Location. Location. Location. With so many maps and datums out there, how does a person know what datum is correct? How come my GPS coordinates don\'t match up on my map? Why is there a shift of 100 metres? How do I transform between different datums? What is a datum? What is the EPSG? Why have GIS Vendors and Oracle adopted them? Does offshore or onshore make a difference? How come there are so many datums? This presentation looks to provide some answers to some of these questions and to point out that latitude and longitude are not absolute.
Over the decades that surveyors have been trying to map the Earth, history and politics have shaped the way we see the world. Are the borders actually there? What if one nation adopts a standard, but the other does not? Does really matter what the co-ordinate system is? Why when I draw the a UTM Projection, the lines are curved, not in a grid? Is the OGC adopting these standards? So many questions and this presentation aims to answer some of them and provide some light on a complicated and sometimes unclear topic.
this presentation help to understand about the basic of digital photogrammetry,, its also help for understand about the concept of digital photography software available now a days , and uses of various software in the field of RS and GIS.
Location. Location. Location. With so many maps and datums out there, how does a person know what datum is correct? How come my GPS coordinates don\'t match up on my map? Why is there a shift of 100 metres? How do I transform between different datums? What is a datum? What is the EPSG? Why have GIS Vendors and Oracle adopted them? Does offshore or onshore make a difference? How come there are so many datums? This presentation looks to provide some answers to some of these questions and to point out that latitude and longitude are not absolute.
Over the decades that surveyors have been trying to map the Earth, history and politics have shaped the way we see the world. Are the borders actually there? What if one nation adopts a standard, but the other does not? Does really matter what the co-ordinate system is? Why when I draw the a UTM Projection, the lines are curved, not in a grid? Is the OGC adopting these standards? So many questions and this presentation aims to answer some of them and provide some light on a complicated and sometimes unclear topic.
this presentation help to understand about the basic of digital photogrammetry,, its also help for understand about the concept of digital photography software available now a days , and uses of various software in the field of RS and GIS.
Brilliant Lecture delivered to me in Alagappa Engineering college Workshop.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite
based radio navigation system provided by the
United States Department of Defence. It gives
unequaled accuracy and flexibility in positioning
for navigation, surveying and GIS data collection.
This content introduces the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), its example, earth observation orbit types, coordinate systems, GNSS time system, converting height (ellipsoidal, geoid, orthometric heights) and various GNSS applications.
Understanding Coordinate Systems and Projections for ArcGISJohn Schaeffer
Everything you need to know to work with coordinate systems and projecting data in ArcGIS. The presentation starts by explaining the terminology, and then discusses the details you need to know to actually work successfully with coordinate systems, use the proper projections, and geographic transformations. This is a very practical look at a complex subject.
Introduction, classification of curves, Elements of a simple circular, designation of curve, methods of setting out a simple circular curve, elements of a compound and reverse curves, transition curve, types of transition curves, combined curve, types of vertical curves
Digitizing in GIS is the process of converting geographic data either from a hardcopy or a scanned image into vector data by tracing the features. During the digitzing process, features from the traced map or image are captured as coordinates in either point, line, or polygon format
Photograph taken from an aircraft commonly termed as aerial photograph have come to play and ever increasing role in the execution in cartographic mapping in various scales and in evaluation of natural resources of a region. Uses of aerial photographs in other fields are also manifold; in fact the scope seems limitless.
Brilliant Lecture delivered to me in Alagappa Engineering college Workshop.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite
based radio navigation system provided by the
United States Department of Defence. It gives
unequaled accuracy and flexibility in positioning
for navigation, surveying and GIS data collection.
This content introduces the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), its example, earth observation orbit types, coordinate systems, GNSS time system, converting height (ellipsoidal, geoid, orthometric heights) and various GNSS applications.
Understanding Coordinate Systems and Projections for ArcGISJohn Schaeffer
Everything you need to know to work with coordinate systems and projecting data in ArcGIS. The presentation starts by explaining the terminology, and then discusses the details you need to know to actually work successfully with coordinate systems, use the proper projections, and geographic transformations. This is a very practical look at a complex subject.
Introduction, classification of curves, Elements of a simple circular, designation of curve, methods of setting out a simple circular curve, elements of a compound and reverse curves, transition curve, types of transition curves, combined curve, types of vertical curves
Digitizing in GIS is the process of converting geographic data either from a hardcopy or a scanned image into vector data by tracing the features. During the digitzing process, features from the traced map or image are captured as coordinates in either point, line, or polygon format
Photograph taken from an aircraft commonly termed as aerial photograph have come to play and ever increasing role in the execution in cartographic mapping in various scales and in evaluation of natural resources of a region. Uses of aerial photographs in other fields are also manifold; in fact the scope seems limitless.
In the preparation for the Geodetic Engineering Licensure Examination, the BSGE students must memorized the Laws, Rules and Regulations governing the GEODETIC CONTROL SURVEY in the Philippines, execute the survey, preparation of GEODETIC CONTROL SURVEY survey returns and IVAS of GEODETIC CONTROL SURVEY returns.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
4. 1
NEPAL
• landlocked country located between India to the east, south, and
west and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north
3
Introduction
• Total area: 147,516 km²
• Nepal lies between 80.4' and 88.12'
east longitude and 26.22' and 30.27'
north latitude
• Standard time: GMT+05:45 all over
Nepal
6. 1 Introduction
GNSS
• include constellations of Earth-orbiting satellites that
broadcast their locations in space and time, of
networks of ground control stations, and of receivers
that calculate ground positions by trilateration
• GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO, COMPASS, IRNSS, QZSS
5
7. 2
• In 1970, establishment of Trigonometrical Survey branch under
survey department
• In 1976, establishment of Geodetic Survey branch
• Control network was defined through the use of conventional
measurements. i.e. Precise Leveling, Astronomical and Gravity
Observations
• Geodetic Survey Division commenced the use of GPS technology in
1991 A.D for carrying out land survey.
• initiated the use of GPS for survey of previously established high
order control points
• Everest to WGS-84
• Need Transformation parameters 6
History
8. 2
• Establishment of different (first/second/third) for strengthening
the geodetic network
• GNSS observation are done regularly as yearly development
program
• Develop semi dynamic datum for the country
• Determination of ground displacement of 25 April 2015 Nepal
earthquake by GNSS precise point positioning
• Used GNSS for setting up GCP points for RS image rectification
• CORS setup: first in Nagarkot observatory
• Height determination process of the Mt. Everest
7
History
10. 3 Application: Status
9
Geodetic Survey Division
• Geodetic Survey Division maintain/operate 2 CORS station at Nagarkot.
• Establishment of CORS station at front field of Survey Department office at
Minbhawan, Kathmandu. The construction is going on.
• Geodetic Survey Division is planning to establish more than 50 CORS station
covering whole country. The work of initial phase is on the floor.
• Resurvey of past control points (First order/second order) by GNSS method.
• Establishment of network of control points required for re-cadastral survey such
as in Siraha, Saptari district by GNSS method.
• GPS observations of the geodetic stations for regional/local transformation
parameter (WGS 84 to Everest 1830 and vice-versa.)
• GNSS survey at level benchmarks along the level alignment.
• The positioning of Airborne Gravity 2010 was from onboard GNSS sensor and
ground reference GNSS control stations.
11. 3 Application: Status
10
Topographical Survey and Land Use Management
• GNSS survey to assist in surveying & delineating international boundaries of the
country with neighboring countries. (Border survey/India-Nepal border/China-
Nepal border)
• GCP establishment by GNSS method to prepare & update the topographical
base maps of the country. (topo map update using ZY3 satellite image provided
by china/such satellite image georeferenced with GCP established by GNSS
method)
• Survey Department is conducting LIDAR survey of Terai region extending from
CHITAWAN -TO- KANCHANPUR. The positioning of LIDAR point clouds will come
from GNSS method
12. 3 Application: Status
11
UNAVCO and DMG:
• CORS stations are established by UNAVCO and Department of Mines and
Geology in Nepal. There are 11 existing 11 CORS network stations and 5 new
CORS stations.
• 11 existing CORS stations: JMLA, NPGJ, JMSM, BESI, CHLM, NAST, SYBC, SNDL,
RMJT, BRNZ.
• 5 new CORS stations: DLPA, DNSG, HETA, CHWN, KLCK.
13. 3 Application: Status
12Fig. Epicenter (star) and GNSS station (triangle) displacement vectors
Displacement Determination of 25 April 2015 Earthquake
14. 3 Application: Status
• collected and processed GNSS data at
17 stations around the epicenter
• GNSS station displacements are
calculated precisely with an accuracy
of 1cm in the horizontal and the
vertical components
• show that the affected area stretches
about 160 km in the south-eas
• common moving direction is close to
the south-southeast with the
maximum value of 2 m in the
horizontal component
13
Displacement Determination of 25 April 2015 Nepal Earthquake
Figure. Displacements of stations KKN4 (left)
and NAST (right), accepted from (Galetzka J.,
2015)
15. 3
14
Because of the effect of plate tectonic motion, the actual position of points on the
earth changes continuously. However nearly all users find it difficult to deal with
continuous coordinate change.
Modern semi-dynamic datum are based on a version of the International Terrestrial
Reference Frame. Stable coordinates are produced by projecting each coordinate to its
position at a common date called the reference epoch.
In this case a mathematical model, usually a National Deformation Model, is used to
calculate the trajectory of points.
The effect of earthquake is an instantaneous offset while the effect of the velocity
increases linearly with time.
The total motion is just the sum of the earthquake and the constant velocity terms.
Application: Status
Semi-Dynamic Datum
16. 3
15
Figure 5: Basic NDM model where trajectory of points effected by a constant
velocity and two earthquakes
Application: Status
Semi-Dynamic Datum
17. 3
16Figure 5: Air-Route chart of National and International flights
Application: Status
PBN Implementation Plan
18. 3
17
• At the 36th Session of ICAO Assembly, it has been resolved: “All the contracting States should have a
PBN implementation plan in place by 2009 to ensure a globally harmonized and coordinated
transition to PBN by 2016”
• The objective is to provide the continuity to the development in the field of air navigation including
the GNSS-based procedures- a step for transitioning to PBN
• CAA Nepal completed WGS-84 survey of the runway thresholds, critical positions of runway and
Navigation Aids of TIA and all domestic airports in operation in 1999 and data have been published
in the AIP Nepal
• Re-verification of WGS-84 data and survey of other essential points at Kathmandu & Biratnagar
Airports has been carried out in 2010
• To take early benefit of the satellite based navigation, GNSS based approach procedures for TIA and
8 major domestic aerodromes were developed in 1999, some of them were flight validated
• GNSS NPA procedures were reviewed and some GNSS/RNAV departure procedures were developed
based on PANS/OPS in 2005. Some of them were flight validated.
• GNSS based approach and departure procedures have been designed at about nine domestic
airports including Tribhuvan International Airport and some of them have been flight validated
Application: Status
PBN Implementation Plan
19. 3
18
• Used satellite image as a primary data
• Needed of geo-referencing
• Select the required nos of GCPs and taking the coordinates of that points by using GNSS
receiver
Application: Status
National Land Use Project
20. 3
19
• Over 8,000 boundary pillars along the Indo-Nepal border will be equipped with positioning
system using Global Navigation Satellite System
• Nepal-India Boundary Global Navigation Satellite System (NIB GNSS) would be used for
Nepal-India boundary pillars
Application: Status
Boarder Measurements
21. 3
20
• GNSS based survey was conducted for determining locations of gravity points, bench marks
as well as top of Mt. Everest
• GNSS survey was conducted for 1 hour 16 minutes on the top of the world
Application: Status
Mt. Everest Height Measurements
23. 3
22
Application: Status
Disaster Risk Reduction Management (DRRM) Many peoples (> 55%)
in Nepal reside in areas that
are vulnerable to natural
disasters.
24. 23
4 Conclusion
GNSS systems where revolutionary in the area of Navigation by providing positioning
and navigation capabilities to the autonomous vehicles. With precise
positioning, GNSS can be used for lane or track determination (for road and rail
vehicles) and attitude determination by using multiple antennas
Nepal has applied the GNSS systems in many dynamic fields. i.e. Surveying and
Mapping, DRM, LBS, Planning, Weather Forecast, Future Risk Prediction etc.
There are many furthermore application of GNSS which are already used other
country but Nepal still has not
Needed of upgrading the technology, producing the skilled manpower, increasing the
budget for GNSS application
Nepal is one of the beautiful country of world. It is known by the country of Himalayan,
-the country of mount Everest
-The country where lord Buddha was born
-the world’s brave soldiers, the Gorkha
-the city of temple
Because of the effect of the 25th April, 2015 Gorkha earthquake, significant earth deformation has occurred in a large area of Nepal centered on the Kathmandu Valley. As a result, the geodetic control in this region is significantly distorted with published geodetic control coordinates being displaced from their true position on the ground by up to 2m. Correcting these distortions will require a new geodetic datum. The possibility of Nepal adopting a semidynamic datum, which would be based on ITRF2014 and include a national deformation model capable of correcting for the recent earthquakes and normal tectonic motion. We demonstrate that it is possible to develop a deformation model for Nepal incorporating the Gorkha earthquake and the variation of the long term (or secular) crustal velocity across the country using published information. While this model is preliminary our test shows that its use does a good job of correcting survey measurements for the effect of the earthquake.
The riding apps Pathao, Tootle, Taximandu etc uses the Google maps for navigation the location of passengers. Similarly online shopping apps i.e NPL Market, Daraz, and many others are uses the GNSS signals for finding customers. Same as riding apps and online shoping, the food delivery apps Foodmandu serves theirs customers as follow the direction shown by Google maps.
Others many location based services are depended on GNSS systems.