International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fuzzy Logic Based Controller Effective Energy Management OfComposite Energy S...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a composite energy storage system (CESS) involving batteries and ultracapacitors for use in microgrids powered by renewable energy sources like photovoltaics. The CESS aims to address the intermittent nature of renewable power generation and fluctuating load demand. It uses both high energy density batteries and high power density ultracapacitors. DAB converters are used to interface the batteries and ultracapacitor to the DC bus. A fuzzy logic controller is proposed for effective energy management between the batteries and ultracapacitor to meet varying power needs. Simulation results demonstrate how the controller can dynamically allocate power demands and manage energy distribution between the storage components.
There is need for an energy storage device capable of transferring high power in transient situations
aboard naval vessels. Currently, batteries are used to accomplish this task, but previous research has
shown that when utilized at high power rates, these devices deteriorate over time causing a loss in lifespan.
It has been shown that a hybrid energy storage configuration is capable of meeting such a demand while
reducing the strain placed on individual components. While designing a custom converter capable of
controlling the power to and from a battery would be ideal for this application, it can be costly to develop
when compared to purchasing commercially available products. Commercially available products offer
limited controllability in exchange for their proven performance and lower cost point - often times only
allowing a system level control input without any way to interface with low level controls that are
frequently used in controller design. This paper proposes the use of fuzzy logic control in order to provide
a system level control to the converters responsible for limiting power to and from the battery. A system
will be described mathematically, modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and a fuzzy logic controller will be
compared with a typical controller.
The document discusses electrochemical energy storage and its importance for alternative energy applications. It outlines some key challenges with energy storage, including the need for devices with high power and energy capabilities, long life, fast charging, and portability. The author proposes using hybrid energy storage systems that integrate multiple device types to optimize performance for different applications and timescales. The remainder of the document focuses on lithium-ion battery limitations and using mechanical models to understand capacity fade through stresses induced during operation.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL LOADS USING POWER ELECTRONICSrenukasningadally
The work aims at an Energy Management System (EMS) for Critical loads using Power Electronics. Here hybrid power sources (Grid and Solar cells) with battery have been used to supply the power to the critical loads at all times, suppose an end user increases his critical loads or non-critical loads this EMS system helps to maintain continuous power supply to these loads. Solar or Photovoltaic cells have been used for storing energy through battery and these batteries will discharge the stored energy at two conditions, one is when grid is shut down for short duration or for a long duration and another one is when there sudden increase in load by users
Stand-alone Hybrid systems become appreciating issues that ensure the required electricity to consumers. The development of a stand-alone Hybrid system becomes a necessity for multiple applications The enhance energy security. To achieve this objective, we have proposed an accurate dynamic model using Multi-Agent System (MAS) in which a solar energy System (SES) serves as the main load supply, an energy Backup System (ERS) is based on a fuel cell and Electrolyzer for long-term energy storage and an Ultra Capacitor (UCap) storage system deployed as a short-time storage. To cooperate with all systems, an Intelligent Power Management (IPM) based on a specific MAS is included. Thus, to prove the performance of the system, we tested and simulated it using the Matlab/Simulink environment.
A Review on Design and Development of high Reliable Hybrid Energy Systems wit...IJPEDS-IAES
Hybrid Energy system is a combination of two or more different types of energy resources. Now a day this hybrid energy system plays key role in various remote area power applications. Hybrid energy system is more reliable than single energy system. This paper deals with high reliable hybrid energy system with solar, wind and micro hydro resources. The proposed hybrid system cable of multi mode operation and high reliable due to non communicated based controllers (Droop Characteristic Control) are used for optimal power sharing. Size of battery can be reduced because hydro used as back up source and Maximum power point Tracking also applied to solar and wind energy systems.
Modeling, Control and Power Management Strategy of a Grid connected Hybrid En...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the detailed modeling of various components of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage tank with a power flow controller. Also, a valve controlled by the proposed controller decides how much amount of fuel is consumed by fuel cell according to the load demand. In this paper fuel cell is used instead of battery bank because fuel cell is free from pollution. The control and power management strategies are also developed. When the PV power is sufficient then it can fulfill the load demand as well as feeds the extra power to the electrolyzer. By using the electrolyzer, the hydrogen is generated from the water and stored in storage tank and this hydrogen act as a fuel to SOFC. If the availability of the power from the PV system cannot fulfill the load demand, then the fuel cell fulfills the required load demand. The SOFC takes required amount of hydrogen as fuel, which is controlled by the PID controller through a valve. Effectiveness of this technology is verified by the help of computer simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under various loading conditions and promising results are obtained.
Fuel cell vehicle projects in texas richard thompson - oct 2010cahouser
The document discusses several hydrogen fuel cell vehicle projects in Texas, including:
1) A test of a 22-passenger hydrogen fuel cell electric shuttle bus that achieved up to 200 miles of range. Data was collected on performance over 8000 miles.
2) Modeling of fuel cell vehicles and their efficiencies compared to diesel and gasoline vehicles.
3) A hydrogen fueling station in Austin that provides fuel for additional vehicles.
4) A Department of Defense program to extend the range of an electric utility vehicle to over 300 miles using hydrogen fuel cells.
Fuzzy Logic Based Controller Effective Energy Management OfComposite Energy S...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a composite energy storage system (CESS) involving batteries and ultracapacitors for use in microgrids powered by renewable energy sources like photovoltaics. The CESS aims to address the intermittent nature of renewable power generation and fluctuating load demand. It uses both high energy density batteries and high power density ultracapacitors. DAB converters are used to interface the batteries and ultracapacitor to the DC bus. A fuzzy logic controller is proposed for effective energy management between the batteries and ultracapacitor to meet varying power needs. Simulation results demonstrate how the controller can dynamically allocate power demands and manage energy distribution between the storage components.
There is need for an energy storage device capable of transferring high power in transient situations
aboard naval vessels. Currently, batteries are used to accomplish this task, but previous research has
shown that when utilized at high power rates, these devices deteriorate over time causing a loss in lifespan.
It has been shown that a hybrid energy storage configuration is capable of meeting such a demand while
reducing the strain placed on individual components. While designing a custom converter capable of
controlling the power to and from a battery would be ideal for this application, it can be costly to develop
when compared to purchasing commercially available products. Commercially available products offer
limited controllability in exchange for their proven performance and lower cost point - often times only
allowing a system level control input without any way to interface with low level controls that are
frequently used in controller design. This paper proposes the use of fuzzy logic control in order to provide
a system level control to the converters responsible for limiting power to and from the battery. A system
will be described mathematically, modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and a fuzzy logic controller will be
compared with a typical controller.
The document discusses electrochemical energy storage and its importance for alternative energy applications. It outlines some key challenges with energy storage, including the need for devices with high power and energy capabilities, long life, fast charging, and portability. The author proposes using hybrid energy storage systems that integrate multiple device types to optimize performance for different applications and timescales. The remainder of the document focuses on lithium-ion battery limitations and using mechanical models to understand capacity fade through stresses induced during operation.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL LOADS USING POWER ELECTRONICSrenukasningadally
The work aims at an Energy Management System (EMS) for Critical loads using Power Electronics. Here hybrid power sources (Grid and Solar cells) with battery have been used to supply the power to the critical loads at all times, suppose an end user increases his critical loads or non-critical loads this EMS system helps to maintain continuous power supply to these loads. Solar or Photovoltaic cells have been used for storing energy through battery and these batteries will discharge the stored energy at two conditions, one is when grid is shut down for short duration or for a long duration and another one is when there sudden increase in load by users
Stand-alone Hybrid systems become appreciating issues that ensure the required electricity to consumers. The development of a stand-alone Hybrid system becomes a necessity for multiple applications The enhance energy security. To achieve this objective, we have proposed an accurate dynamic model using Multi-Agent System (MAS) in which a solar energy System (SES) serves as the main load supply, an energy Backup System (ERS) is based on a fuel cell and Electrolyzer for long-term energy storage and an Ultra Capacitor (UCap) storage system deployed as a short-time storage. To cooperate with all systems, an Intelligent Power Management (IPM) based on a specific MAS is included. Thus, to prove the performance of the system, we tested and simulated it using the Matlab/Simulink environment.
A Review on Design and Development of high Reliable Hybrid Energy Systems wit...IJPEDS-IAES
Hybrid Energy system is a combination of two or more different types of energy resources. Now a day this hybrid energy system plays key role in various remote area power applications. Hybrid energy system is more reliable than single energy system. This paper deals with high reliable hybrid energy system with solar, wind and micro hydro resources. The proposed hybrid system cable of multi mode operation and high reliable due to non communicated based controllers (Droop Characteristic Control) are used for optimal power sharing. Size of battery can be reduced because hydro used as back up source and Maximum power point Tracking also applied to solar and wind energy systems.
Modeling, Control and Power Management Strategy of a Grid connected Hybrid En...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the detailed modeling of various components of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage tank with a power flow controller. Also, a valve controlled by the proposed controller decides how much amount of fuel is consumed by fuel cell according to the load demand. In this paper fuel cell is used instead of battery bank because fuel cell is free from pollution. The control and power management strategies are also developed. When the PV power is sufficient then it can fulfill the load demand as well as feeds the extra power to the electrolyzer. By using the electrolyzer, the hydrogen is generated from the water and stored in storage tank and this hydrogen act as a fuel to SOFC. If the availability of the power from the PV system cannot fulfill the load demand, then the fuel cell fulfills the required load demand. The SOFC takes required amount of hydrogen as fuel, which is controlled by the PID controller through a valve. Effectiveness of this technology is verified by the help of computer simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under various loading conditions and promising results are obtained.
Fuel cell vehicle projects in texas richard thompson - oct 2010cahouser
The document discusses several hydrogen fuel cell vehicle projects in Texas, including:
1) A test of a 22-passenger hydrogen fuel cell electric shuttle bus that achieved up to 200 miles of range. Data was collected on performance over 8000 miles.
2) Modeling of fuel cell vehicles and their efficiencies compared to diesel and gasoline vehicles.
3) A hydrogen fueling station in Austin that provides fuel for additional vehicles.
4) A Department of Defense program to extend the range of an electric utility vehicle to over 300 miles using hydrogen fuel cells.
Simulation of generalized hybrid model for solar and wind power generationIJERA Editor
Due to urbanization, globalization and industrialization the demand for energy is rapidly increasing allows the world and India is not an exception. Out of all energies electrical energy is playing a major role in developed as well as developing countries. The energy is mostly produced by fossil fuels which are developing day his is to by day .they also produce lot of pollutants which totally damage the environment the alternative to this is to encourage renewable energy source. Now days the energy production at domestic level is becoming popular with the help of solar and wind energies . These technologies are widely used now days in the present paper an attempt has been made to simulate a generalized hybrid model including solar and wind.
The document proposes a smart residential photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage system to reduce energy costs. It presents a system model with PV modules, energy storage elements (EES), and electricity pricing policies. The system uses converters to control energy flow between the PV, storage, and home loads. Simulations show the system with lithium-ion batteries achieves 7-8% more daily cost savings than lead-acid batteries. Advantages include reduced reliance on the electric grid and cleaner energy. Disadvantages are higher initial costs and variable solar output. Future scopes are microinverters and cost competitiveness with conventional energy after 2020.
This document presents a proportional integral (PI) control strategy for power management of a hybrid power system consisting of a fuel cell, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. The strategy controls the battery state of charge using a PI controller to distribute load power among the energy sources. Simulation results show that the battery state of charge is used to determine how load power is shared between the fuel cell, battery, and supercapacitor under varying load conditions. The PI control strategy was able to effectively coordinate the power outputs of the different components to meet the load demand while maintaining the battery state of charge within its limits.
Analysis of Fuel Cell Based Multilevel DC-DC Boost Converter for Induction MotorIJMTST Journal
In this paper new topologies and interleaving modulation concepts for multilevel DC-DC boost converter
enabling a significantly less loss and a reduced chip size of the power semiconductors are proposed. The
distributed generation (DG) systems based on the renewable energy sources have rapidly developed in
recent years. These DG systems are powered by micro sources such as fuel cells, photovoltaic (PV) systems,
and batteries. Fuel cells are considered to be one of the most promising sources of distributed energy because
of their high efficiency, low environmental impact and scalability. Non-isolated high step-up DC-DC
converters are required in the industrial applications. Many of these conventional DC–DC converters have the
disadvantages of operating at high duty-cycle, high switch voltage stress and high diode peak current. A
three-level step up converter is implemented to boost the fuel cell stack voltage of 96V to 340V. The proposed
converter consists a system of fuel cell based Multilevel DC-DC converter with PI controller is modeled and
simulated by using Matlab/Simulink.
This paper discusses about a LabVIEW based controller for the hybrid renewable energy system operated AC-DC microgrid with the major objectives of: i) predicting the power generation potential of the solar–PV and wind generators ii) effective power management iii) load scheduling based on the available power with the renewable sources and iv) grid/islanding mode of operation of the microgrid. In order topredict the output power of wind generator and Solar-PV system, an artificial neural network is developed.The laboratory-scale model of three phase, 400 V, 10 kVA microgrid structure is developed at National Institute of Technology Calicut, India. The developed LabVIEW based controller has been tested successfully for a real-time load and source in the laboratory environment. Test results show that the designed controller is effectively managing the output powerof the primary energy sources under different scenarios.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A grid connected hybrid generation system (HGS) consisting of wind energy conversion System (WECS)/Photo voltaic (PV) System/solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is designed and simulated by using Matlab/Simulink. SOFC is the replacement of battery, attached to produce the clean energy when these renewable energy sources are unable to produce required amount of electric power. A controller is used to regulate the flow of H2 through the valveto the SOFC and the rest amount of H2 is stored in storage tank. Also, an operational control strategy (OCS) is developed to utilize maximum amount of power of PV to the required load and rest amount of power is coming from wind to fulfill the load demand. Hence, the electrolyzer is supplied by the wind power to convert the water in to H2 and oxygen. Also the power quality factor (PQF) analysis is exercised to measure the quality of power transmission.
Standalone photovoltaic array fed induction motor driven water pumping system IJECEIAES
Due to the absence of energy transmission lines connected to the water pumping sites in remote areas, problems related to the electrical power outages and the environmental degradation caused by fossil fuel. For this one of the most conceived solutions is the photovoltaic water pumping technology which has the advantage of being sustainable and respectful of the environment to supply water to rural areas. To ensure the need of water, especially for domestic use and small communities, in this article, the photovoltaic energy system for autonomous water pumping using the induction motor was presented, particularly adapted to the isolated regions. Pumping system consists of four photovoltaic (PV) panels, boost converter, inverter, induction motor, centrifugal pump and a storage tank. In this study, the output power of a PV solar cell is fully used by proposing the P&O algorithm, where it is used to follow a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. The recommended system is designed, modeled and simulated on the MATLAB / Simulink platform. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is observed with variable solar sunshine.
Prioritizing Power demand response for Hydrogen PEMFCElectric Vehicles using ...IJECEIAES
PEMFC powered Hybrid vehicle system is one of an interesting issue for the industry due to its high performances. The PEMFC cannot certainly ensure a sustained required energy in some scenarios. To solve this problem related to PEMFC transient response, a Hybrid Electrical Storage System (HES) is a potential candidate for a solution. The proposed Hybrid Storage system is comprised of the battery (BT) and a Super-Capacitor (SC) components. These components are included to control the hydrogen variations and the fast peak powers scenarios respectively. The SC is used to control PEMFC and the BT slow dynamics at the same times. An accurate Multi-Ways Energy Management System (MW-EMS) is proposed which aims to cooperate with the system components through SC/BT state of charge and a flux calculation. The simulation results are discussed and assessed using MATLAB/ Simulink.
Optimal power scheduling of renewable energy sources in micro-grid via distri...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This research is mainly focusing on the optimal power management by controlling the charging and discharging modes of the battery storage of the micro-grid (MG). A droop-based controller or battery controller is proposed for this work in order to optimize the power management of the battery. Charging and discharging modes are controlled by the droop-based characteristic where it will perform as a battery controller for the battery storage. Furthermore, the charging and discharging rates will depend on the signal from the MG at power secondary and its signal will be read by the battery controller and choose either to charge or discharge the battery storage where it will suffice the energy demand by loads in the micro-grid. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the controller to control sharing the power based on the desired energy from the battery storage to the loads at the MG. Moreover, all the critical cases have been advised, such as sudden decrease or disturbance of any generating unit. The result has been observed that due to sudden decrease or disturbance of any generating unit, the battery controller manages to control the charging and discharging rate based on the insufficient energy caused by the disturbance to fulfil the demand at MG.
Daymark Energy Advisors Principal Consultant Stan Faryniarz spoke on energy storage technologies as part of the session "Storage Project & Policy Successes: Enhancing Renewables Integration & Resilience" at The 2016 Renewable Energy Vermont (REV 2016) Conference.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hybrid energy storage system optimal sizing for urban electrical bus regardin...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an algorithm for sizing the hybrid energy storage system of an urban electrical bus regarding battery thermal behavior. The aim of this study is to get the supercapacitors optimal contribution part in the hybrid energy storage system to keep the battery temperature within its allowable limit. A semi-active parallel topology that uses supercapacitors as a main source of energy is considered. According to the bus mechanical parameters and the ARTEMIS driving cycle, the power and energy demand are calculated. Using mathematical models for the battery, supercapacitors and DC-DC converter, several simulations are performed for different hybridization percentages. While observing the evolution of battery temperature, the most favorable hybridization percentage is defined.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on optimally sizing a hybrid photovoltaic-wind power system for rural electrification in India. The study involves modeling the system components, optimizing the system size based on loss of power supply probability and levelized cost of energy, and simulating the optimal system configuration using MATLAB. The proposed system combines solar panels, wind turbines, and batteries. Simulation results for a specific rural location in India show the optimally sized system meets reliability requirements at lowest cost.
Design of Cost Effective Independent Power System Using Renewables for Rural ...IOSR Journals
This document describes a study of designing a cost effective independent power system for rural villages using renewable energy sources. Six different system designs are modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. The models integrate solar photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, battery storage, and diesel generators in various combinations to analyze their economic and environmental impacts. The study found that incorporating renewable energy sources like solar and wind can help reduce fuel costs and lower emissions compared to diesel-only systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document analyzes the performance of the AODV routing protocol under wormhole attacks in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) simulation using NS2. It first provides background on MANETs, AODV, and wormhole attacks. It then describes the NS2 simulation setup of 16 nodes using the AODV protocol with and without two malicious nodes creating a wormhole. The results show that without a wormhole, packets are successfully delivered to the destination, but with the wormhole, zero throughput is achieved as the malicious nodes drop all packets, preventing delivery to the destination. Therefore, wormhole attacks significantly disrupt routing in AODV-based MANETs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes and compares various algorithms used to implement video surveillance systems, including pixel matching, image matching, and clustering algorithms. It first provides background on video surveillance systems and their need for automatic abnormal motion detection. It then reviews several specific algorithms: pixel matching, agglomerative clustering, reciprocal nearest neighbor pairing, sub-pixel mapping, patch matching, tone mapping, and k-means clustering. For each algorithm, it provides a brief overview of the approach and complexity. The document also discusses image matching algorithms like classic image checking, pixel-based identity checking, and pixel-based similarity checking. Overall, the document analyzes algorithms that can be used to detect and classify motion in video surveillance systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Simulation of generalized hybrid model for solar and wind power generationIJERA Editor
Due to urbanization, globalization and industrialization the demand for energy is rapidly increasing allows the world and India is not an exception. Out of all energies electrical energy is playing a major role in developed as well as developing countries. The energy is mostly produced by fossil fuels which are developing day his is to by day .they also produce lot of pollutants which totally damage the environment the alternative to this is to encourage renewable energy source. Now days the energy production at domestic level is becoming popular with the help of solar and wind energies . These technologies are widely used now days in the present paper an attempt has been made to simulate a generalized hybrid model including solar and wind.
The document proposes a smart residential photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage system to reduce energy costs. It presents a system model with PV modules, energy storage elements (EES), and electricity pricing policies. The system uses converters to control energy flow between the PV, storage, and home loads. Simulations show the system with lithium-ion batteries achieves 7-8% more daily cost savings than lead-acid batteries. Advantages include reduced reliance on the electric grid and cleaner energy. Disadvantages are higher initial costs and variable solar output. Future scopes are microinverters and cost competitiveness with conventional energy after 2020.
This document presents a proportional integral (PI) control strategy for power management of a hybrid power system consisting of a fuel cell, lithium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. The strategy controls the battery state of charge using a PI controller to distribute load power among the energy sources. Simulation results show that the battery state of charge is used to determine how load power is shared between the fuel cell, battery, and supercapacitor under varying load conditions. The PI control strategy was able to effectively coordinate the power outputs of the different components to meet the load demand while maintaining the battery state of charge within its limits.
Analysis of Fuel Cell Based Multilevel DC-DC Boost Converter for Induction MotorIJMTST Journal
In this paper new topologies and interleaving modulation concepts for multilevel DC-DC boost converter
enabling a significantly less loss and a reduced chip size of the power semiconductors are proposed. The
distributed generation (DG) systems based on the renewable energy sources have rapidly developed in
recent years. These DG systems are powered by micro sources such as fuel cells, photovoltaic (PV) systems,
and batteries. Fuel cells are considered to be one of the most promising sources of distributed energy because
of their high efficiency, low environmental impact and scalability. Non-isolated high step-up DC-DC
converters are required in the industrial applications. Many of these conventional DC–DC converters have the
disadvantages of operating at high duty-cycle, high switch voltage stress and high diode peak current. A
three-level step up converter is implemented to boost the fuel cell stack voltage of 96V to 340V. The proposed
converter consists a system of fuel cell based Multilevel DC-DC converter with PI controller is modeled and
simulated by using Matlab/Simulink.
This paper discusses about a LabVIEW based controller for the hybrid renewable energy system operated AC-DC microgrid with the major objectives of: i) predicting the power generation potential of the solar–PV and wind generators ii) effective power management iii) load scheduling based on the available power with the renewable sources and iv) grid/islanding mode of operation of the microgrid. In order topredict the output power of wind generator and Solar-PV system, an artificial neural network is developed.The laboratory-scale model of three phase, 400 V, 10 kVA microgrid structure is developed at National Institute of Technology Calicut, India. The developed LabVIEW based controller has been tested successfully for a real-time load and source in the laboratory environment. Test results show that the designed controller is effectively managing the output powerof the primary energy sources under different scenarios.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A grid connected hybrid generation system (HGS) consisting of wind energy conversion System (WECS)/Photo voltaic (PV) System/solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is designed and simulated by using Matlab/Simulink. SOFC is the replacement of battery, attached to produce the clean energy when these renewable energy sources are unable to produce required amount of electric power. A controller is used to regulate the flow of H2 through the valveto the SOFC and the rest amount of H2 is stored in storage tank. Also, an operational control strategy (OCS) is developed to utilize maximum amount of power of PV to the required load and rest amount of power is coming from wind to fulfill the load demand. Hence, the electrolyzer is supplied by the wind power to convert the water in to H2 and oxygen. Also the power quality factor (PQF) analysis is exercised to measure the quality of power transmission.
Standalone photovoltaic array fed induction motor driven water pumping system IJECEIAES
Due to the absence of energy transmission lines connected to the water pumping sites in remote areas, problems related to the electrical power outages and the environmental degradation caused by fossil fuel. For this one of the most conceived solutions is the photovoltaic water pumping technology which has the advantage of being sustainable and respectful of the environment to supply water to rural areas. To ensure the need of water, especially for domestic use and small communities, in this article, the photovoltaic energy system for autonomous water pumping using the induction motor was presented, particularly adapted to the isolated regions. Pumping system consists of four photovoltaic (PV) panels, boost converter, inverter, induction motor, centrifugal pump and a storage tank. In this study, the output power of a PV solar cell is fully used by proposing the P&O algorithm, where it is used to follow a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. The recommended system is designed, modeled and simulated on the MATLAB / Simulink platform. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is observed with variable solar sunshine.
Prioritizing Power demand response for Hydrogen PEMFCElectric Vehicles using ...IJECEIAES
PEMFC powered Hybrid vehicle system is one of an interesting issue for the industry due to its high performances. The PEMFC cannot certainly ensure a sustained required energy in some scenarios. To solve this problem related to PEMFC transient response, a Hybrid Electrical Storage System (HES) is a potential candidate for a solution. The proposed Hybrid Storage system is comprised of the battery (BT) and a Super-Capacitor (SC) components. These components are included to control the hydrogen variations and the fast peak powers scenarios respectively. The SC is used to control PEMFC and the BT slow dynamics at the same times. An accurate Multi-Ways Energy Management System (MW-EMS) is proposed which aims to cooperate with the system components through SC/BT state of charge and a flux calculation. The simulation results are discussed and assessed using MATLAB/ Simulink.
Optimal power scheduling of renewable energy sources in micro-grid via distri...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This research is mainly focusing on the optimal power management by controlling the charging and discharging modes of the battery storage of the micro-grid (MG). A droop-based controller or battery controller is proposed for this work in order to optimize the power management of the battery. Charging and discharging modes are controlled by the droop-based characteristic where it will perform as a battery controller for the battery storage. Furthermore, the charging and discharging rates will depend on the signal from the MG at power secondary and its signal will be read by the battery controller and choose either to charge or discharge the battery storage where it will suffice the energy demand by loads in the micro-grid. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the controller to control sharing the power based on the desired energy from the battery storage to the loads at the MG. Moreover, all the critical cases have been advised, such as sudden decrease or disturbance of any generating unit. The result has been observed that due to sudden decrease or disturbance of any generating unit, the battery controller manages to control the charging and discharging rate based on the insufficient energy caused by the disturbance to fulfil the demand at MG.
Daymark Energy Advisors Principal Consultant Stan Faryniarz spoke on energy storage technologies as part of the session "Storage Project & Policy Successes: Enhancing Renewables Integration & Resilience" at The 2016 Renewable Energy Vermont (REV 2016) Conference.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hybrid energy storage system optimal sizing for urban electrical bus regardin...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an algorithm for sizing the hybrid energy storage system of an urban electrical bus regarding battery thermal behavior. The aim of this study is to get the supercapacitors optimal contribution part in the hybrid energy storage system to keep the battery temperature within its allowable limit. A semi-active parallel topology that uses supercapacitors as a main source of energy is considered. According to the bus mechanical parameters and the ARTEMIS driving cycle, the power and energy demand are calculated. Using mathematical models for the battery, supercapacitors and DC-DC converter, several simulations are performed for different hybridization percentages. While observing the evolution of battery temperature, the most favorable hybridization percentage is defined.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study on optimally sizing a hybrid photovoltaic-wind power system for rural electrification in India. The study involves modeling the system components, optimizing the system size based on loss of power supply probability and levelized cost of energy, and simulating the optimal system configuration using MATLAB. The proposed system combines solar panels, wind turbines, and batteries. Simulation results for a specific rural location in India show the optimally sized system meets reliability requirements at lowest cost.
Design of Cost Effective Independent Power System Using Renewables for Rural ...IOSR Journals
This document describes a study of designing a cost effective independent power system for rural villages using renewable energy sources. Six different system designs are modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. The models integrate solar photovoltaic cells, wind turbines, battery storage, and diesel generators in various combinations to analyze their economic and environmental impacts. The study found that incorporating renewable energy sources like solar and wind can help reduce fuel costs and lower emissions compared to diesel-only systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document analyzes the performance of the AODV routing protocol under wormhole attacks in a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) simulation using NS2. It first provides background on MANETs, AODV, and wormhole attacks. It then describes the NS2 simulation setup of 16 nodes using the AODV protocol with and without two malicious nodes creating a wormhole. The results show that without a wormhole, packets are successfully delivered to the destination, but with the wormhole, zero throughput is achieved as the malicious nodes drop all packets, preventing delivery to the destination. Therefore, wormhole attacks significantly disrupt routing in AODV-based MANETs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes and compares various algorithms used to implement video surveillance systems, including pixel matching, image matching, and clustering algorithms. It first provides background on video surveillance systems and their need for automatic abnormal motion detection. It then reviews several specific algorithms: pixel matching, agglomerative clustering, reciprocal nearest neighbor pairing, sub-pixel mapping, patch matching, tone mapping, and k-means clustering. For each algorithm, it provides a brief overview of the approach and complexity. The document also discusses image matching algorithms like classic image checking, pixel-based identity checking, and pixel-based similarity checking. Overall, the document analyzes algorithms that can be used to detect and classify motion in video surveillance systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document presents a new topology for a cascaded multilevel inverter powered by a photovoltaic system. The proposed system uses a high frequency transformer to generate the DC bus voltage for an auxiliary inverter from the main inverter's DC bus. This reduces the number of isolated DC sources needed by half, lowering costs. A natural balancing of voltages between the main and auxiliary inverters is achieved through the transformer turns ratio, simplifying control. The system was simulated using static loads to validate the control scheme.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes the categorization of clay deposits in the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja, Nigeria. Samples were collected from three locations - Sheda, Abaji, and Karimu - and tested to determine their chemical composition and properties. The chemical analysis showed that all samples contained high percentages of silica and alumina, classifying them as alumino-silicates. Their properties were also measured, such as specific gravity, density, porosity, and were found to be within internationally accepted ranges. The refractoriness of over 1300°C indicates the samples could be used as insulating materials.
This document summarizes research on congestion and fairness issues in wireless mesh networks. The researchers found that:
1) Wireless mesh networks using CSMA/CA MAC protocols can experience "starvation", where one-hop flows receive most bandwidth while competing multi-hop flows receive almost nothing.
2) Through experiments on an operational urban mesh network, they confirmed starvation occurs and isolated that only a one-hop TCP flow coupled with a two-hop TCP flow is needed to induce it.
3) They developed an analytical model to understand the causes of starvation as the interaction of MAC-layer biases, congestion control loops, and penalties of switching between network states.
4) Their model suggests a "
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document describes the design and simulation of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna and an I-slotted microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication. The rectangular antenna was designed to operate at 5.3 GHz but had a narrow bandwidth of 88 MHz and gain of 7.1 dBi. An I-slot was then cut into the patch to enhance the bandwidth and gain. The I-slotted antenna achieved a 20.45% increased bandwidth of 106 MHz and higher gain of 7.24 dBi at 5.3 GHz. Simulation results showed the I-slotted antenna had improved performance over the rectangular patch in terms of bandwidth, gain, voltage standing wave ratio, and efficiency. The enhanced antenna could potentially be useful for various
This document proposes implementing a product Reed-Solomon code on an FPGA chip for a NAND flash memory controller to correct errors. It discusses using a (255,223) product Reed-Solomon code with two shortened RS codes arranged column-wise and one conventional RS code arranged row-wise. This structure allows correcting multiple random and burst errors. The proposed coding scheme is tested on an FPGA simulator and can correct up to 16 symbol errors, providing lower decoding complexity than BCH codes commonly used for NAND flash memories.
This document discusses the design and implementation of a modified Booth multiplier on an FPGA. It begins with an introduction to fixed-width multipliers and the truncation error that occurs. It then describes how the partial product matrix of a Booth multiplier can be modified to reduce this error. The rest of the document details the implementation, including the modified Booth encoder and decoder, generation of partial products, shifting of partial products, two's complement arithmetic, addition of partial products, and comparison of the modified Booth multiplier to a standard multiplier in terms of complexity, power consumption, and delay.
This document discusses the production and characterization of nano-ZnO doped aluminium composites. Nano ZnO powder was synthesized using solution combustion synthesis and characterized using XRD and SEM/EDX. ZnO/Al powder blends with varying ZnO content were fabricated into blocks using powder metallurgy. The microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the blocks were then evaluated. Results showed that microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance increased with up to 1 wt% ZnO addition. The optimal microhardness and microstructure occurred at 1 wt% ZnO, while the sample with 5 wt% ZnO exhibited best wear resistance.
This document discusses several circuit-level techniques for reducing leakage current in cache memories to lower power consumption. It describes gated-Vdd, which uses an extra transistor to gate the supply voltage in unused sections of the cache, reducing leakage through stacking effect. It also covers data retention gated-ground cache, which employs a similar extra transistor between ground and the bitline to gate the supply virtually. Additionally, it discusses drowsy cache, which slightly reduces the supply voltage and threshold voltage of unused sections. Finally, asymmetric SRAM cell design is presented, which uses high-Vth transistors for non-critical paths to lower leakage. Evaluation of these techniques shows trade-offs between leakage reduction and performance impacts like increased read time
This document discusses using geographic information systems (GIS) to optimize transportation routes. It provides background on how GIS can be used to determine optimal routes between origins and destinations to minimize travel time and distance. The document then reviews several past studies that used GIS techniques like shortest path algorithms, genetic algorithms, and network analysis to optimize bus routes and emergency vehicle routes. It concludes that GIS is a powerful tool for transportation planning and analysis by allowing transportation networks and schedules to be visualized and optimal routes to be determined quickly and accurately.
This document discusses various techniques for enhancing thermal images, including converting images to grayscale, histogram equalization, filtering, morphology, and fast Fourier transforms (FFT). It provides examples of enhancing thermal images using these techniques and compares the results. Histogram equalization, linear filtering, and morphology were shown to improve image clarity and contrast. FFT transforms the image domain and can be used to obtain a restored image. The techniques allow for extracting useful information from thermal images for applications like quality control, diagnostics, and research.
Ensayo 3... retroceden los precios en torreónpacogalindo19
La inflación en Torreón registró una baja de 0.12% por segundo mes consecutivo en marzo, ubicando la inflación anual en 2.89%, inferior al promedio nacional. A nivel nacional, la inflación general de marzo fue de 0.06%, la más baja para ese mes desde 2006, principalmente debido a la contracción de precios de productos agrícolas. El INEGI reportó que algunos productos como el tomate verde y el pollo tuvieron precios a la baja, mientras que otros como la gasolina y la carne de res aumentaron de
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power GenerationIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The
energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power
flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be
stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult
task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months
a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess
electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen
is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This
work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of
Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an
effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The
pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality
under different operating conditions and load excursions
DESIGN AND MODELLING OF STANDALONE HYBRID POWER SYSTEM WITH MATLAB/SIMULINKMichael George
This paper presents a standalone hybrid power system using wind/PV/diesel/Battery energy system with Matlab/Simulink environment. PV & Wind are the primary power sources of the system and battery is used as a backup for long run application. Here we have also compare the performance of PV/Wind/Battery connected system with PV/Wind/Diesel connected hybrid power system. The most frequently used renewable energy sources are those consisting of PV module and/or wind Turbine with/or Diesel generator, and some energy storage or backup system.
This document analyzes the performance of a hybrid power system combining wind turbines, photovoltaic cells, and fuel cells. It first discusses the individual output characteristics of each technology. It then shows how the outputs can be combined on a common bus and conditioned to supply power to loads or the electric grid. Graphs demonstrate the combined output power is higher than the individual components alone. The conclusion is that the hybrid model improves efficiency over a basic wind/solar model by adding the additional output from fuel cells.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Role of power electronics in renewable and non renewable sourcesRayudu Mahesh
The document discusses the role of power electronics in renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It describes several renewable energy systems that use power electronics including wind turbines, photovoltaic solar panels, and wave energy converters. It also discusses some non-renewable systems like internal combustion engines, microturbines, and fuel cells. Power electronics provide flexibility to integrate energy storage, maximize output of renewable sources, and improve the overall efficiency of energy generation and delivery to the electric grid.
This document discusses the role of power electronics in coupling non-renewable and renewable energy systems to electric grids. It describes how power electronics can be used to interface systems like fuel cells, solar panels, wind turbines, and microturbines to convert their output to the required grid voltage and frequency. The document outlines several types of non-renewable systems like internal combustion engines and microturbines as well as renewable systems including wind, solar, and wave energy. It provides examples of how power electronics topologies can be applied to efficiently couple each type of system and allow for functions like maximum power point tracking and grid support services.
Enhancement of Voltage Stability by using Fuel Cell as Shunt CompensatorIRJET Journal
This document proposes using a fuel cell system as a shunt compensator to enhance voltage stability in a power distribution system. It models a proton exchange membrane fuel cell connected to a boost converter and three-phase inverter to inject power into the grid. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show that connecting the fuel cell compensator maintains voltage levels closer to acceptable ranges when additional loads are added, improving voltage stability, compared to the system without the compensator. The fuel cell system with power electronic interfaces provides flexible distributed generation and reactive power support to enhance power quality and reliability.
Experimental study on transient response of fuel celljournalBEEI
This research work discusses a control strategy to enhance the transient response of the fuel cell and boost the real and reactive power flow from grid connected to fuel cell. The current output of the fuel cell depends on the availability of hydrogen in the fuel cell stack, a battery bank is implemented to supply the transient current and to prevent it from hydrogen saturation. The battery should only supply when there is a transient. During steady state the total power is produced by the fuel cell by regulating its hydrogen input. A prototype of the system will be created to study a control scheme which regulates the current from an input source and a battery which is connected to a dc motor. The control philosophy is based on d-q transformation and subsequently generating a reference signal that is tracked by an IGBT based inverter. The speed of the motor is controlled using pulse with modulation. The dynamic modeling of the standalone fuel cell that is connected to a dc motor is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. The simulation results show that the control scheme works well, although the dynamic response of the system can be improved. The testing carried on the prototype proves that the concept works well, but a hydrogen control scheme should be developed to improve the efficiency of the control scheme.
This document describes a hybrid energy management system based on a fuzzy logic controller for power distribution. The system uses four power sources - wind power, photovoltaics, fuel cells, and electric power - connected to a common DC bus. An automatic energy management system provides load sharing between the power sources based on the load demand. Experimental results show that the system can successfully meet different load levels of 1000W, 2000W, and 3000W by distributing power from the sources according to the fuzzy logic controller and without wasted power.
Fuzzy logic control of hybrid systems including renewable energy in microgrids IJECEIAES
With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and indispensable to move toward an effective, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most well-known term used to define this next generation power system is micro grid (MG) based on renewable energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this paper we present a fuzzy logic control of isolated hybrid systems (HRES) including renewable energy in micro-grids to maintain a stability in voltage and frequency output especially in the standalone application. The considered HRES combine a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources and an energy storage system (ESS) based on battery as a backup solution. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the electricity bill of customer.
IRJET- Modeling, Simulation and Control of a Photovoltaic Energy System w...IRJET Journal
The document presents a photovoltaic (PV) energy system with a fuel cell backup to ensure continuous operation of connected loads. The PV array normally powers the loads when solar irradiance is within its nominal range. When irradiance falls below a threshold, the fuel cell takes over to feed the loads. The proposed hybrid system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Results show the system can efficiently address the intermittent nature of PV power by integrating a fuel cell backup.
1. The document describes a control system for a fuel cell based distributed generation system. It includes mathematical models of the solid oxide fuel cell stack, DC/DC boost converters, and three-phase voltage source inverter.
2. Controllers are designed for the DC/DC converters and inverter using PI control schemes. A MATLAB/Simulink model is developed combining the individual component models and controllers.
3. Simulation results are presented showing the system performance, including its ability to regulate real and reactive power on the distribution system.
A New Topology for High Level Hybrid Cascaded Multilevel Inverter Motor Drive...IOSR Journals
1) The document proposes a new hybrid cascaded multilevel inverter topology for motor drives that interfaces both DC sources and capacitor energy storage.
2) In the proposed topology, the capacitor is controlled to provide reactive power compensation and cancel lower order harmonics, while the main converter supplies real power with reduced switching losses.
3) The topology can also be modified such that the capacitor energy storage provides both reactive power compensation and real power support during acceleration and braking, absorbing regenerative energy.
In this paper, a complete description of dynamic modeling of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is given. For modeling of fuel cell for software based study, calculation of all voltage drops during chemical reaction of fuel is required. Additionally a flow chart of fuel cell output voltage calculation is also explained which includes fuel cell voltage, double layer charging effect, thermodynamic response and terminal voltage of fuel cell. By using ac to dc converter, the fuel cell power can be connected to load or grid. Based on this study, a mathematical model of fuel cell is developed in simulink software MATLAB to obtain output characteristic of fuel cell. Pratik Mochi | Mihir Bhatt"Dynamic Modeling of PEMFC and SOFC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11087.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/11087/dynamic-modeling-of-pemfc-and-sofc/pratik-mochi
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
This document summarizes a research paper about coordinating and controlling hybrid wind generator power systems. It describes a hybrid power system that includes a wind generator, fuel cells, electrolyzers, and supercapacitors. Two power management strategies are presented: the grid-following strategy and the source-following strategy. The grid-following strategy regulates the DC bus voltage by adjusting the power exchanged with the grid, while allowing the wind generator to operate at maximum power point tracking. The source-following strategy controls the grid's active power using a current loop and regulates the DC bus voltage using the wind generator and storage units. It is observed that the source-following strategy provides better grid regulation performance than the grid-following strategy under normal and abnormal conditions
This document summarizes a paper that presents a hybrid model for simulating the steady-state and dynamic behavior of a PEM fuel cell stack. The hybrid model combines an empirical model to represent the steady-state voltage-current relationship with an electrical circuit model to capture dynamic behavior. The model achieves over 93% accuracy in modeling experimental stack performance under steady and transient conditions. Fuel cells show promise for distributed power generation and transportation due to their high efficiency, low emissions, and ability to use hydrogen produced from renewable sources.
IRJET- Simulation of Solar PV and DG based Hybrid Micro GridIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that simulated a hybrid microgrid system combining solar photovoltaics and a diesel generator to provide electricity for rural areas. The system was modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and included solar PV panels, a diesel generator, boost converters, an inverter, a DC bus, an AC bus, loads and a dump load. The solar PV was designed to produce 1.5 kW of power and the diesel generator was also designed for 1.5 kW, with both sources combined to generate a total of 3 kW for off-grid use. The simulation examined the operation and control of the hybrid system components to stabilize power supply from the various renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
10. Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Systems (Benny Yeung).pdfSATHISHKUMARS801314
Renewable energy systems require power conditioning to integrate with the electric grid. They may utilize energy storage systems to store excess energy for times when renewable generation is low. Key points:
1) Renewable sources like solar and wind utilize power converters for maximum power point tracking and voltage regulation before connecting to the grid.
2) Energy storage systems store excess renewable energy in batteries, hydrogen, or other means. Batteries provide immediate storage while hydrogen can be transported and stored.
3) Renewable energy networks integrate diverse renewable generators and energy storage to supply power to the electric grid and various loads.
TESTING OF SOLAR-DIESEL HYBRID POWER PLANT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEMSIAEME Publication
The development of power generation capacity requires a parallel and
interconnected work system with one another. However for different plants requires a
hybrid system. This is a solution for remote areas that still use Genset / PLTD as a
source of electrical energy to serve consumers / load
This study aims to examine the charging current of a solar energy hybrid
generator with a Genset / Diesel and the time used to fill the accumulator in
conditions without load and load conditions. The results showed that the solar energy
hybrid generator and Genset / Diesel prototypes were able to produce electrical
power at 08.00 - 17.00 in the average sunny weather of 290.7 Wp without loading and
at the time of load of 236.4 Wp. At night, the energy stored in the battery is converted
into electrical energy to supply the load. Thus it can save electrical energy.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
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Ah33186193
1. Y Jaganmohan Reddy, Y V Pavan Kumar, K Padma Raju, Anilkumar Ramsesh / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.186-193
186 | P a g e
PLC Based Energy Management and Control Design for an
Alternative Energy Power System with Improved Power Quality
Y Jaganmohan Reddy*, Y V Pavan Kumar*, K Padma Raju†
, Anilkumar Ramsesh*
*
Honeywell Technology Solutions Lab (Pvt) Ltd, Hyderabad, India
†
Department of ECE, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, India
Abstract-- This paper describes modeling and
simulation of a renewable energy based hybrid
power system in the aspects of improving power
quality, energy management and control, because
optimal utilization of primary energy sources will
increase the level of supply reliability. In order to
meet sustained load demands during varying
natural conditions, different renewable energy
sources and converters are need to be integrated
with each other. The paper focuses on the
combination of Photo Voltaic (PV) cell System,
Wind turbine system, Fuel cell (FC), and Battery
systems for power generation, and to improve
power quality we are proposing Motor-
Generator model instead of using static
converters, and an energy management and
control unit using Programmable Logic
Controller (PLC). Since wind turbine output
power varies with the wind speed, the PV cell
output power varies with both the temperature
and irradiance, and a FC output power varies
with input fuel, and so, along with DC Motor,
Diesel engine is also coupled to ensure that the
overall system performs under all conditions,
especially when PV, Wind, FC power is not
enough to drive DC motor. Excess energy when
available, is converted to hydrogen using an
electrolyzer for later use in the fuel cell for the
economic use of fuel. The results show that the
proposed hybrid power system can effectively
manage the optimal utilization of primary energy
sources and improves the power quality in both
islanding mode and as well as grid connected
mode.
Keywords—Hybrid Power system, Renewable
energy Sources, DC Motor-Synchronous
Generator set, Diesel engine, Islanding (Isolated)
mode and grid connected mode, and Energy
Management, PLCs.
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy demand in isolated mode or grid
connected mode of applications is steadily
increasing. Thus, it is very important to meet the
continually increasing demand of power. On the
other hand, there is a social interest for global
environmental concerns such as green house effect
and global warming and a reduction in fossil fuel
resources. The solution for these issues can be
considered from the recent research and
development of alternative energy sources which
has excellent potential as a form of contribution to
conventional power generation system. i.e., to
introduce renewable energy, such as Photovoltaic,
Fuel cell and wind energy. This is clean and
abundantly available in nature, offers many
advantages over conventional power generation
system, such as low pollution, high efficiency,
diversity of fuels, reusability of exhausts, and onsite
installation. The system consists of PV panels, wind
power system and fuel cell system. Electrolyzers are
used to absorb the rapidly fluctuating output power
with load and generate hydrogen. The generated
hydrogen is stored in the hydrogen tank and used as
fuel for fuel cells, which reduces the fuel cost.
Combining several different types of power
sources will form the system called "Hybrid Power
system". Hybrid power systems (HPS) combine two
or more energy conversion devices, or two or more
fuels for the same device, that when integrated,
overcome limitations inherent in either. Hybrid
power systems are designed for the generation and
use of electrical power. They are available in two
modes; namely islanding (isolating) mode and grid
connected mode. In general, a hybrid power system
might contain alternating current (AC) diesel
generators, an AC distribution system, a Direct
current (DC) distribution system, loads, renewable
power sources, energy storage, power converters,
rotary converters, coupled diesel system, dump
loads, load management options, or a supervisory.
In the system, the output of the renewable
sources cannot feed the load directly because their
voltage fluctuations are so large that they will
damage the concerned load. So first it needs to be
conditioned, for that generally dc-dc/ac-dc
converters are used. Thus the varying voltage can be
brought to required value and specified variations
limits by varying the duty ratio of the converters,
and then connected to DC bus.
II. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The DC bus voltage is now used to drive
the DC motor coupled to the synchronous generator.
Electrical power should be produced exactly at the
same time when it is needed. It may not be possible
for renewable energy sources like wind, PV, and FC
2. Y Jaganmohan Reddy, Y V Pavan Kumar, K Padma Raju, Anilkumar Ramsesh / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.186-193
187 | P a g e
to produce sufficient energy to drive DC motor
coupled to synchronous generator at all the time,
since their operation depends on varying natural
conditions. So, diesel engine is also coupled to
synchronous generator to avoid shortages of power.
In the proposed system shown in figure.1, the
DC motor, Alternator and Diesel Engine are
mechanically connected using an electrical clutch.
The DC bus is used for integrating all the sources
and storage of energy like PV, Wind, battery, etc.
To have an optimum, efficient and reliable operation
of the complex system consist of various power
sources, a control is needed. Hence microgrid
controller which also acts as Energy management
unit is designed using PLC. Modeling and
simulations are conducted using
MATLAB/Simulink [1] to verify the effectiveness
of the proposed system.
Figure.1. Proposed System Block diagram
III. MODELING AND SIMULATION
A. Fuel cells
A fuel cell is a device that uses hydrogen as
a fuel to produce electrons, protons, heat and water.
Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert
the chemical energy of a reaction directly into
electrical energy. It must respond quickly to changes
in load and have low maintenance requirement as
well as a long cell life [2].The basic building block
of a fuel cell consists of an electrolyte layer in
contact with a porous anode and cathode on either
side. In the Schematic of fuel cell, gaseous fuels are
fed continuously to the anode, and an oxidant i.e.,
oxygen from air, is fed continuously to the cathode
compartment, the electrochemical reactions take
place at the electrodes to produce an electric current.
A fuel cell is individual small unit of around 1.2V.
A group of units are connected in series and in
parallel to get required voltage and current ratings,
that group is called fuel cell stack [3]. Current fuel
cells, when operated alone have efficiencies of
about 40%-55%. Fuel cell technology is based upon
the simple combustion reaction,
2H2 +O2 2H2O
(1)
Hydrogen and oxygen pass over each of the
electrodes and through means of a chemical
reaction, electricity, heat and water are produced.
Figure.2. Performance of fuel cell Figure.3. V-I
characteristics of fuel cell with change in fuel
pressure
Fuel cell is modeled in Matlab/Simulink
with the help of modeling equations given as the
thermodynamic potential E is defined via a Nernst
equation in expanded form as [4]
E=1.229-0.85*10-3
*(T-298.15) +
4.3085*10-5
*T* (lnPH2+lnPo2)
(2)
The concentration of dissolved oxygen at the
gas/liquid interface can be defined by a Henry’s law
Co2=Po2 / (5.08*106
exp (-498/T))
(3)
The parametric equation for the over-voltage
due to activation and internal resistance developed
from the empirical analysis is given as
ήact = -0.9514+0.00312T – 0.000187 T ln(i)
+
7.4 * 10-5
T ln (Co2)
(4)
Ract = 0.01605 – 3.5 * 10-5
T + 8 * 10-5
I
(5) Ra = - ήact / i
(6)
The combined effect of thermodynamics,
mass transport, kinetics, and ohmic resistance
determines the output voltage of the cell as
V = E – vact + ήohmic
(7)
The steady state fuel cell model described
above indicates that the current drawn, cell
temperature, H2 pressure, and O2 pressure will
affect the fuel cell output voltage. A drop in fuel cell
voltage can be compensated by an increase in fuel
pressure.
The ohmic voltage loss in the fuel cell is given by
ήohmic = -i*Rint
(8)
3. Y Jaganmohan Reddy, Y V Pavan Kumar, K Padma Raju, Anilkumar Ramsesh / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.186-193
188 | P a g e
The fuel cell system consists of a stack of 65
similar cells connected in series. Therefore, the total
stack voltage is given by Vstack = 65* Vcell (9)
The amount of hydrogen and oxygen
consumed in the fuel cell depends upon the input
and output flow rates and the current drawn out of
the fuel cell. It also depends upon the volume of the
electrodes. If the incoming and outgoing flow rates
(mol/s) are known, then the gas pressure within the
fuel cell humidifier can be determined using the
mole conservation principle. Figure 4, shows the
Simulink model of fuel cell.
For the fuel cell anode
(Va/RT)
dt
dPH2
=m´H2in–(ρH2UA)out–(I/2F) (10)
Similarly, the equation for the cathode is
(Va/RT)
dt
dPO2
= mo2 in – (ρO2 UA) out – (I/4F) (11)
Figure.4.Simulink model of fuel cell
B. Electrolyzer
The decomposition of water into hydrogen and
oxygen can be achieved by passing an electric
current between two electrodes separated by an
aqueous electrolyte [5], [6]. The total reaction for
splitting water is;
H2O (1) +electrical energy = H2 + ½ O2 (g) (12)
A water electrolyzer consists of several
electrolyzer cells connected in series. The current
vs. voltage characteristics of an electrolyzer depend
upon its working temperature, According to
Faraday’s law, the production rate of hydrogen in an
electrolyzer cell is directly proportional to the
transfer rate of electrons at the electrodes, which in
turn is equivalent to the electrical current in the
circuit.
ήH2 = ήF ήc ie/2/F (mol/s) (13)
Faraday efficiency is the ratio between the
actual and theoretical maximum amount of
hydrogen produced in the electrolyzer. Assuming an
electrolyzer working temperature of 40o
C, Faraday
efficiency (in percent) can be given as
ήF = 96.5 exp (0.09/Ie – 75.5/ie
2
) (14)
The two equations above give a simple
electrolyzer model with the assumption that the
electrolyzer has an independent cooling system to
maintain its temperature at 400
C. For simplification,
dynamic modeling of the electrolyzer and fuel cell’s
auxiliary equipment, such as hydrogen storage
vessel, compressor, piping, valves etc., was not
considered.
Figure.5. Electrolyzer subsystem model
C. PV Panel
Photovoltaic/solar cell is the device which
converts sunlight into electricity directly of which
magnitude of current and voltage depends on many
factors like temperature, solar irradiation, and wave
length of incident photon etc. the solar cell produces
DC supply.
A solar cell module is the basic element of
each photovoltaic system. It consists of many jointly
connected solar cells. A number of solar cell models
have been developed, but the one diode electrical
equivalent circuit is commonly used for cell based
or module based analysis. It consists of a diode, a
current source, a series resistance and a parallel
resistance. The current source generates the photo-
current that is a function of the incident solar cell
radiation and temperature [7], [8].
This voltage loss is expressed by a series
resistance (Rs). Furthermore leakage currents are
described by a parallel resistance (Rsh). However,
the series resistance is very small and the parallel
resistance is very large [8]. So we can ignore Rs and
Rsh.
Figure.6. solar cell (a) equivalent circuit (b)
simplified circuit
4. Y Jaganmohan Reddy, Y V Pavan Kumar, K Padma Raju, Anilkumar Ramsesh / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.186-193
189 | P a g e
Figure.7. PV array V-I characteristics
PV panel is modeled in Simulink [10]. Figure
8, shows Simulink model of PV panel. The
modeling equations used to develop the PV panel
model are;
The solar cell current equation is
mpI1(t)tt0.002E(t)aTα
stE
(t)ttE
1
OCV2C
mpV
exp1C1SCIPVI
(15
)
The solar cell voltage equation is
(t)tt0.02E(t)aTβ
stE
(t)ttE
0.0539log1mpVPVV (16
)
ocVC
mpV
scI
mpV
C
2
exp11
(17)
scI
mpI
ocV
mpV
C
1ln
1
2 (18)
Figure.8. Simulink model of PV panel
D. Wind Power
The power output of wind turbine is
relating to wind speed with a cubic ratio. The power
curve of the wind turbine AIR 403 studied is
nonlinear, [10] which is digitized and the resulting
table is used for simulation as Fig. 3. Both the first
order moment of inertia (J) and a friction based
dynamic model for the wind turbine rotor, and a first
order model for the permanent magnet generator are
adopted. The dynamics of the wind turbine due to its
rotor inertia and generator are added by considering
the wind turbine response as a second order slightly
under-damped system [7], [9]. Using this simple
approach, small wind turbine dynamic is modeled as
Pg(s)/Pwt(s) = 0.25/ (s2
+0.707s+0.25)
(19)
Figure.9. Simulink model of Wind turbine
E. DC Motor-Synchronous Generator set
In order to improve power quality, the DC
bus voltage is used to drive motor-generator set as
shown in the following figure.10, instead of giving
to static converters. This is modeled as figure.12.
Figure.10. Synchronous generator with prime mover
DC motor
Figure.11. Speed control of a sep excited DC motor
5. Y Jaganmohan Reddy, Y V Pavan Kumar, K Padma Raju, Anilkumar Ramsesh / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.186-193
190 | P a g e
Figure.12. Simulink model of DC motor, Diesel
engine-Generator set
F. Diesel Engine setup
To simulate the complete dynamics of a
diesel engine system, a very large order model will
be required. However for most studies on speed
dynamics of internal combustion engines, it is
sufficient to use a lower order model [11]. Similar
approaches have been adopted in diesel engine
simulation studies.
Figure.13. Block diagram of a diesel engine system
Figure.14. Governor & diesel engine subsystem
G. Proposed Hybrid power system model
Figure.15. Proposed Hybrid power system model using Simulink
IV. ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND
CONTROL SYSTEM
The energy management system (EMS)
switches the mode of power supply, and controls
the load share according to the condition of wind
power, solar radiation, Fuel cell power and load
requirement. In general wind speed and solar
radiation changes at random, in that conditions
energy management plays important role.
Generated power of hybrid system is compare with
the load. If generated power exceeds the load, then
excess power will be collected by the electrolyzer.
The electrolyzer can produce H2 gas and is stored in
H2 reservoir tank. Energy management unit monitors
the H2 reservoir tank. If H2 reservoir tank is full, and
hence excess power is used to charge the battery.
The storage batteries compensate the load supply
when the output power from the wind power
generator , Solar and fuel cell is deficient. And its
charging status is also monitored by the EMS on-
6. Y Jaganmohan Reddy, Y V Pavan Kumar, K Padma Raju, Anilkumar Ramsesh / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.186-193
191 | P a g e
time. If the load is more than the generated power,
then the load is connected to the grid. In that case the
EMS checks for the frequency and controls it.
In the relatively low capacity of the micro-
gird power systems, there are flexible choices for
demand side to increase the efficiency of the system
operation and economics. Therefore, using demand
side management to opportunely control load, would
reduce the need of generation capacity and increase
the utilization of renewable generation devices and
accordingly increase the efficiency of generation
investment. Integration of the all blocks by using
EMS can provide flexible energy consumption
management solution for improving power quality of
the renewable energy hybrid micro grid power
system. The hybrid power system is based on multi-
agents theory [12], so the control subsystem is
regarded as an agent. It is composed of
programmable logic controller (PLC), human-
machine interface (HMI), grid-connected control
module, AC multi-function electric power meters,
and DC electric power meters, RS485/TCP
converter etc., to control and manage the operation
of multi-source, such as power grid, wind turbine
generation, solar photovoltaic, storage batteries and
loads, also to acquire data and communicate with
others.
The system is composed of several
modules. Their functions are controlled by PLC, the
controller of the subsystem, is FBs-40MAT from
FATEK. It is responsible for energy management
and control of the whole system.
By considering the above mentioned
conditions as reference PLC is programmed. More
recently, PLCs are programmed using application
software on personal computers. The computer is
connected to the PLC through Ethernet, RS-232, RS-
485 or RS-422 cabling. The programming software
allows entry and editing of the ladder-style logic.
Generally the software provides functions for
debugging and troubleshooting the PLC software,
for example, by highlighting portions of the logic to
show current status during operation or via
simulation. The software will upload and download
the PLC program, for backup and restoration
purposes. In some models of programmable
controller, the program is transferred from a personal
computer to the PLC though a programming board
which writes the program into a removable chip such
as an EEPROM or EPROM.
PLCs have built in communications ports,
usually 9-pin RS-232, but optionally EIA-485 or
Ethernet. Mod bus, BAC net or DF1 is usually
included as one of the communications protocols.
Other options include various field buses such as
Device Net or Profi bus. Other communications
protocols that may be used are listed in the List of
automation protocols. Most modern PLCs can
communicate over a network to some other system,
such as a computer running a SCADA (Supervisory
Control and Data Acquisition) system or web
browser. PLCs used in larger I/O systems may have
peer-to-peer (P2P) communication between
processors.
This allows separate parts of a complex
process to have individual control while allowing the
subsystems to co-ordinate over the communication
link. These communication links are also often used
for HMI devices such as keypads or PC-type
workstations.
Figure.16. Photograph of the (a) Basic PLC Panel
(b) EMS Control box
V. SIMULATION RESULTS OF THE HPS
A. PV and FC
Figure.17. Voltage of the PV panel.
Figure.18. Current of the PV panel.
Figure.19. Power output of PV
Figure.20. Fuel Cell stack voltage
7. Y Jaganmohan Reddy, Y V Pavan Kumar, K Padma Raju, Anilkumar Ramsesh / International
Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 3, May-Jun 2013, pp.186-193
192 | P a g e
Figure.21. Current drawn from FC
Figure.22.Duty ratio of DC-DC converter.
B. Total Integrated System Outputs
All the components such as PV panel, PEM
fuel cell, Wind system, and DC-DC converters, etc.,
which are individually modeled, and are integrated
for simulation. With respect to the variation in
natural conditions, the outputs of PV, FC, and Wind
turbine systems are primarily controlled by varying
duty cycles of DC-DC converters (Figure.22).
Figure.23. Power output from Hybrid power system.
Figure.24. Phase Voltages of Hybrid power system.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a renewable energy based
hybrid power system, its energy management and
control system is proposed. It is modeled for an
isolated load/grid connected load, with the method
of using DC Motor-Alternator setup instead of using
static converters. Along with DC Motor, Diesel
engine is also coupled to ensure that the overall
system performs under all conditions, especially
when PV, Wind, FC power is not enough to drive
DC motor. This proposed system facilitates
improvement in power quality, which ensures
continuous and reliable supply to loads. Voltage,
Speed, Frequency variations at the output/grid is
found to be within the acceptable range, which is
shown in Figure 23 and Figure 24. The energy
management and control unit is designed using PLC
and HMI, which facilitates effective control on the
entire power system. Therefore, this system can
tolerate the rapid changes in load and environmental
conditions, and suppress the effects of these
fluctuations and provides optimum utilization of
available resources.
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Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
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193 | P a g e
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AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES
Y Jaganmohan Reddy
received B. Tech in the area
of Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering
in 1997 from Kakatiya
University, Master of Science
in BITS Pilani in 2004,
pursuing the Ph. D degree in the field of HPS
automation at JNTU Kakinada, India. Currently, he
is working as Senior Systems Engineer in Process
Solutions, Honeywell Technology Solutions Lab,
India. He has an experience of 15 years in the field
of industrial automation and control as a
Maintenance engineer, Project engineer, Test
engineer, Manager. He has published 25 research
papers and 2 International monograph on the
concepts of Power Quality, Energy Management and
Real Time Control, Hardware Simulation for Smart
grids in various international forums.
Y V Pavan Kumar received
B. Tech in the area of
Electrical and Electronics
Engineering in 2007 from
JNTU Hyderabad, India,
M.Tech in the area of
Instrumentation and Control
Systems in the year 2011 from JNTU Kakinada,
India. He has 2 years of teaching experience in
Electrical Engineering, and 2 years in Control,
Power Systems, and Engineering Test Systems
Design for Aerospace Systems. Currently he is
working as a Design Engineer in Aerospace
Engineering Test Services, Honeywell Technology
Solutions Lab, India. He has published 25 research
papers in International Journals/Conferences and 2
International monographs. His research area includes
Power systems, Aerospace Systems, Advanced
Control systems, and Artificial Intelligence.
K. Padma Raju received
B.Tech from Nagarjuna
University, M.Tech from
NITW, Ph. D from Andhra
University, India in 1989, 1992
& 2005 respectively and Post
Doctoral Fellowship at Hoseo
University, South Korea in
2007. He has worked as Digital Signal Processing
engineer in Signion Systems, Hyderabad, India
before joining Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University Kakinada, India. He has 20 years of
teaching experience and is Professor of ECE,
JNTUK, India. Currently he is working as Principal,
College of engineering, JNTUK. Prior to this, he has
worked as IIIP&T Director for JNTUK. He has also
worked as a Professor at Hoseo University, South
Korea during 2006-2007. He has published 40
research papers in National/ International Journals/
Conferences and guiding 10 research students in the
areas of Antennas, Smart grids, and
Communications. He is Fellow of IETE & IE and
Life Member of ISTE & SEMCE.
Anil Kumar Ramsesh received
Diploma in EE in 1987, B.E in
ECE from Bangalore
University, in 1995, M.Sc.
(Engg), & Ph.D in solar cell
instrumentation from IISc,
Bangalore, in 2000 & 2005
respectively. He is now working
as Fellow engineer in Honeywell Technology
Solutions Lab, Bangalore. Prior to Honeywell he
was with ISRO from 1987 till 2004 and was
involved in design of high power switching
amplifiers for electro-dynamic vibrators,
instrumentation for cryogenics, solar power systems.
He has around 25 disclosures, 14 patents filed, 4
patents granted till date and has 15 papers in
international journals. He is also a Member in Board
of Studies and Visiting faculty in School of
Electronics, Vellore Institute of Technology.