2. Table of Contents
1. nacionalidades 14. verbos reflexivos
2. stem-changing verbs 15. Tú comandos afirmativas+negativas+irregulares
3. para 16. los adverbios-mente
4. adjetivos 17. deber+ otro verbos modales
5. obejto colocación pronombre 18. participios pasados como adejtivos
6. pronombre de obejto directo 19. pretérito
7. pronombre obejto indirecto 20. presente progresivo
8. ser vs. estar
9. ísimo(a) y g/c/z
10. verbos como gustar
11. palabras afirmativas y negativas
12. pero vs. sino
13. DOP/IOP/SE
4. Stem Changing Verbs
o ue
u
ue
i
ie
e
i
Nosotros and Vosotros forms never change
in stem.
Jugar
juego
juegas
juega
jugamos
jugaís
juegan
5. Para
means for or in order to
added to infintive to express the purpose of doing something
mainly indicates purpose or destination unlike it's similar counter preposition, por,
which is more commonly used as ''for''
also used as personal reaction
ex. 1. Necesito un zapato para mí mamá,2. Estudia para dentista, 3.Salimos para
Londres
para infinitive
purpose of
doing
something
6. Adjetivos
• if adj. or n. ends in a consonant then add ''es'' to make it plural
• if adj. or n. ends in a vowel add ''s'' at the end to make it plural
• if a n. ends in a ''z'' then change it to ''ces'' to make it plural
• change form based on if the word being described is masculine or feminine
7. Obejto Colocación Pronombre
RULES
attach the pronoun to the
progressive tense
attach the pronoun to an
affirmative command
attach the pronoun to the infinitive
put the pronoun in front of a
conjugated verb
HEADING
List item
List item
List item
8. Direct Object
Pronouns
• obj. that directly receives the
action of the verb
• what? or whom?
• usually replaces name of the
DO with a pronoun.
• in an affirmative sttement with
one verb, DOP comes
immediately before the
conjugated verb.
9. IOP
• tell where the DO is going; to whom/what
or for whom/what
• if the sentence possesses an infinitive
then the IOP can come before the
conjugated verb or attached directly to
the end of the infinitive.
• ex. comprarle, te gusta nadar, mirarles
10. Ser vs. Estar
• both mean "to be"
• estar is more permanent and ser is temporary
• ser talks about what something is estar talks about how something is
• estar- position, location, condition, action, emotion
• ser- proffession, occupation, date , characteristic, origion, relation, time
11. -ísimo
• USED TO EXPRESS EXTREMES WITH ADJECTIVES(EX.
FELIZ FELICÍSIMO)
• DROP THE FINAL VOWEL AND ADD ÍSIMO
if adjective ends in g,c,or z then
there are spelling changes
g gu
c qu
z c
12. Verbs like Gustar
requires a DOP
Gusta
Gusto
Gustan
Gustaron
Gustar+infinitive
aburrir- to bore
13. Affirmative &
Negative Words
when talking about an indef. or
neg. situation you use an
affirmative or negative word
must match gender
if no is before the verb then
everything else must be negative,
must be a double negative.
14. Pero vs. Sino
• both are for "but" , but are not interchangeable
• sino is for when the next phrase contrasts the first phrase
completely
• pero is for when the 2nd phrase further explains the original and
does not negate the 1st phrase.
15. DOP/IOP?SE
IOP
me
te
nos
os
le
les
DOP SE
me me
te te
nos nos
os os
Lo,La se
Los,Las se
17. Tú Commands
Affirmative
tù form and drop the ''s''
di,haz,ve,pon,ven,sal,sé,ten
Negative
take yo form and change
ending if a to e if e or i then
to a
no digas,no hagas,no
vayas,no pongas,no salgas,
no seas,no tengas, no
vengas
18. Los Adverbios(-mente)
for adj. with -a or -o ending, add mente to the feminine form
if there are 2 adv. add mente only to the 2nd one
19. Deber+otro
verbos modales
used when there are two or more
verbs
other verbs isn't conjugated
ir, poder, deber, tener
ir + a + infinitive is going to do
something
20. Past Participles
as Adjectives
drop -ar and add -ado
drop -er or -ir and add -ido
corrido
cantado
22. Present Progressive
estar + ando/ iendo/ yendo
describes current action
pronoun can go b4 conjugated form of estar or be attached to participle
E to I stems have vowel change in stem
irregulars -er / -ir change to yendo instead of iendo
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