Gothic architecture
General characteristics :
Focus on Verticality
Airy and Bright – Use of large stained glass windows, Rose window.
Ornamentation – Gargoyles, Pinnacle, Intricate carvings, 3 parts –Arcade, Triforium and Clerestorey.
Pointed Arches :
Pointed arches replaced semicircular arches as:-
Focus was on verticality, to create great height.
Strength and stability of pointed arches. Exert less thrust than semi circular arches of same span.
Pointed arches creates a lighter sensation.
Solves geometrical difficulties inherent in ribbed vaults. It is impossible to align the semicircular arches to a common point in rib vaulting. Pointed arches could be leveled easily.
Vaulting system: Rib Vault
Organic metaphor of ribs in a body , which support tissue.
In ribbed vault, not only are the ribs spanning vaulted area traversely but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.
In a ribbed vault, the ribs are structural members and the spaces between them are filled with lighter, non structural materials.
Flying Buttress was used in order to avoid outward collapse of arches.
Freestanding brick or stone supports were attached to the exterior walls by an arch or half-arch.
The arches are supported by colossal freestanding piers.
It absorbs and channels the disruptive forces, such as wind and weight, safely to the ground.
These piers were erected with towers without effecting the nave and choir interior.
Pinnacle is an architectural ornament originally forming the cap of a buttress.
The stained glass windows brought in light and visual beauty to the interiors.
Predominantly colors like red and blue was used to represent the religious stories in stained glass windows. Of this the blue symbolizes the heaven and the red represents the blood of Christ.
Rose window is a circular window which is divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery.
A gargoyle is a waterspout, usually carved to resemble an odd or monstrous creature, that protrudes from a structure's wall or roofline.
French Gothic -Notre Dame Cathedral
English Gothic -Westminster Abbey, Hampton Court Palace
Italian Gothic -Doges Palace, Venice, Milan Cathedral
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
Decline of Roman Empire lead to building of large churches called cathedrals in a big way with the spread of organized monasteries called order.
Monastic orders include orders such as the Benedictine order (teachers), Augustinian order (preachers), the Cistercian order (farmers), the Clunaic order (artists), and Carthusian order (Ascetics).
The monks used a simplified Roman style with thick load bearing walls stout columns, small window openings and semi circular arches that came to be known as the “Romanesque” style.
Expansion of Romanesque architecture was linked with pilgrimage to Santiago, expansion of orders, crusades and development of feudal system.
The style can be discovered throughout Europe with its regional variations.
CHARACTERISTICS
Harmonious proportions
Thick and heavy walls and pillars
Small windows
Round arches supporting the roof.
Round blind arches for decoration
Sculptured decorations on portals, capitals and other surfaces.
Painted decorations
Plan: Retains basic plan of Early Christian Basilica ( Long three aisled nave intercepted by a transept and terminating in a semicircular apse crowned by a half dome ).
Support arches are the combination of half segments of large hollow columns or a clustered group of small shafts.
Cruciform in shape masonry and square or rectangle in section.
Barrel Vault:
The simplest type of vaulted roof
Single arched surfaces extend from wall to wall, the length of the space to be vaulted.
Barrel Vault requires strong support from solid walls.
Groin Vault: Intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles.
Ribbed Vault: In a ribbed vault, not only are the ribs spanning the vaulted area transversely but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.
Pointed arch Vault:
In Late Romanesque period, another solution came into use from regulating the height of diagonal and traverse ribs.
Salvaged Columns
In Italy, during this period, a great number of antique Roman columns were salvaged and reused in the interiors and on the porticos of churches.
The marble columns are most durable and have stone horizontally bedded.
Majority are vertically bedded and are sometimes of a variety of colors.
They have retained the original roman capitals, of the Corinthian or Roman Composite style.
Salvaged columns
Drum Columns
Hollow core columns
Alteration of piers and columns.
Building materials
Brick – Italy, Poland , much Germany and parts of the Netherland.
Limestone, granite – other areas
Building stone – small and irregular pieces, bedded in thick mortar.
Architectonical Typology - Church, Monastery, Castle.
Italian Romanesque - Pisa complex
French Romanesque -Abbey aux Hommes
English Romanesque - White tower
EVOLUTION OF ROMANESQUE TO GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Introduction Gothic Architecture Characteristics Features of GOTHIC architecture Major Influences on Gothic Architecture Architecture Character of Gothic Style Difference Between Gothic and Romanesque Architecture Features for Sacredness in Gothic Architecture Types of Gothic Architecture Gothic Architecture-Styles French Gothic Architecture
History of Architecture 2 class
Report by: Group 1 (Leader: Quinto)
Central Colleges of the Philippines
College of Architecture
2nd Semester S.Y. 2015-16
December 2015
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
Decline of Roman Empire lead to building of large churches called cathedrals in a big way with the spread of organized monasteries called order.
Monastic orders include orders such as the Benedictine order (teachers), Augustinian order (preachers), the Cistercian order (farmers), the Clunaic order (artists), and Carthusian order (Ascetics).
The monks used a simplified Roman style with thick load bearing walls stout columns, small window openings and semi circular arches that came to be known as the “Romanesque” style.
Expansion of Romanesque architecture was linked with pilgrimage to Santiago, expansion of orders, crusades and development of feudal system.
The style can be discovered throughout Europe with its regional variations.
CHARACTERISTICS
Harmonious proportions
Thick and heavy walls and pillars
Small windows
Round arches supporting the roof.
Round blind arches for decoration
Sculptured decorations on portals, capitals and other surfaces.
Painted decorations
Plan: Retains basic plan of Early Christian Basilica ( Long three aisled nave intercepted by a transept and terminating in a semicircular apse crowned by a half dome ).
Support arches are the combination of half segments of large hollow columns or a clustered group of small shafts.
Cruciform in shape masonry and square or rectangle in section.
Barrel Vault:
The simplest type of vaulted roof
Single arched surfaces extend from wall to wall, the length of the space to be vaulted.
Barrel Vault requires strong support from solid walls.
Groin Vault: Intersection of two barrel vaults at right angles.
Ribbed Vault: In a ribbed vault, not only are the ribs spanning the vaulted area transversely but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.
Pointed arch Vault:
In Late Romanesque period, another solution came into use from regulating the height of diagonal and traverse ribs.
Salvaged Columns
In Italy, during this period, a great number of antique Roman columns were salvaged and reused in the interiors and on the porticos of churches.
The marble columns are most durable and have stone horizontally bedded.
Majority are vertically bedded and are sometimes of a variety of colors.
They have retained the original roman capitals, of the Corinthian or Roman Composite style.
Salvaged columns
Drum Columns
Hollow core columns
Alteration of piers and columns.
Building materials
Brick – Italy, Poland , much Germany and parts of the Netherland.
Limestone, granite – other areas
Building stone – small and irregular pieces, bedded in thick mortar.
Architectonical Typology - Church, Monastery, Castle.
Italian Romanesque - Pisa complex
French Romanesque -Abbey aux Hommes
English Romanesque - White tower
EVOLUTION OF ROMANESQUE TO GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Introduction Gothic Architecture Characteristics Features of GOTHIC architecture Major Influences on Gothic Architecture Architecture Character of Gothic Style Difference Between Gothic and Romanesque Architecture Features for Sacredness in Gothic Architecture Types of Gothic Architecture Gothic Architecture-Styles French Gothic Architecture
History of Architecture 2 class
Report by: Group 1 (Leader: Quinto)
Central Colleges of the Philippines
College of Architecture
2nd Semester S.Y. 2015-16
December 2015
The term Romanesque ("Roman-like") was first used to designate a style of architecture that used Roman arches and had thick, heavy walls, based upon the basilica. The style is pervasive throughout Europe.
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architectureNoorul Mushfika
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most commonly held. While, gothic architecture is an architectural style that was particularly popular in Europe from the late 12th century to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 CE, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard line between the Byzantine and Roman empires, and early Byzantine architecture is stylistically and structurally indistinguishable from earlier Roman architecture. This terminology was introduced by modern historians to designate the medieval Roman Empire as it evolved as a distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) rather than the city of Rome and its environs.
Its architecture dramatically influenced the later medieval architecture throughout Europe and the Near East, and became the primary progenitor of the Renaissance and Ottoman architectural traditions that followed its collapse.
Introduction of dome, and classification of dome.
Types of dome mainly used during byzantine architecture. Example of some epic architecture of byzantine period.
1. Cloister Vault
2. Geodesic Dome
3. Onion Dome
4. Oval Dome
5. Saucer Dome.
Renaissance
“ Rebirth”
Revival of artistic achievements based on classical world.
‘Rebirth’ of classical Greek and Roman. The movement started in Italy.
During this era, people began to research the culture of the antique world.
The period was triggered by the increasing sophistication of the society, where economic growth, educational pursuits and political stability were key factors.
The limits of renaissance architecture was pushed by wealthy patrons such as Medic family of Florence, Pope Leo X and Pope Julius II
Characteristics
Building was looked upon as works of art. It followed traditions of middle ages that did not separate the structure from the decoration.
In situ construction hence harmony was given between the jointing and the architectural features.
Standardization of classic roman orders- Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian & Composite and its reintroduction both structurally and decoratively.
An art of free expression : Architecture became to a great extent a personal art due to the fancy of individual architects, many of whom founded schools of design.
A building was regarded rather as a picture with pleasing combinations of lines and masses
Symmetry and proportion
Appearance of building less in size than in reality due to the largeness and fewness of the parts used.
Towers used sparsely, if used occur symmetrically located.
Interiors planed on roman principles.
Ashlar masonry construction
Materials are large, and carry out the Classic idea of fewness of parts .
Gable end , formed as pediments either pitched or semicircular
Vaults are of simple Roman form
The Classic columns and orders were revived and used decoratively .
The principal cornice plays an important part in the style.
Mouldings produced an effect of horizontality.
Stained glass was little used
Sgraffito – coloured plaster was applied.
Efficiency in the crafts.
Italian Renaissance - Palazzo Ricardi, St. Peters Basilica, Rome, Villa Capra, Vicenza
⦁ Italian Renaissance is divided into three periods
Early Renaissance (Early 15th century)
Includes the works of Brunelleschi & Michelozzo. The concepts of architectural orders were explored, rules were formulated & classical detail & ornamentation was adopted. Space was organized by proportional logic & its form was subject to geometry. Ex. Basilica Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence by Brunelleschi.
II. High Renaissance (Late 15th to Early 16th century)
Renaissance became an individual style in its own right
Purist or Palladian, where Roman tradition was held in high respect (represented by Andrea Palladio)
Proto-Baroque, where there was more confidence in using the acquired vocabulary freely (represented by Michelangelo)
Mannerist, where practices which had no Roman precedent were interspersed with the usual buildings. Eg: Bramante
III. Baroque Period (17th century)
Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired knowledge.
gothic architecture and how it started ,history , and more information all explaining this style.
mentioning the advantages of pointed arch
explaining the gothic floor plan
and explaining architecture in three major cities
The term Romanesque ("Roman-like") was first used to designate a style of architecture that used Roman arches and had thick, heavy walls, based upon the basilica. The style is pervasive throughout Europe.
Comparison studies between Romanesque and Gothic architectureNoorul Mushfika
Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later date being the most commonly held. While, gothic architecture is an architectural style that was particularly popular in Europe from the late 12th century to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture.
Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire.
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 CE, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. However, there was initially no hard line between the Byzantine and Roman empires, and early Byzantine architecture is stylistically and structurally indistinguishable from earlier Roman architecture. This terminology was introduced by modern historians to designate the medieval Roman Empire as it evolved as a distinct artistic and cultural entity centered on the new capital of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) rather than the city of Rome and its environs.
Its architecture dramatically influenced the later medieval architecture throughout Europe and the Near East, and became the primary progenitor of the Renaissance and Ottoman architectural traditions that followed its collapse.
Introduction of dome, and classification of dome.
Types of dome mainly used during byzantine architecture. Example of some epic architecture of byzantine period.
1. Cloister Vault
2. Geodesic Dome
3. Onion Dome
4. Oval Dome
5. Saucer Dome.
Renaissance
“ Rebirth”
Revival of artistic achievements based on classical world.
‘Rebirth’ of classical Greek and Roman. The movement started in Italy.
During this era, people began to research the culture of the antique world.
The period was triggered by the increasing sophistication of the society, where economic growth, educational pursuits and political stability were key factors.
The limits of renaissance architecture was pushed by wealthy patrons such as Medic family of Florence, Pope Leo X and Pope Julius II
Characteristics
Building was looked upon as works of art. It followed traditions of middle ages that did not separate the structure from the decoration.
In situ construction hence harmony was given between the jointing and the architectural features.
Standardization of classic roman orders- Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian & Composite and its reintroduction both structurally and decoratively.
An art of free expression : Architecture became to a great extent a personal art due to the fancy of individual architects, many of whom founded schools of design.
A building was regarded rather as a picture with pleasing combinations of lines and masses
Symmetry and proportion
Appearance of building less in size than in reality due to the largeness and fewness of the parts used.
Towers used sparsely, if used occur symmetrically located.
Interiors planed on roman principles.
Ashlar masonry construction
Materials are large, and carry out the Classic idea of fewness of parts .
Gable end , formed as pediments either pitched or semicircular
Vaults are of simple Roman form
The Classic columns and orders were revived and used decoratively .
The principal cornice plays an important part in the style.
Mouldings produced an effect of horizontality.
Stained glass was little used
Sgraffito – coloured plaster was applied.
Efficiency in the crafts.
Italian Renaissance - Palazzo Ricardi, St. Peters Basilica, Rome, Villa Capra, Vicenza
⦁ Italian Renaissance is divided into three periods
Early Renaissance (Early 15th century)
Includes the works of Brunelleschi & Michelozzo. The concepts of architectural orders were explored, rules were formulated & classical detail & ornamentation was adopted. Space was organized by proportional logic & its form was subject to geometry. Ex. Basilica Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence by Brunelleschi.
II. High Renaissance (Late 15th to Early 16th century)
Renaissance became an individual style in its own right
Purist or Palladian, where Roman tradition was held in high respect (represented by Andrea Palladio)
Proto-Baroque, where there was more confidence in using the acquired vocabulary freely (represented by Michelangelo)
Mannerist, where practices which had no Roman precedent were interspersed with the usual buildings. Eg: Bramante
III. Baroque Period (17th century)
Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired knowledge.
gothic architecture and how it started ,history , and more information all explaining this style.
mentioning the advantages of pointed arch
explaining the gothic floor plan
and explaining architecture in three major cities
Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture Gary Gilson
Development Of Stone Vaulting Into Groined Systems Leading To Development Of Church Plan
Example - Detail Study Of The Pisa Cathedral With Baptistery & Campanile.
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
Architecture can mean: A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures. The art and science of designing buildings and (some) nonbuilding structures. The style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures. A unifying or coherent form or structure. Here are some points to consider regarding money, practicality, and job seeking: Money: While architects can earn a good salary, it often takes several years of experience to reach a high-paying position
Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453.
Gothic Architecture is an architectural style that flourished in Europe.It evolved from the Romanesque Architecture and succeeded by Renaissance Architecture.
Stages of Gothic Architecture
Characteristics
Regional Differences
Islamic Architecture in India- Imperial styleAngel Roselin
IMPERIAL STYLE 1191 – 1557 CE
• The earliest appearance of Islamic architecture in India is referred to as the imperial style.
The style of this period is also called the early Indo-Islamic style.
• The existing buildings were converted into mosques with the elements of ruins from Hindu
temples.
“A mix of Indian and Arabic style of architecture emerged and developed into a peerless form of art and architecture.”
• Islamic Architecture - Imperial style 1: Classification of Islamic architecture in Indian, religious
and secular typologies of Islamic architecture | Examples under imperial style; slave dynasty -
Qutb Complex, Quwwat –ul-islam mosque, Qutbminar. | Khalji dynasty -Alai Darwaza at Delhi
(concept of squinch arches)
• Islamic Architecture - Imperial style 2: Tughlaq dynasty - Tomb of Ghiasuddin Tughlaq, Khirki
masjid | Sayyid dynasty – Tomb of Mubarak Sayyid | Lodi dynasty – Tomb of Sikanderlodi
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
• Unlike Hindu architecture that is confined to temples, the Islamic architecture in India is represented by many different types of buildings – religious and secular.
• Indo Islamic architecture is the architecture of the Indian subcontinent produced by and for
Islamic patrons and purposes.
FACTORS INFLUENCING ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA
Geographical : Central position of India especially Delhi lead to invasions and trade from Middle east.
Architectural style : Technology, form, elements such as domes, minarets, vaults, arches etc.
Religious : Spread of Islam religion and Sufism in India.
Social : The rule of Islamic rulers in certain regions lead to a Islamic architectural style developments.
Historical : Invasions by Turks, Mongols and trade between Arab.
Geological : Materials obtained from the ruins of temples used in initial stages for Islamic architecture development
TYPOLOGIES: RELIGIOUS TYPOLOGY
Mosque : Centre of Islamic architecture and society. Used for religious and congregational purpose.
Madrasa : Educational centre separate from the mosque including lecture halls, libraries, residences, baths and a courtyard.
Tomb : Any structurally enclosed space used for burial.
Dargah : Memorials of saints.
Kabristan – Muslim Cemetery
TYPOLOGIES: SECULAR TYPOLOGY
1. Palaces – Residences of royalty
2. Forts – Defence wall structures
3. Hammams – Public Bathhouses
4. Caravan serais – Inn for travellers
5. Minars - Towers
6. Suqs (markets or bazaars)
7. Baghs or Gardens
8. Residences
9. Kos minar
10. Pavilions
11. Darwazas or Gateways
BUILDING MATERIALS
• The walls are extremely thick largely made of stone rubble masonry,
which is easily available.
• Walls are then cased over with
chuna or limestone plaster or
dressed stone.
• Stones used are quartzite,
sandstone, buff, marble etc.
• Polychromatic tiles were also used to finish walls and domes.
• From 17th century, bricks were
commonly used due to flexibility.
FRENCH RENAISSANCE
Geographical : France was united with its capital at Paris lead to the spread of Renaissance to all the parts of France. Due to the proximity of France from Italy, it took 50 years for Renaissance to spread.
Religious : As the number of gothic churches was adequate for population only few churches were built in 15th CE. Later in 16th CE under Jesuit orders churches were built for preaching to large congregations.
Social : The eminence in art and literature in Paris lead to the adoption of a national architectural style that emanated from the Parisian schools. Louis XIV was a great patron of the later renaissance in France & the palaces of Louvre and Versailles are monuments to his lavish expenditure on architecture & the decorative arts.
Historical : The main factor that resulted in the unification of France was the expulsion of the English in 1453 by Joan of Arc. The new national feeling gave great impetus to architecture & resulted in the building of many fine monuments.
Geological : Paris is considered to be the city of stone and building materials were available in abundance.
Climatic: Dissimilar to Italy, the climatic conditions had lead to large windows, high pitched roof, and lofty chimneys.
⦁French Renaissance is divided into three periods
Early Renaissance (Late 15th century)
The special character of the transitional phase was that gothic and Renaissance features were combined to form interesting compositions.
Eg. Chateau de Chambord
II. Classical period (End 16th to Early 17th century)
Free use of the orders & profuse ornamentation of the interiors carried out in stucco & paper mache.
Eg. The Louvre palace.
The Baroque style in France started with Louis XIV is remarkable for its freedom of treatment in interiors & grand scale.
III. Late Period (18th century)
Rococo style of decoration. This style is distinguished by its use of mirrors, gilded & frescoed ceiling and large planned gardens.
Eg. The Palace of Versailles
ROCOCO STYLE
The Rococo style began in France in the 1730s as a reaction against the more formal and geometric Louis XIV style.
Rococo or Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and theatrical style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colors, sculpted molding, and trompe-l’oeil frescoes to create surprise and the illusion of motion and drama. It is often described as the final expression of the Baroque movement.
ENGLISH RENAISSANCE
Renaissance architecture arrived in England during the reign of Elizabeth I, through the Netherlands, where it acquired versions of the Dutch gable, and Flemish strap work in geometric designs adorning the walls. The new style tended to manifest itself in large square tall houses such as Hardwick hall.
The first great exponent of Renaissance architecture in England was Inigo Jones (1573–1652), who had studied architecture in Italy under the influence of Palladio.
Jones returned to England full of enthusiasm for the new movement and immediately began to design such buildings as the Queen's House at Greenwich in 1616 and the Banqueting House at Whitehall three years later.
These works with their clean lines and symmetry , were revolutionary in a country still obsessed with mullion windows, crenellations and turrets.
English Renaissance are divided into:-
1. Elizabethan (A.D. 1558-1603)
2. Jacobean (A.D. 1603-1625)
3. Anglo- Classic or Baroque (1625 – 1702)
4. Georgian Period (1702 – 1830)
INIGO JONES
Inigo Jones was first responsible for popularizing this in England. Eg. Queens house & the Banqueting house.
He was followed by Robert Adam in the later period who redefined Palladianism , with Neo-classism.
CHRISTOPHER WREN
Sir Christopher Wren was influenced by Bernini & Mansard in Paris.
The great fire of London offered Wren a grand opportunity & he became the architect of rebuilding St.Pauls Cathedral.
He also designed the palaces at Hampton court & Greenwich.
DRAVIDIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE
Location in Tamil county known as Dravidadesha, in Sangam Age. The architectural style in this region is said to be Dravidian architecture.
HINDU TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE
Hindu architecture is the traditional system of Indian architecture for structures such as temples, monasteries, statues, homes, market places, gardens and town planning as described in Hindu texts.
Book Formatting: Quality Control Checks for DesignersConfidence Ago
This presentation was made to help designers who work in publishing houses or format books for printing ensure quality.
Quality control is vital to every industry. This is why every department in a company need create a method they use in ensuring quality. This, perhaps, will not only improve the quality of products and bring errors to the barest minimum, but take it to a near perfect finish.
It is beyond a moot point that a good book will somewhat be judged by its cover, but the content of the book remains king. No matter how beautiful the cover, if the quality of writing or presentation is off, that will be a reason for readers not to come back to the book or recommend it.
So, this presentation points designers to some important things that may be missed by an editor that they could eventually discover and call the attention of the editor.
Top 5 Indian Style Modular Kitchen DesignsFinzo Kitchens
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Between Filth and Fortune- Urban Cattle Foraging Realities by Devi S Nair, An...Mansi Shah
This study examines cattle rearing in urban and rural settings, focusing on milk production and consumption. By exploring a case in Ahmedabad, it highlights the challenges and processes in dairy farming across different environments, emphasising the need for sustainable practices and the essential role of milk in daily consumption.
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
Dive into the innovative world of smart garages with our insightful presentation, "Exploring the Future of Smart Garages." This comprehensive guide covers the latest advancements in garage technology, including automated systems, smart security features, energy efficiency solutions, and seamless integration with smart home ecosystems. Learn how these technologies are transforming traditional garages into high-tech, efficient spaces that enhance convenience, safety, and sustainability.
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Can AI do good? at 'offtheCanvas' India HCI preludeAlan Dix
Invited talk at 'offtheCanvas' IndiaHCI prelude, 29th June 2024.
https://www.alandix.com/academic/talks/offtheCanvas-IndiaHCI2024/
The world is being changed fundamentally by AI and we are constantly faced with newspaper headlines about its harmful effects. However, there is also the potential to both ameliorate theses harms and use the new abilities of AI to transform society for the good. Can you make the difference?
2. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 12- 15th CE
• Complete break from the Greek and Roman architectural style.
• Regarded as Dark age, as the barbarians from the north ruined the art and replaced them.
• It acted as the landmark of the particular town.
Flying Buttress
Rose Window
Pointed arches
Vertical Emphasis
Pinnacle
3. CHARACTERISTICS
Structural : Skeletal stone structure
• Pointed Arches
• Vaulting system
• Flying Buttresses
Visual : Light given importance
Symbolic : Cathedrals as image of heaven;
Scholasticism - Transition of real events into
stones.
General characteristics :
• Focus on Verticality
• Airy and Bright – Use of large stained glass
windows, Rose window.
• Ornamentation – Gargoyles, Pinnacle, Intricate
carvings, 3 parts –Arcade, Triforium and
Clerestorey.
4. CHARACTERISTICS
Pointed Arches :
Pointed arches replaced semicircular arches as:-
• Focus was on verticality, to create great height.
• Strength and stability of pointed arches. Exert less
thrust than semi circular arches of same span.
• Pointed arches creates a lighter sensation.
• Solves geometrical difficulties inherent in ribbed
vaults. It is impossible to align the semicircular
arches to a common point in rib vaulting. Pointed
arches could be leveled easily.
5. CHARACTERISTICS
The Pointed gothic arch directs the thrust more in a vertical direction than the round arch
( Horizontal direction) . Thus in pointed arches, bulky support system is not required.
Pointed Arches :
6. CHARACTERISTICS
Vaulting system: Rib Vault
• Organic metaphor of ribs in a body , which support tissue.
• In ribbed vault, not only are the ribs spanning vaulted area
traversely but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.
• In a ribbed vault, the ribs are structural members and the
spaces between them are filled with lighter, non structural
materials.
8. CHARACTERISTICS
Flying Buttress
• Flying Buttress was used in order to avoid outward
collapse of arches.
• Freestanding brick or stone supports were attached
to the exterior walls by an arch or half-arch.
• The arches are supported by colossal freestanding
piers.
• It absorbs and channels the disruptive forces, such as
wind and weight, safely to the ground.
• These piers were erected with towers without
effecting the nave and choir interior.
10. CHARACTERISTICS
Pinnacle
• Pinnacle is an architectural ornament originally
forming the cap of a buttress.
It has two purposes:-
• Ornamental : adding They add to the loftiness and
verticality of the structure and sometimes ended with
statues.
• Structural : the pinnacles were very heavy and often
rectified with lead, in order to enable the flying
buttresses to contain the stress of the structure vaults
and roof.
11. CHARACTERISTICS
Stained Glass Window
• The size of windows increased as the walls no
longer remain as structural members.
• The stained glass windows brought in light and
visual beauty to the interiors.
• Predominantly colors like red and blue was used
to represent the religious stories in stained glass
windows. Of this the blue symbolizes the heaven
and the red represents the blood of Christ.
12. CHARACTERISTICS
Rose Window
• A circular window which is divided
into segments by stone mullions
and tracery.
ROSE WINDOW, CHARTES CATHEDRAL
Tracery
Stained
Glass
window
NOTREDAME CATHEDRAL
13. CHARACTERISTICS
Gargoyle
• A gargoyle is a waterspout, usually carved to
resemble an odd or monstrous creature, that
protrudes from a structure's wall or roofline.
• Many considered gargoyles the spiritual protectors of
churches as well, scaring off demons and evil spirits.
15. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
FRENCH GOTHIC
Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris
ENGLISH GOTHIC
Westminster Abbey
ITALIAN GOTHIC
Doges Palace, Venice
Hampton Court Palace, London
Milan Cathedral
16. FRENCH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 13th- 15th CE
Geographical : The first gothic church, Abbey of St
Denis was built on the outskirts of Paris surrounded by
rivers by Abbot Sugar. The main objective was to
represent the church as a symbol of enthusiasm, light
and energy.
Religious : The intention to create landmark structures
that could be seen from mile.
Social : The exalted position of the church in the
society to have control over the commercial activities.
Historical : Evolution in construction techniques to
built a stone skeleton that uses lighter materials, glass.
Geological : Abundance of stone in the region.
ABBEY OF ST DENIS, FRANCE
Erected in first half of the thirteenth century and prevalent from 1140 to 1500 AD.
17. FRENCH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS
• Vertical emphasis
• Material – Fine limestone
• High Pitched roofs
• Great internal height
• The wall height were divided into 4 tiers – Arcade, Gallery,
triforium, Clerestorey
• Excessive use of spires, pinnacles and buttresses.
• Long lines of tall traceried windows.
• Arches and ribs designed with independent curvatures.
• Usage of Sexpartite vaults
• Cut stone masonry used in vaulting system
• Plan - Transept and subsidiary chapels does not project
beyond the aisles.
• The west fronts are highly consistent, having three portals
surmounted by a rose window, and two large towers.
• The east end is polygonal with ambulatory and sometimes a
ring of radiating chapels.
• In the south of France, many of the major churches are
without transepts and some are without aisles. CHARTRES CATHEDRAL
18. PHASES IN FRENCH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Designation of styles in French gothic architecture were as :-
1. PRIMAIRE – 12th century period when lancet arches & geometrical traceried
windows were commonly used.
2. SECONDAIRE – 13th century “ Rayonnant period” characterized by circular windows
with wheel tracery.
3. TERTIARE – 14th & 15th century “Flamboyant” period, when flame like window
tracery was used
20. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS
Plan :
• Central Nave flanked by double aisles on each side and slight transept projection.
• The length is about 4 times the width.
• Ambulatory is located on the bent axial line.
Slight Transept Projection
Sexpartite
Vault, 30m
high
WIDE CENTRAL NAVE
Double span Buttress on
three sides
21. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS
Facade : West facade
Western Gable
hidden by a
piercing screen
connecting the
towers.
3 recessed
western portals
Rose Window
East facade
Flying Buttresses
Steeply
pitched roof
Central Spire at crossing
22. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS
Facade : South facade
Rose Window
Spires
Flying Buttress
Pinnacle
23. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS
Interior :
The interior elevation is remarkable for the
impression of vertical tension created by the
upward thrust and relative narrowness of its
volumes.
Interior elevation has 4 levels
• Arcade of columnar piers
• Tribune ( or triforium) originally covered by
transverse barrel vault, and lit by the round
windows)
• Decorative oculi
• Small clerestory
Arcade
Tribune
Occulus
Clerestory
Attempt to lighten interior by lengthening
clerestory swallowing occuli.
24. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL, PARIS
Ornamentation:
• Gargoyles
• Stained glass windows (blue and violet) and Rose window
• Flying Buttress
• Spires
• Recessed portals
Statues & relief sculptures in the tympanum
25. ENGLISH GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Geographical : Position of England resulted in
influence of continental ideas of architecture
Religious : Formation of cathedrals under monastic
foundations.
Social : Development of the schools, colleges and
educational institutions. Prosperity in commerce gave
importance to middle class.
Geological : The stone for building construction was
transported by sea.
British gothic is divided in to 3 phases:
• Early gothic
• Decorated gothic
• Perpendicular
DURHAM CATHEDRAL
1180 – 1275 AD.
26. EARLY GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
• Narrow pointed arches known as Lancets. These
acts as structural elements in apsidal arcades like in
Westminster Abbey.
• Narrow windows without tracery.
• Columns are composed of clusters of slender ,
detached shafts surrounding a central pillar , which
are attached by circular moulded shaft rings.
• Arches of arcades and galleries are cusped.
• Circles with trefoils , quatrefoils etc. were introduced
to the tracery of galleries & rose windows.
• Quadripartite Vaults
SALISBURY CATHEDRAL
1180 – 1275 AD.
27. DECORATED GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
• Detailed carvings in windows and
capitals.
• Window tracery: Elaborate windows
are subdivided by closely spaced
parallel mullions (vertical bars of
stone), usually up to the level at which
the arched top of the window begins.
• Tall slender columns
• Fan Vault - Vaulting became more
elaborate, with the use of increasing
number of ribs, initially for structural
and then for aesthetic reasons.
• Ogee arches
1250 – 1350 AD.
28. PERPENDICULAR GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
• Impression of a cage of stone and glass.
• Emphasis on vertical lines, and is known as
“International Gothic, rectilinear or Later Gothic style
• Slimmer stone mullions give way to stained glass
craftsmanship.
• Windows with tracery – The mullions of windows are
carried vertically into the arch moulding of the
windows. Upper portion is also divided into
rectangle compartments called as panel tracery.
• Wall surfaces is divided into vertical panels.
• Hammer beam roofs
• Fan Vault
1250 – 1350 AD.
29. EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH VAULTING SYSTEM
• Intermediate ribs known as “Tiercerons” were inserted between the transverse & diagonal
ribs. Ridge ribs were introduced to resist the thrust of the tiercerons.
Ridge ribs
Tiercerons
30. EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH VAULTING SYSTEM
• Elaboration of the vaulting with more
number of ribs is characteristic of this
period. More additional intermediate ribs
were introduced as at the Exeter cathedral.
Lierne ribs
• Lierne ribs are ribs other than ridge rib
that does not start from the springing of
the vault.
31. EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH VAULTING SYSTEM
• In this type of vault the rising ribs are
formed at equal angles on the surface of
an inverted concave cone. Hence all ribs
are of equal curvature & they are
connected at different heights by
horizontal lierne ribs.
• The vault followed the outline of an inverted
concave , the vault followed the outline of an
inverted concave pyramid. The introduction of
more ribs resulted in polygonal pyramids with
ribs of different curves. In the 15th century, All
ribs are of similar curvature resulting in fan
vaulting.
Inverted concave pyramid
32. EVOLUTION OF ENGLISH VAULTING SYSTEM
Rib and Panel
Vault
Rib and Panel Vault
with Intermediate
ribs
Rib and Panel Vault
with additional
Intermediate ribs
Lierne Vault
Lierne Stellar Vault
Fan Vault
34. WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON
• Example of Early English Gothic which has contributions of the Early English, the Decorated
the Perpendicular & the Decorated, the Perpendicular & the Tudor.
• Plan:
Chevet at apsidal
end
Length of
nave is 511
feet
35. WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON
• Facade: North
Rose window
with traceries
of geometric
pattern
French
Gothic
Portal
Flying
Buttress
Clerestory
lighting
Steep pitch
roof
Lancet
Windows
36. WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON
• Interior: Emphasis on vertical axis
Slender
columns
Vaulting with
intermediate ribs.
Lancet windows
creating a sense of
soaring height
37. WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON
• Interior: Henry VII Chapel
Fan Vault
Lace like tracery is
really constructed on
half concealed
transverse arches. A
conoidal web is built
up with the pendants
as the center, with the
traceried arch across
the nave connecting
the center points.
39. HAMPTON COURT PALACE, LONDON
• Thomas Wolsey built The Hamptons court palace, which is considered to be the finest palace
in England from 1515 to 1521 AD.
• It is located on the banks of R. Thames & is entered through the grand avenue of the Bushley
park.
• Hampton court also has the world famous hedge maze which was planted over 60 acres of
riverside gardens.
Plan:
Built around three
courts
Trophy gate
40. HAMPTON COURT PALACE, LONDON
Facade:
Tudor arch
Red brick
Battlemented
parapets
Angled Turrets
Oriel window
41. ITALIAN GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Geographical : Influenced by German gothic style by the connection of Italy and Germany by
the Brenner pass. The work in Venice was influenced by oversea trade with east.
Religious : Decline of the power of Pope in 13th CE which resulted in the “ Schism” that
separated the Protestants and Catholics.
Social : The rivalry between the small city states in Italy lead to the construction of large
cathedrals
Historical : In spite of internal turmoil, Italy led Europe in Arts, Learning & trade and the revival
known as the Renaissance took place nearly a century in advance of the other countries.
Geological : Northern Italy produced fine quality brick and terracotta, central Italy adopted
marble cladding in zebra patterns and south Italy was famous for multicolored marble such as
the Sicilian marble.
Climatic: Temperate climate in Northern Italy, its churches have typical gothic features. But the
more sunny climate in central & southern Italy resulted in the churches having smaller windows
& thicker walls to keep away the heat.
1200 – 1450 AD.
42. ITALIAN GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS
• Less emphasis on verticality.
• Material – Depending on location.
• Northern Italy – Brick masonry and clad with marble
• Southern Italy -multicolored marble such as the Sicilian
marble.
• Central Italy - marble cladding in zebra patterns
• Plan is regular and symmetrical with large central nave.
• Triforium is omitted and clerestorey windows are
reduced to circular windows.
• Low pitched roofs or flat to accommodate walkways on
top. To hide the roof steep gable end walls and elaborate
facades were adopted. SIENNA CATHEDRAL
• Absence of pinnacles, Bell towers and flying buttresses.
• Opaque wall decoration in fresco & mosaic was preferred to translucent stained glass.
• Pointed arch arcades supported by the slender columns of Corinthian capitals.
• Columns are widely placed and capitals have very simple decorations, usually not figurative.
• Piers were formed usually of four pilasters combined back to back.
• Doorways are richly molded and flanked by half columns.
44. MILAN CATHEDRAL
• Influenced by German gothic architecture. One of the largest church, second to the St. Peters
Basilica, Rome.
• Plan: Latin cross plan and have nave 157m long and 16.75 wide.
Polygonal apse;
No lateral chapels
Nave terminates
in semicircle of
columns
TRANSEPT
95M WIDE
Octagonal
tower with
domical vault
45. MILAN CATHEDRAL
• Facade:
Brick faced with
White Marble
Windows
with tracery
Pinnacles and
spires on
delicate Flying
Buttress
46. MILAN CATHEDRAL
• Interior: Impressive by the dimness & mystery resulting from lack of light.
• Outermost aisle rises to a height of 72 feet, which makes the entire interior into one vast hall
on a monumental scale with great emphasis of the vertical axis.
45 m high
nave
interior
Small
clerestory
lighting
Absence of
Triforium
Cross Vault
Stained
Glass
window
48. • It served for centuries as the home of the elected Doge & as center of government, with law
courts, senate, civil administration, prison etc.
• Plan: This palace comprises of the residence of the Doge & other public offices arranged
around a courtyard. commerce was protected by her navy.
DOGE’S PALACE, VENICE
Canal
connecting
the lagoon
Ground Floor - law offices, the
chancellery & the naval offices.
First Floor - residence, grand councils
chamber & the ballot chamber.
Second Floor - ambassadors hall,
inquisitors hall, & the senate.
49. • Facade: This palace comprises of the residence of the Doge & other public offices arranged
around a courtyard. commerce was protected by her navy.
DOGE’S PALACE, VENICE
Arcade of Pointed arches
Balcony with pointed
arches with the addition of
delicate quatrefoils (four-
lobed cutouts) just above
them.
Stone wall faced with
white and rose colored
marble punctuated by a row
of large, pointed windows.
50. ENGLISH AND ITALIAN GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
• Less emphasis on verticality.
• Material – Depending on location. Brick masonry cladded
with marble.
• Low pitched roofs or flat to accommodate walkways on
top. To hide the roof steep gable end walls and elaborate
facades were adopted
• Triforium is omitted and clerestorey windows are reduced
to circular windows.
• Columns are widely placed and capitals have very simple
decorations, usually not figurative. Piers were formed
usually of four pilasters combined back to back.
• Pointed arch arcades supported by the slender columns of
Corinthian capitals.
• Absence of pinnacles, Bell towers and flying buttresses.
• Opaque wall decoration in fresco & mosaic was preferred
to translucent stained glass.
• Doorways are richly molded and flanked by half columns.
English Gothic Italian Gothic
• Vertical emphasis
• Materials - stone for building construction was
transported by sea. Wood used in roofing systems.
• High pitched roof due to the climatic conditions of the
region.
• Narrow pointed arches known as Lancets. These acts as
structural elements in apsidal arcades like in
Westminster Abbey. Narrow windows without tracery.
• Columns are composed of clusters of slender ,
detached shafts surrounding a central pillar , which are
attached by circular moulded shaft rings.
• Arches of arcades and galleries are cusped. Circles with
trefoils , quatrefoils etc. were introduced to the tracery
of galleries & rose windows.
• Pinnacles, Bell towers and flying buttresses are present.
• Use of translucent Stained glass windows
• Quadripartite Vaults, Fan vaults and use of wooden
roofs.
