing
triangle
setup
pixel
processing
memory
interface

18. Triangle setup
Rasterization
It is the process of determining which screenspace pixel
locations are covered by each triangle. Each triangle generates a
primitive called a “fragment” at each screenspace pixel location
that it covers.
host
interface
vertex
processing
triangle
setup
pixel
processing
memory
interface

19. Triangle Setup (cont)
• A fragment is generated if and only if its
center is inside the triangle
host
interface
vertex
processing
triangle
setup
pixel
processing
memory
interface

20. Fragment Processing Or Pixel processing
• Each fragment provided by triangle setup is fed into fragment
processing as a set of attributes (position, normal, texcoord
etc), which are used to compute the final color for this pixel
• The computations taking place here include texture
mapping and math operations
host
interface
vertex
processing
triangle
setup
pixel
processing
memory
interface

21. Memory Interface
• Fragment colors provided by the previous stage are written to
the framebuffer
• Before the final write occurs, some fragments are rejected by
the zbuffer, stencil and alpha tests
• The final pixels are processed and are provided as picture
host
interface
vertex
processing
triangle
setup
pixel
processing
memory
interface

22. Diagram of a modern GPU
64bits to
memory
64bits to
memory
64bits to
memory
64bits to
memory
Input from CPU
Host interface
Vertex processing
Triangle setup
Pixel processing
Memory Interface

23. GPU MANUFACTURERS:
*NVIDIA
*ATI/AMD
*INTEL

24. APPLICATIONS

27. LATEST GPU TECHNLOGY
CUDA Parallel Computing
CUDA IS NVIDIA’S PARALLEL COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE THAT
ENABLES DRAMATIC INCREASES IN COMPUTING PERFORMANCE
BY HARNESSING THE POWER OF THE GPU (GRAPHICS PROCESSING
UNIT).
PHYSX TECHNOLOGY
NVIDIA PHYSX TECHNOLOGY HELPS GAMES PLAY BETTER AND FEEL
BETTER BY MAKING INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENTS AND
CHARACTERS FAR MORE REALISTIC THAN EVER BEFORE. BY
MAKING BEHAVIOR MORE REALISTIC, THE GRAPHICS LOOK AND
“FEEL”BETTER
NVIDIA 3D Vision Technology
NVIDIA 3D VISION® TECHNOLOGY DELIVERS STEREOSCOPIC 3D
IMAGES FOR GAMERS, MOVIE‐LOVERS AND PHOTO ENTHUSIASTS
WHEN CONFIGURED WITH NVIDIA GPUS, NVIDIA 3D VISION
ACTIVE SHUTTER GLASSES, AND 3D VISION‐READY
DISPLAY/PROJECTOR.

28. LATEST GPU AVAILABLE IN MARKET
NVIDIA GEFORCE Gtx 980 Ti
It supports:
CUDA
3D Vision
PhysX
4k
GTX 980 TI Memory Specs:
Memory Clock :1753 MHZ
Memory size:6GB
MemoryBandwidth(GB/sec):336.5
GPU Clock speed:1000 MHZ

29. AMD Radeon R9 290X
Memory Clock :1250 MHZ
Memory size:4GB
MemoryBandwidth(GB/sec):345.6
GPU Clock speed:1000 MHZ

30. THANK YOU