Byzentine Architecture.pptx
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Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire. The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453.
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Hagia Sophia.pptx
The document provides details about Byzantine architecture and the iconic Hagia Sophia building in Istanbul. Some key points:
- Byzantine architecture was influenced by Roman styles but featured large central domes supported by pendentives, extensive mosaics, and ornate decoration.
- The Hagia Sophia was one of the largest and most important Byzantine churches, built in the 6th century AD under the emperor Justinian. It used innovative construction techniques like brick and mortar and the first large pendentives to support its massive central dome.
- The dome of the Hagia Sophia was over 100 feet wide and helped establish the central dome as the dominant architectural feature of Byzantine
Byzantine architecture
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The early Greeks settlers from manga were led by some banzais from whom the name Byzantine was derived . Later it was called as Byzantium
HISTORY: Byzantine Architecture 1.0
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November 2016
Hoa lec ii (byzantine architecture)
The document discusses key characteristics of Byzantine architecture as seen in two examples - the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus and Hagia Sophia. Some of the main features described include the use of domes placed on square plans using pendentives, decoration with mosaics and marble, and innovative structural techniques like those used in Hagia Sophia's grand central dome supported by pendentives. Specific elements of both churches are also outlined, such as their plans, interior and exterior details, and impressive mosaics.
Byzantine EMPIRE/ EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
The Byzantine Empire emerged in 330 AD after Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, which was later renamed Constantinople. Byzantine architecture developed a distinct style, making innovative use of domes supported by pendentives to create large interior spaces lit by windows. The greatest example is Hagia Sophia, constructed in 532 AD under Emperor Justinian. With a massive central dome 31 meters wide supported by pendentives, it remained the largest vaulted space in the world for centuries.
Module 2- Byzantine Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture
Byzantine Architecture:
Centralized church typology: Spatial planning, construction and other features
Greek cross and Latin cross
Knowledge of placing a dome over a regular polygonal plan with preventives
Example- Hagia Sophia, Constantinople.
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
Byzantine architecture
The early Greek settlers of Byzantium were led by Byzas, who gave his name to the city. Byzantium was strategically located between the Black Sea and Mediterranean with a natural harbor of the Golden Horn. The Byzantine style of architecture used lime concrete, bricks, marble, mosaics, and domes supported by pendentives. Two important early examples are the 6th century Church of Sergius and Bacchus in Istanbul, with its 15.8 meter diameter dome on pendentives, and Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, known for its massive central dome supported by semi-domes and exedrae.
Romanesque Architecture
The document discusses the characteristics and evolution of Romanesque architecture between 1000-1200 CE. Some key points:
1. Romanesque architecture developed after the decline of the Roman Empire and featured thick load-bearing walls, small windows, semi-circular arches, and orders of monks who spread architectural styles across Europe.
2. Characteristics included harmonious proportions, heavy walls and pillars, round blind arches and sculpted decorations. Vaulting systems included barrel vaults, groin vaults and pointed arch vaults.
3. Examples discussed include the Pisa Cathedral complex in Italy, known for its leaning tower, and the Abbey aux Hommes in Caen, France, with its twin towers
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Hagia Sophia.pptx
The document provides details about Byzantine architecture and the iconic Hagia Sophia building in Istanbul. Some key points:
- Byzantine architecture was influenced by Roman styles but featured large central domes supported by pendentives, extensive mosaics, and ornate decoration.
- The Hagia Sophia was one of the largest and most important Byzantine churches, built in the 6th century AD under the emperor Justinian. It used innovative construction techniques like brick and mortar and the first large pendentives to support its massive central dome.
- The dome of the Hagia Sophia was over 100 feet wide and helped establish the central dome as the dominant architectural feature of Byzantine
Byzantine architecture
Byzantine architecture ,
The early Greeks settlers from manga were led by some banzais from whom the name Byzantine was derived . Later it was called as Byzantium
HISTORY: Byzantine Architecture 1.0
History of Architecture 1
Report by: Data
DLS -College of St. Benilde
School of Architecture
1st Term S.Y. 2016-17
November 2016
Hoa lec ii (byzantine architecture)
The document discusses key characteristics of Byzantine architecture as seen in two examples - the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus and Hagia Sophia. Some of the main features described include the use of domes placed on square plans using pendentives, decoration with mosaics and marble, and innovative structural techniques like those used in Hagia Sophia's grand central dome supported by pendentives. Specific elements of both churches are also outlined, such as their plans, interior and exterior details, and impressive mosaics.
Byzantine EMPIRE/ EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
The Byzantine Empire emerged in 330 AD after Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, which was later renamed Constantinople. Byzantine architecture developed a distinct style, making innovative use of domes supported by pendentives to create large interior spaces lit by windows. The greatest example is Hagia Sophia, constructed in 532 AD under Emperor Justinian. With a massive central dome 31 meters wide supported by pendentives, it remained the largest vaulted space in the world for centuries.
Module 2- Byzantine Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture
Byzantine Architecture:
Centralized church typology: Spatial planning, construction and other features
Greek cross and Latin cross
Knowledge of placing a dome over a regular polygonal plan with preventives
Example- Hagia Sophia, Constantinople.
EH202-HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE III
Byzantine architecture
The early Greek settlers of Byzantium were led by Byzas, who gave his name to the city. Byzantium was strategically located between the Black Sea and Mediterranean with a natural harbor of the Golden Horn. The Byzantine style of architecture used lime concrete, bricks, marble, mosaics, and domes supported by pendentives. Two important early examples are the 6th century Church of Sergius and Bacchus in Istanbul, with its 15.8 meter diameter dome on pendentives, and Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, known for its massive central dome supported by semi-domes and exedrae.
Romanesque Architecture
The document discusses the characteristics and evolution of Romanesque architecture between 1000-1200 CE. Some key points:
1. Romanesque architecture developed after the decline of the Roman Empire and featured thick load-bearing walls, small windows, semi-circular arches, and orders of monks who spread architectural styles across Europe.
2. Characteristics included harmonious proportions, heavy walls and pillars, round blind arches and sculpted decorations. Vaulting systems included barrel vaults, groin vaults and pointed arch vaults.
3. Examples discussed include the Pisa Cathedral complex in Italy, known for its leaning tower, and the Abbey aux Hommes in Caen, France, with its twin towers
Byzantine architecture part B
The document provides details about two important architectural structures from the Byzantine period - Hagia Sophia and St. Mark's Basilica. Hagia Sophia, constructed in Istanbul between 532-537 AD, featured a central dome supported by piers and semi-domes at the front and rear. Its dome diameter of 107 feet was an impressive engineering feat at the time. St. Mark's Basilica in Venice, built between 1063-1089 AD, followed a Greek cross plan with a central dome and hemispherical domes over each arm, supported by pendentives and barrel vaults. Both structures made extensive use of colored marbles and mosaics to decorate their grand interiors illuminated by cl
Romanesque architecture
Romanesque architecture originated in medieval Europe between 1000-1200 AD. It is characterized by semi-circular arches and thick stone walls with few openings. Churches during this period had massive piers, groin vaults, and large towers to support their weight. Examples include Monreale Cathedral in Sicily with its two projecting towers and elaborate interior, Pisa Cathedral known for its leaning tower and columns cut from single stones, and Durham Cathedral in England notable for its pointed ribbed vaults and tall central tower.
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Gothic architecture
General characteristics :
Focus on Verticality
Airy and Bright – Use of large stained glass windows, Rose window.
Ornamentation – Gargoyles, Pinnacle, Intricate carvings, 3 parts –Arcade, Triforium and Clerestorey.
Pointed Arches :
Pointed arches replaced semicircular arches as:-
Focus was on verticality, to create great height.
Strength and stability of pointed arches. Exert less thrust than semi circular arches of same span.
Pointed arches creates a lighter sensation.
Solves geometrical difficulties inherent in ribbed vaults. It is impossible to align the semicircular arches to a common point in rib vaulting. Pointed arches could be leveled easily.
Vaulting system: Rib Vault
Organic metaphor of ribs in a body , which support tissue.
In ribbed vault, not only are the ribs spanning vaulted area traversely but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.
In a ribbed vault, the ribs are structural members and the spaces between them are filled with lighter, non structural materials.
Flying Buttress was used in order to avoid outward collapse of arches.
Freestanding brick or stone supports were attached to the exterior walls by an arch or half-arch.
The arches are supported by colossal freestanding piers.
It absorbs and channels the disruptive forces, such as wind and weight, safely to the ground.
These piers were erected with towers without effecting the nave and choir interior.
Pinnacle is an architectural ornament originally forming the cap of a buttress.
The stained glass windows brought in light and visual beauty to the interiors.
Predominantly colors like red and blue was used to represent the religious stories in stained glass windows. Of this the blue symbolizes the heaven and the red represents the blood of Christ.
Rose window is a circular window which is divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery.
A gargoyle is a waterspout, usually carved to resemble an odd or monstrous creature, that protrudes from a structure's wall or roofline.
French Gothic -Notre Dame Cathedral
English Gothic -Westminster Abbey, Hampton Court Palace
Italian Gothic -Doges Palace, Venice, Milan Cathedral
Bengal Provincial style
The document summarizes Bengal provincial architecture from the 13th to 16th centuries. It describes how Arab invaders introduced Islamic architecture to the region in the 13th century, using local materials like brick. Key phases and structures are discussed, including the Adina Mosque built in the 14th century, and the Eklakhi Tomb which served as a prototype. Other important mosques from different time periods like the Tantipara and Bara Sona mosques are outlined. The document provides an overview of the evolution of architectural styles in Bengal as Islamic influences integrated with local building traditions.
Byzantine architecture
Byzantine architecture was influenced by its location between Europe and Asia at the junction of important trade routes. Buildings used local materials like brick and stone with marble imported from quarries. The hot climate led to small, high windows and domes with arcaded courtyards. Byzantine architecture fused oriental and Roman styles, using massive decoration and introducing dome construction. Churches often had a central dome surrounded by smaller domes with a smooth external profile and internal/external correspondence. Famous examples include Hagia Sophia, built in 532-537 AD with a large central dome carried by pendentives, and St. Mark's Basilica in Venice symbolizing the city's history.
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OME OF ROCK , JERUSALAM
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REAT MOSQUE OF SAMARA AND CORODB DB A
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Byzantine architecture
Bytheendofthe5th centuryAD,Romehadcompletelydeclined.Ithad beensackedtwiceandwasthenunderoccupation.
ItsinfluencewassignificantlyreducedandtheImpetusfor architecturalinnovationshiftedtotheByzantineEmpire.
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Hisinterestinchurchbuildingledtothediscoveryofthegroinvault. .andtheevolutionof theByzantinestyle.
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New St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Rome underwent major reconstruction in the 16th century after the old basilica fell into disrepair. Led by architects like Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno, and Bernini over more than 100 years, the new basilica was built in Renaissance and Baroque styles. Its massive dome, supported by thick piers and vaults, towers over the nave, transepts, and apse. The basilica's lavish interior houses artwork like Michelangelo's Pietà and Bernini's papal altar. Its large square and colonnades make it a focal point in Rome.
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The document provides details about two important architectural structures from the Byzantine period - Hagia Sophia and St. Mark's Basilica. Hagia Sophia, constructed in Istanbul between 532-537 AD, featured a central dome supported by piers and semi-domes at the front and rear. Its dome diameter of 107 feet was an impressive engineering feat at the time. St. Mark's Basilica in Venice, built between 1063-1089 AD, followed a Greek cross plan with a central dome and hemispherical domes over each arm, supported by pendentives and barrel vaults. Both structures made extensive use of colored marbles and mosaics to decorate their grand interiors illuminated by cl
Romanesque architecture
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Gothic architecture
General characteristics :
Focus on Verticality
Airy and Bright – Use of large stained glass windows, Rose window.
Ornamentation – Gargoyles, Pinnacle, Intricate carvings, 3 parts –Arcade, Triforium and Clerestorey.
Pointed Arches :
Pointed arches replaced semicircular arches as:-
Focus was on verticality, to create great height.
Strength and stability of pointed arches. Exert less thrust than semi circular arches of same span.
Pointed arches creates a lighter sensation.
Solves geometrical difficulties inherent in ribbed vaults. It is impossible to align the semicircular arches to a common point in rib vaulting. Pointed arches could be leveled easily.
Vaulting system: Rib Vault
Organic metaphor of ribs in a body , which support tissue.
In ribbed vault, not only are the ribs spanning vaulted area traversely but each vaulted bay has diagonal ribs.
In a ribbed vault, the ribs are structural members and the spaces between them are filled with lighter, non structural materials.
Flying Buttress was used in order to avoid outward collapse of arches.
Freestanding brick or stone supports were attached to the exterior walls by an arch or half-arch.
The arches are supported by colossal freestanding piers.
It absorbs and channels the disruptive forces, such as wind and weight, safely to the ground.
These piers were erected with towers without effecting the nave and choir interior.
Pinnacle is an architectural ornament originally forming the cap of a buttress.
The stained glass windows brought in light and visual beauty to the interiors.
Predominantly colors like red and blue was used to represent the religious stories in stained glass windows. Of this the blue symbolizes the heaven and the red represents the blood of Christ.
Rose window is a circular window which is divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery.
A gargoyle is a waterspout, usually carved to resemble an odd or monstrous creature, that protrudes from a structure's wall or roofline.
French Gothic -Notre Dame Cathedral
English Gothic -Westminster Abbey, Hampton Court Palace
Italian Gothic -Doges Palace, Venice, Milan Cathedral
Bengal Provincial style
The document summarizes Bengal provincial architecture from the 13th to 16th centuries. It describes how Arab invaders introduced Islamic architecture to the region in the 13th century, using local materials like brick. Key phases and structures are discussed, including the Adina Mosque built in the 14th century, and the Eklakhi Tomb which served as a prototype. Other important mosques from different time periods like the Tantipara and Bara Sona mosques are outlined. The document provides an overview of the evolution of architectural styles in Bengal as Islamic influences integrated with local building traditions.
Byzantine architecture
Byzantine architecture was influenced by its location between Europe and Asia at the junction of important trade routes. Buildings used local materials like brick and stone with marble imported from quarries. The hot climate led to small, high windows and domes with arcaded courtyards. Byzantine architecture fused oriental and Roman styles, using massive decoration and introducing dome construction. Churches often had a central dome surrounded by smaller domes with a smooth external profile and internal/external correspondence. Famous examples include Hagia Sophia, built in 532-537 AD with a large central dome carried by pendentives, and St. Mark's Basilica in Venice symbolizing the city's history.
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COMMON INTERPRETATIONS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
D
OME OF ROCK , JERUSALAM
•
G
REAT MOSQUE OF SAMARA AND CORODB DB A
•
UMMAYAD MOSQUE (GRAND MOSQUE OF DAMASCUS)
•
MADRASSA
•
MADRASSA OF SULTAN
Trabeated structures
Detailed study on trabeated structures through ages, working mechanism , case and literature studies and analysis.
--- Amity school of architecture and planning, 3rd year
Romanesque arch mins
Romanesque architecture developed in Europe between the 9th and 15th centuries, characterized by semi-circular arches. It originated as a modification of Roman architecture and spread across Europe. Key features included basilican church plans with transepts and towers, thick stone walls, arched openings, and barrel or groin vaults. Sculpture was used extensively on architectural elements like capitals, doorways, and windows. Regional variations emerged in features, materials, and ornamentation according to climate and culture.
Byzantine Art PowerPoint
The document provides an overview of Byzantine art from 500-1453 CE. It discusses that the Byzantine Empire emerged after the split of the Western and Eastern Roman Empire. Key aspects of Byzantine art included the use of mosaics and icons in religious works commissioned by the Church and state. Important architectural innovations included the use of pendentives and squinches to support dome structures. Significant examples of Byzantine architecture mentioned are the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul with its massive central dome structure, and San Vitale in Ravenna with its domed octagonal layout. Monastery churches like Hosios Loukas in Greece also exhibited characteristic Middle Byzantine architectural styles of the period.
St. clemente
St. Clemente in Rome is a three-tiered basilica built on the site of earlier religious structures. The lowest level contains remnants from a 1st century home that was later used as a mithraeum in the 2nd century. In the 4th century, this space was filled in and a lower basilica was constructed. The current basilica was rebuilt in 1100 AD in a classical basilical style with arcades, aisles, and an apse. Beneath the modern church, the remains of the earlier religious sites can still be seen.
Gothic Architecture
This document provides an overview of Gothic architecture through a lecture on the subject. It discusses key characteristics of Gothic architecture like skeletal stone structures, the importance of light and visual arts, and cathedrals serving as images of heaven. Techniques introduced in Gothic architecture are explained, such as rib vaulting, flying buttresses, stained glass windows, and elaborate carvings. Specific examples of Gothic cathedrals are examined in detail, including Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris and its various architectural features.
Module 4- Gothic Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture
Architectural background
Characteristics of Gothic churches and Cathedrals
Example-Notre Dame, Paris
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ADAPTIVE REUSE hagia Sophia
hagia Sophia has evolved over may architecture style.it has been used according to the timeline and even changed according to the ruling power. this has been the best example for adaptive reuse..
Blue mosque
The Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey was commissioned by Sultan Ahmed I in 1609 and completed in 1616. It was built on the site of the Byzantine imperial palace and hippodrome facing Hagia Sophia, combining Ottoman and Byzantine architectural styles. The mosque interior features over 20,000 handmade ceramic tiles and has a large central dome surrounded by four smaller domes and six minarets. It was the last great mosque of the classical period of the Ottoman Empire and remains one of the most impressive monuments in Istanbul.
Module 3- Romanesque Architecture | KTU | Semester 4 | History of Architecture
The document provides details about Romanesque architecture through a case study of the Pisa Cathedral complex in Italy. It summarizes that the complex includes the Cathedral, Baptistery, and Bell Tower built in the Romanesque style between 1093-1153. It describes the key characteristics of the buildings including the nave and aisle structure of the Cathedral, its marble facade and columns salvaged from a mosque, and Giovanni Pisano's famous pulpit sculpture. The complex marked Pisa's rise as a maritime power and demonstration of wealth and architectural skills in the Romanesque period.
Byzantine Architecture
The document discusses Byzantine architecture from the 5th-15th centuries. Some key developments include the use of pendentives and domes on pendentives, which allowed domes to be placed over square buildings. Important early examples include Hagia Sophia and St. Vitale, with Hagia Sophia being the greatest architectural achievement. Byzantine architecture influenced buildings throughout the Byzantine Empire and beyond, adapting to regional styles.
Byzantine architecture
Bytheendofthe5th centuryAD,Romehadcompletelydeclined.Ithad beensackedtwiceandwasthenunderoccupation.
ItsinfluencewassignificantlyreducedandtheImpetusfor architecturalinnovationshiftedtotheByzantineEmpire.
This shift also marks the movement from early Christian civilizationtothe Byzantinecivilization.
UndertheByzantineEmperorJustinian,theByzantinestyleof architectureevolved.
Hisinterestinchurchbuildingledtothediscoveryofthegroinvault. .andtheevolutionof theByzantinestyle.
Review intro to arch
The document provides information on ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman architecture through descriptions of key buildings from each period. It discusses notable structures like the pyramids of Giza in Egypt, the Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis in Athens, and buildings in Roman cities as well as structures like the Colosseum and Pantheon in Rome. It also briefly covers early Christian architecture like buildings from the Carolingian empire and monasteries in Germany.
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New St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Rome underwent major reconstruction in the 16th century to replace the old St Peter's Basilica. Led by architects like Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno, and Bernini over more than 100 years, the new basilica was built in Renaissance and Baroque styles. Its massive dome, four piers, and vaults work together to support the structure. The basilica's nave, transepts, and apse form a Latin cross floor plan and house numerous artistic works and tombs.
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New St Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, Rome underwent major reconstruction in the 16th century after the old basilica fell into disrepair. Led by architects like Bramante, Michelangelo, Maderno, and Bernini over more than 100 years, the new basilica was built in Renaissance and Baroque styles. Its massive dome, supported by thick piers and vaults, towers over the nave, transepts, and apse. The basilica's lavish interior houses artwork like Michelangelo's Pietà and Bernini's papal altar. Its large square and colonnades make it a focal point in Rome.
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• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in Education
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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- 1. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE Presented by- Bhawna Walia
- 2. Brief history • The early Greeks settlers from manga were led by some byzais from whom the name Byzantion was derived . Later it was Romanized to Byzantium. • The city of Byzantium was renamed as Constantinople in 330 after the founder Constantine . • It was made as the new capital of Christian empire . • It took six years of preparation . • Presently known as Istanbul.
- 3. Characteristic features • Massive domes on square base pendentive. Pendentive - pendentive are used to raise dome over square base. It enables the transfer of the total load of the dome to the four corners of the building. Walls can be opened up as they don't carry load.
- 5. • Greek cross plan in church architecture. • Greek cross plan: Square plan Nave, chancel, transepts areas of equal length. Dome over crossing. Has narthex or vestibule.
- 6. • Bricks and plaster were used on addition to stone in the decoration.
- 7. • Mosaics replaced carved decoration.
- 8. • Complex domes rested upon massive piers.
- 9. • Window filtered light through thin sheets of alabaster to light up interiors.
- 10. Interior Details • Lofty and towering interior spaces, with high windows. • Windowed domes were made to look like a crown with jewels of light which symbolized the ‘vault of heaven’. • The columns were made of marble with inlay work. • The ceilings were sometimes coffered using gold and most empty spaces were covered with mosaic.
- 11. Typical example Typical example Hagia Sophia Istanbul, Turkey
- 12. It was constructed for Justinian by two genius architects Anthemius and Isidorus. • The church was designed in the form of a Greek cross 91.5x99m with the top of the dome at 54.3m from above the ground . • It has a central space of 32.6m sq. With 4 massive stone piers support four semicircular arches to form aisles and galleries . • The dome is 32.6m in diameter .There are 40 windows on the base of dome. • On both ends are two large hemi- cycles covered with semi domes forming on oval nave of 68.6m long and 32.6m wide. • There are 107 columns which support the galleries. • The interiors are decorated with mosaics.
- 13. Plan & Section of Hagia Sophia
- 14. Presented by- Bhawna Walia