There is need for an energy storage device capable of transferring high power in transient situations
aboard naval vessels. Currently, batteries are used to accomplish this task, but previous research has
shown that when utilized at high power rates, these devices deteriorate over time causing a loss in lifespan.
It has been shown that a hybrid energy storage configuration is capable of meeting such a demand while
reducing the strain placed on individual components. While designing a custom converter capable of
controlling the power to and from a battery would be ideal for this application, it can be costly to develop
when compared to purchasing commercially available products. Commercially available products offer
limited controllability in exchange for their proven performance and lower cost point - often times only
allowing a system level control input without any way to interface with low level controls that are
frequently used in controller design. This paper proposes the use of fuzzy logic control in order to provide
a system level control to the converters responsible for limiting power to and from the battery. A system
will be described mathematically, modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and a fuzzy logic controller will be
compared with a typical controller.
02 19 jan17 12566 final paper in ijeecs format(edit)IAESIJEECS
To maintain voltage stability of a power system STATCOM is better solution which can provide the required amount of reactive power under various disturbances. In previous work, STATCOM with various energy storage elements was discussed for voltage and power system stability. Apart from these previous works, this work proposes a new structure of hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for voltage stability by using battery and super capacitor. A new model of STATCOM with hybrid energy storage system is designed by using two bidirectional DC-DC converters and results are analyzed for conventional STATCOM and STATCOM with hybrid energy storage system. Results are also analyzed for STATCOM system with out any energy storage system, STATCOM with battery, STATCOM with super capacitor and STATCOM with HESS under sudden load changes by using MATLAB/Simulink.
In this paper, both symmetric and asymmetric operations for an optimized cascaded multilevel power inverter (MLI) are thoroughly examined. While symmetric configurations are more suitable for AC drives due to their equal power sharing among the various levels, the asymmetric topologies fulfill the higher number of power source combinations under the same power semiconductor switch count. Additionally, particular attention was put on the design of this optimized topology in terms of both reliability and power efficiency by managing redundant states and minimizing the number of power switch commutations. Furthermore, a fundamental switching frequency modulation (FSFM) is thoroughly described in C MEX programming language and then the resulting gating signals are fed into the power circuit designed with PSPICE. By applying this co-simulation approach, the control design task is greatly simplified while achieving advanced analyses with more realistic electronic devices.
Hybrid energy storage system control analogous to power quality enhancement o...IJECEIAES
Increasing nonlinear loads and power electronic converters lead to various power quality issues in microgrids (MGs). The interlinking converters (ILCs) can participate in these systems to harmonic control and power quality enhancement. However, ILC participation deteriorates the dc link voltage, system stability, and storage lifetime due to oscillatory current phenomena. To address these problems, a new control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects of the harmonic control operation of ILC. Specifically, battery and super-capacitor (SC) are used as HESSs that provide low and high power frequency load, respectively. The proposed strategy tries to compensate the current oscillation imposed by ILC with fuzzy control of HESS. In this method, a proportional-resonant (PR) controller integrated with harmonic compensator (HC) is employed to control the ILC for power quality enhancement and oscillatory current elimination. The main advantages of the proposed strategy are to reduce DGs power fluctuations, precise DC bus voltage regulation for generation and load disturbances, improved grid power quality under nonlinear load and transition conditions. The performance of the proposed method for isolated and grid-connected modes is verified using simulation studies in the MATLAB software environment.
02 19 jan17 12566 final paper in ijeecs format(edit)IAESIJEECS
To maintain voltage stability of a power system STATCOM is better solution which can provide the required amount of reactive power under various disturbances. In previous work, STATCOM with various energy storage elements was discussed for voltage and power system stability. Apart from these previous works, this work proposes a new structure of hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for voltage stability by using battery and super capacitor. A new model of STATCOM with hybrid energy storage system is designed by using two bidirectional DC-DC converters and results are analyzed for conventional STATCOM and STATCOM with hybrid energy storage system. Results are also analyzed for STATCOM system with out any energy storage system, STATCOM with battery, STATCOM with super capacitor and STATCOM with HESS under sudden load changes by using MATLAB/Simulink.
In this paper, both symmetric and asymmetric operations for an optimized cascaded multilevel power inverter (MLI) are thoroughly examined. While symmetric configurations are more suitable for AC drives due to their equal power sharing among the various levels, the asymmetric topologies fulfill the higher number of power source combinations under the same power semiconductor switch count. Additionally, particular attention was put on the design of this optimized topology in terms of both reliability and power efficiency by managing redundant states and minimizing the number of power switch commutations. Furthermore, a fundamental switching frequency modulation (FSFM) is thoroughly described in C MEX programming language and then the resulting gating signals are fed into the power circuit designed with PSPICE. By applying this co-simulation approach, the control design task is greatly simplified while achieving advanced analyses with more realistic electronic devices.
Hybrid energy storage system control analogous to power quality enhancement o...IJECEIAES
Increasing nonlinear loads and power electronic converters lead to various power quality issues in microgrids (MGs). The interlinking converters (ILCs) can participate in these systems to harmonic control and power quality enhancement. However, ILC participation deteriorates the dc link voltage, system stability, and storage lifetime due to oscillatory current phenomena. To address these problems, a new control strategy for a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) is proposed to eliminate the adverse effects of the harmonic control operation of ILC. Specifically, battery and super-capacitor (SC) are used as HESSs that provide low and high power frequency load, respectively. The proposed strategy tries to compensate the current oscillation imposed by ILC with fuzzy control of HESS. In this method, a proportional-resonant (PR) controller integrated with harmonic compensator (HC) is employed to control the ILC for power quality enhancement and oscillatory current elimination. The main advantages of the proposed strategy are to reduce DGs power fluctuations, precise DC bus voltage regulation for generation and load disturbances, improved grid power quality under nonlinear load and transition conditions. The performance of the proposed method for isolated and grid-connected modes is verified using simulation studies in the MATLAB software environment.
Open-Delta VSC Based Voltage Controller in Isolated Power SystemsIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a reduced switch voltage source converter (VSC)
topology implemented as a voltage controller in isolated power systems. In
isolated power systems generally self-excited induction generators (SEIG)
are used mainly for their ruggedness and economic reasons. Mostly for
constant power applications such as pico hydro uncontrolled turbine driven
self excited induction generators feeding three-phase loads are employed.
The proposed reduced switch voltage controller is used to regulate and
control the voltage at the generator terminals as it is subjected to voltage
drops, dips or flickers when the isolated power system is subjected to various
critical loads. In this paper the controller is realized using a three-leg fourswitch
insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based current controlled
voltage-source converter (CC-VSC) and a self-supporting dc bus containing
two split capacitors, thus reducing the IGBT count and hence cost. This
reduced switch topology forms an Open-Delta type converter. The proposed
generating system along with the controller is modeled and simulated in
MATLAB along with Simulink and power system blockset (PSB) toolboxes.
The system is simulated and the capability of the isolated generating system
along with the reduced switch based voltage controller is presented here
where the generator feeds linear and non-linear loads are investigated.
Multiport converters increasingly gain prominance in the recent past to interface renewable energy sources like photovoltaic cells, fuel cells with the load. Energy storage elements like battery and supercapacitors nd major place as an additional and alternate sources in systems with primary renewable energy sources to overcome its intermittency issues. As these energy storage element's charging and discharging cycles are to be controlled, an isolated bidirectional converter topology with transformer is used. The galvanic isolation provided by the high frequency ac link transformers in partly isolated and fully isolated topologies makes these converters most preferrable in high power applications like electric vehicles. A comprehensive review is performed on various three port partly isolated and fully isolated topologies addressed by dierent research groups. The key contributions on soft switching for reducing switching losses and improving overall converter efficiency with help of resonant elements are discussed. In addition, control strategies for power ow control with enhanced soft switching of partly isolated converters are highlighted. A summary of converter topologies is provided comparing power rating, device count, soft switching resonant elements and efficiency which gives an idea for selection of suitable topology for the desired system requirement.
Time Response enhancement utilizing photovoltaic based cascaded Landsman Converter (LC) structure is one of the soft strategies in the recent scenario. The prime function of a DC-DC Landsman converter is to optimize the output power of the photovoltaic array and reduce the output voltage ripples. This paper reveals the demonstration and simulation of the Cascaded Landsman Converter Inverter System (CLCIS) with a PV source. MATLAB Simulink-model for CLCIS has been created utilizing the components of Simulink and closed-loop examinations are performed with PI and Fractional-Order-PID (FOPID) Controllers. The present work deal with the comparison of transient and steady-state time responses of CLCIS with PI and FOPID controllers. The outcomes demonstrate that dynamic reaction is enhanced by utilizing FOPID controller.
A novel energy control strategy for a battery super capacitor in HRES, which is designed to be tunable to achieve different goals, is described. Two possible goals for adding a pack of super capacitors are examined for a test micro grid using lead acid batteries 1 improving the microgrid'sefficiency and range and 2 reducing the peak currents in the battery pack to increase battery life. The benefits of hybridization are compared with those achievable by increasing the size of the battery pack by a comparable mass to the super capacitors. The availability of energy from regenerative braking and the characteristics of the super capacitors are considered as impact factors. Super capacitors were found to be effective at reducing peak battery currents however, the benefits to range extension were found to be limited. A battery life extension of at least 50 is necessary to make super capacitors cost effective for the test vehicle at current prices. Majid Hussain "Control and Power Management in HRES System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31150.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31150/control-and-power-management-in-hres-system/majid-hussain
Prioritizing Power demand response for Hydrogen PEMFCElectric Vehicles using ...IJECEIAES
PEMFC powered Hybrid vehicle system is one of an interesting issue for the industry due to its high performances. The PEMFC cannot certainly ensure a sustained required energy in some scenarios. To solve this problem related to PEMFC transient response, a Hybrid Electrical Storage System (HES) is a potential candidate for a solution. The proposed Hybrid Storage system is comprised of the battery (BT) and a Super-Capacitor (SC) components. These components are included to control the hydrogen variations and the fast peak powers scenarios respectively. The SC is used to control PEMFC and the BT slow dynamics at the same times. An accurate Multi-Ways Energy Management System (MW-EMS) is proposed which aims to cooperate with the system components through SC/BT state of charge and a flux calculation. The simulation results are discussed and assessed using MATLAB/ Simulink.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
• Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
• Information Engineering and Technology,
• Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
• Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
• Material and Chemical Engineering,
• Civil and Architecture Engineering,
• Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
• Environmental Engineering,
• Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
• Marine and Agriculture engineering,
• Aerospace Engineering.
Open-Delta VSC Based Voltage Controller in Isolated Power SystemsIJPEDS-IAES
This paper proposes a reduced switch voltage source converter (VSC)
topology implemented as a voltage controller in isolated power systems. In
isolated power systems generally self-excited induction generators (SEIG)
are used mainly for their ruggedness and economic reasons. Mostly for
constant power applications such as pico hydro uncontrolled turbine driven
self excited induction generators feeding three-phase loads are employed.
The proposed reduced switch voltage controller is used to regulate and
control the voltage at the generator terminals as it is subjected to voltage
drops, dips or flickers when the isolated power system is subjected to various
critical loads. In this paper the controller is realized using a three-leg fourswitch
insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based current controlled
voltage-source converter (CC-VSC) and a self-supporting dc bus containing
two split capacitors, thus reducing the IGBT count and hence cost. This
reduced switch topology forms an Open-Delta type converter. The proposed
generating system along with the controller is modeled and simulated in
MATLAB along with Simulink and power system blockset (PSB) toolboxes.
The system is simulated and the capability of the isolated generating system
along with the reduced switch based voltage controller is presented here
where the generator feeds linear and non-linear loads are investigated.
Multiport converters increasingly gain prominance in the recent past to interface renewable energy sources like photovoltaic cells, fuel cells with the load. Energy storage elements like battery and supercapacitors nd major place as an additional and alternate sources in systems with primary renewable energy sources to overcome its intermittency issues. As these energy storage element's charging and discharging cycles are to be controlled, an isolated bidirectional converter topology with transformer is used. The galvanic isolation provided by the high frequency ac link transformers in partly isolated and fully isolated topologies makes these converters most preferrable in high power applications like electric vehicles. A comprehensive review is performed on various three port partly isolated and fully isolated topologies addressed by dierent research groups. The key contributions on soft switching for reducing switching losses and improving overall converter efficiency with help of resonant elements are discussed. In addition, control strategies for power ow control with enhanced soft switching of partly isolated converters are highlighted. A summary of converter topologies is provided comparing power rating, device count, soft switching resonant elements and efficiency which gives an idea for selection of suitable topology for the desired system requirement.
Time Response enhancement utilizing photovoltaic based cascaded Landsman Converter (LC) structure is one of the soft strategies in the recent scenario. The prime function of a DC-DC Landsman converter is to optimize the output power of the photovoltaic array and reduce the output voltage ripples. This paper reveals the demonstration and simulation of the Cascaded Landsman Converter Inverter System (CLCIS) with a PV source. MATLAB Simulink-model for CLCIS has been created utilizing the components of Simulink and closed-loop examinations are performed with PI and Fractional-Order-PID (FOPID) Controllers. The present work deal with the comparison of transient and steady-state time responses of CLCIS with PI and FOPID controllers. The outcomes demonstrate that dynamic reaction is enhanced by utilizing FOPID controller.
A novel energy control strategy for a battery super capacitor in HRES, which is designed to be tunable to achieve different goals, is described. Two possible goals for adding a pack of super capacitors are examined for a test micro grid using lead acid batteries 1 improving the microgrid'sefficiency and range and 2 reducing the peak currents in the battery pack to increase battery life. The benefits of hybridization are compared with those achievable by increasing the size of the battery pack by a comparable mass to the super capacitors. The availability of energy from regenerative braking and the characteristics of the super capacitors are considered as impact factors. Super capacitors were found to be effective at reducing peak battery currents however, the benefits to range extension were found to be limited. A battery life extension of at least 50 is necessary to make super capacitors cost effective for the test vehicle at current prices. Majid Hussain "Control and Power Management in HRES System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31150.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31150/control-and-power-management-in-hres-system/majid-hussain
Prioritizing Power demand response for Hydrogen PEMFCElectric Vehicles using ...IJECEIAES
PEMFC powered Hybrid vehicle system is one of an interesting issue for the industry due to its high performances. The PEMFC cannot certainly ensure a sustained required energy in some scenarios. To solve this problem related to PEMFC transient response, a Hybrid Electrical Storage System (HES) is a potential candidate for a solution. The proposed Hybrid Storage system is comprised of the battery (BT) and a Super-Capacitor (SC) components. These components are included to control the hydrogen variations and the fast peak powers scenarios respectively. The SC is used to control PEMFC and the BT slow dynamics at the same times. An accurate Multi-Ways Energy Management System (MW-EMS) is proposed which aims to cooperate with the system components through SC/BT state of charge and a flux calculation. The simulation results are discussed and assessed using MATLAB/ Simulink.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
• Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
• Information Engineering and Technology,
• Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
• Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
• Material and Chemical Engineering,
• Civil and Architecture Engineering,
• Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
• Environmental Engineering,
• Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
• Marine and Agriculture engineering,
• Aerospace Engineering.
EFMA Banking on innovation 2014: Rabobank building an innovative cultureMaarten Korz
Presentation of Maarten Korz (Rabobank) given at the EFMA Banking on innovation conference in june 2014. Presentation is on how to create an innovative culture within a large bank.
The text of the presentation can be found at:
https://innoupdate.wordpress.com/2014/10/23/disruption-is-around-the-corner-how-to-create-an-innovative-culture-to-survive/
Bestes Smartphone-Zubehör für optimale Tierfotografie - Fotofreak360fotofreak360
Bestes Smartphone-Zubehör für optimale Tierfotografie
Mit Smartphones lassen sich mittlerweile tolle Fotos machen. Die Qualität von Handykameras ist in den letzten Jahren sprunghaft gestiegen, sodass sie mittlerweile kaum noch von Kompaktkameras zu trennen sind. Mit Kamerahandys wie dem von iPhone 6 von Apple, Galaxy S6 von Samsung oder Lumia 930 von Nokia ist die Qualität von Smartphone-Fotos nochmal stetig gestiegen. Nichtsdestotrotz taugen Smartphone-Kameras oftmals jedoch nur als „Knipse“. Es fehlt der, besonders für die Tierfotografie wichtige, optische Zoom und das Handling der Fotofunktion ist zumeist eher schlecht als recht. Das Smartphone ist in erster Linie doch ein Mobiltelefon mit mittlerweile sehr ausgereifter Optik.
Viele Hersteller bieten dementsprechend Zubehör an, um das Beste aus der Optik herauszuholen und dabei das Fotografieren mit dem Smartphone effektiver und professioneller zu gestalten. Hier findet ihr einen Auswahl von Smartphone-Zubehör für eure Kamerahandys, was gegenwärtig auf dem Markt erhältlich ist. Ich habee einiges davon getestet und sage euch, was etwas taugt und was ist bloß eine nette Spielerei oder gar Geldschneiderei ist.
http://fotofreak360.de/bestes-smartphone-zubehoer
Hybrid energy storage system optimal sizing for urban electrical bus regardin...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes an algorithm for sizing the hybrid energy storage system of an urban electrical bus regarding battery thermal behavior. The aim of this study is to get the supercapacitors optimal contribution part in the hybrid energy storage system to keep the battery temperature within its allowable limit. A semi-active parallel topology that uses supercapacitors as a main source of energy is considered. According to the bus mechanical parameters and the ARTEMIS driving cycle, the power and energy demand are calculated. Using mathematical models for the battery, supercapacitors and DC-DC converter, several simulations are performed for different hybridization percentages. While observing the evolution of battery temperature, the most favorable hybridization percentage is defined.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL LOADS USING POWER ELECTRONICSrenukasningadally
The work aims at an Energy Management System (EMS) for Critical loads using Power Electronics. Here hybrid power sources (Grid and Solar cells) with battery have been used to supply the power to the critical loads at all times, suppose an end user increases his critical loads or non-critical loads this EMS system helps to maintain continuous power supply to these loads. Solar or Photovoltaic cells have been used for storing energy through battery and these batteries will discharge the stored energy at two conditions, one is when grid is shut down for short duration or for a long duration and another one is when there sudden increase in load by users
An in-depth study of the electrical characterization of supercapacitors for r...VIT-AP University
The Energy Storage System (ESS) is geared toward sophisticated systems with increased operating time for a variety of real-time applications such as an electric vehicle, a WSN (Wireless Sensor Network), a Capa bus, and so
on. Its primary focus is on supplying these kinds of systems with additional capacity in recent development, and
this will continue to be its primary focus. Because of their exceptionally high specific power, rapid charging, and
low ESR (Effective Series Resistance), electric double-layer (EDLC) capacitors or supercapacitors are encouraged
for use because they can be integrated more easily with battery technology that can be used in electric vehicles
and other electronic devices. The supercapacitor calls for a precise and accurate characterization in order to
facilitate the development of improved applications and more effective energy storage devices and technologies.
In this article, we studied various supercapacitor electrode components, electrolytic solutions, analogous circuit
models, electrical energy storage properties, and some real-time supercapacitor applications in the automotive,
manufacturing, construction, and consumer electronics industries. In addition, we have discussed on hybrid
material that was just recently developed with the goal of enhancing the conductivity and effectiveness of supercapacitors. Aside from this, we have discussed about the behaviour of supercapacitors in terms of how their behaviour is dependent on current and voltage with detailed analysis.
A battery charging system & appended zcs (pwm) resonant converter dc dc buck ...hunypink
This paper presents technique for battery charger to achieve efficient performance in charging shaping,
minimum low switching losses and reduction in circuit volume .The operation of circuit charger is switched
with the technique of zero-current-switching, resonant components and append the topology of dc-dc buck.
The proposed novel dc-dc battery charger has advantages with the simplicity, low cost, high efficiency and
with the behaviour of easy control under the ZCS condition accordingly reducing the switching losses. The
detailed study of operating principle and design consideration is performed. A short survey of battery
charging system, capacity demand & its topologies is also presented. In order to compute LC resonant pair
values in conventional converter, the method of characteristic curve is used and electric function equations
are derived from the prototype configuration. The efficient performance of charging shaping is confirmed
through the practical examines and verification of the results is revealed by the MATLAB simulation. The
efficiency is ensured about 89% which is substantially considered being satisfactory performance as
achieved in this paper.
Implementation of a grid-tied emergency back-up power supply for medium and l...IJECEIAES
Emergency back-up power supply units are necessary in case of grid power shortage, considerably poor regulation and costly establishment of a power system facility. In this regard, power electronic converters based systems emerge as consistent, properly controlled and inexpensive electrical energy providers. This paper presents an implemented design of a grid-tied emergency back-up power supply for medium and low power applications. There are a rectifier-link boost derived DC-DC battery charging circuit and a 4-switch push-pull power inverter (DC-AC) circuit, which are controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) signals. A changeover relay based transfer switch controls the power flow towards the utility loads. During off-grid situations, loads are fed power by the proposed system and during on-grid situations, battery is charged by an AC-link rectifier-fed boost converter. Charging phenomenon of the battery is controlled by a relay switched protection circuit. Laboratory experiments are carried out extensively for different loads. Power quality assessments along with back-up durations are recorded and analyzed. In addition, a cost allocation affirms the economic feasibility of the proposed framework in case of reasonable consumer applications. The test-bed results corroborate the reliability of the research work.
Modeling, Control and Power Management Strategy of a Grid connected Hybrid En...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the detailed modeling of various components of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage tank with a power flow controller. Also, a valve controlled by the proposed controller decides how much amount of fuel is consumed by fuel cell according to the load demand. In this paper fuel cell is used instead of battery bank because fuel cell is free from pollution. The control and power management strategies are also developed. When the PV power is sufficient then it can fulfill the load demand as well as feeds the extra power to the electrolyzer. By using the electrolyzer, the hydrogen is generated from the water and stored in storage tank and this hydrogen act as a fuel to SOFC. If the availability of the power from the PV system cannot fulfill the load demand, then the fuel cell fulfills the required load demand. The SOFC takes required amount of hydrogen as fuel, which is controlled by the PID controller through a valve. Effectiveness of this technology is verified by the help of computer simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under various loading conditions and promising results are obtained.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3
Fuzzy logic control of a hybrid energy
1. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.6, No.1, January 2016
DOI : 10.5121/ijfls.2016.6101 1
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL OF A HYBRID ENERGY
STORAGE MODULE FOR NAVAL PULSED POWER
APPLICATIONS
Isaac Cohen1
, David Wetz1
, Stepfanie Veiga2
, Qing Dong2
, and John Heinzel2
1
Electrical Engineering Department, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, USA
2
Naval Surface Warfare Center, Philadelphia Division, Philadelphia, USA
ABSTRACT
There is need for an energy storage device capable of transferring high power in transient situations
aboard naval vessels. Currently, batteries are used to accomplish this task, but previous research has
shown that when utilized at high power rates, these devices deteriorate over time causing a loss in lifespan.
It has been shown that a hybrid energy storage configuration is capable of meeting such a demand while
reducing the strain placed on individual components. While designing a custom converter capable of
controlling the power to and from a battery would be ideal for this application, it can be costly to develop
when compared to purchasing commercially available products. Commercially available products offer
limited controllability in exchange for their proven performance and lower cost point - often times only
allowing a system level control input without any way to interface with low level controls that are
frequently used in controller design. This paper proposes the use of fuzzy logic control in order to provide
a system level control to the converters responsible for limiting power to and from the battery. A system
will be described mathematically, modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and a fuzzy logic controller will be
compared with a typical controller.
KEYWORDS
hybrid energy storage, power electronics, fuzzy logic control, power buffer, pulsed power loads
1. INTRODUCTION
The development of shipboard electrical systems continues to grow as the Navy plans to utilize
more electrical components than previously seen. With this growth comes a new electrical load
profile not commonly seen aboard ships. The addition of new directed energy based weapons as
well as electric propulsion give the ship a load profile that is more transient in nature than would
typically be seen. Traditionally, power generation sources would be fossil fuel driven generators,
but such a configuration would result in very poor performance and power quality if used to drive
the transient load profiles envisioned for the future [1].
Previous research has shown that energy storage devices (ESDs) are capable at compensating the
stochastic and intermittent nature of these power demands by absorbing the excessive energy
when generation exceeds predicted levels and providing energy back to the power system
network when generation levels fail to meet the demand. These ESDs are an essential component
to future power systems when integrating variable energy resources and stochastic pulsed loads.
Previous work has shown that Hybrid Energy Storage Modules (HESMs) can contribute to not
only improve the performance of an ESD, but also overcome the limitations of the individual
2. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.6, No.1, January 2016
2
components of the architecture, such as the power delivery limitations of a battery or the energy
storage limitations of an ultracapacitor [2, 3, 4]. While this topology has been verified, there are
still some questions on how to best control them. [5] designed a low cost digital energy
management system and an optimal control algorithm was developed in [6] to coordinate slow
ESDs and fast ESDs. While these control developments have been very useful, they do not
address the need for a controller that is capable of interfacing with Commercial-Off-The-Shelf
(COTS) products. Fuzzy logic control has been used in many applications such as [7], who
developed an intuitive fuzzy logic based learning algorithm which was implemented to reduce
intensive computation of a complex dynamics such as a humanoid. Some, such as [8] have
utilized fuzzy logic control to drive a HESM, but in their case, they used the controller in order to
eliminate the need to constantly calculate resource intensive Riccati equations to assist in
choosing gains for an adaptive Linear-Quadratic Regulator controller. Others, such as [9, 10]
developed an energy-based split and power sharing control strategy for hybrid energy storage
systems, but these strategies are focused on different target variables such as loss reduction,
leveling the components state of charge, or optimizing system operating points in a vehicular
system.
When constructing a HESM for naval pulsed power load applications, several design parameters
must be considered to develop the controller. First, the HESM must be responsible for supplying
all load demands that it might encounter. Energy sizing techniques such as shown in [11] should
be applied in order to assist in meeting this demand. Second, the HESM should add the benefit of
becoming an additional source during parallel operation with an existing shipboard power system,
offering a reduction in external power system sizing. Finally, the HESM should operate as a
power buffer during this parallel operation, offering improved power quality to the load from
sluggish generation sources, such as fossil-fuel generators, such as seen in [12].
There are many combinations of high power density and high energy density ESDs that can be
used to create a HESM, but a common topology that will be evaluated in this paper is the
combination of ultracapacitors and batteries. Although the Navy has traditionally used lead-acid
batteries as the go-to ESD, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) offer a higher energy and power density
with respect to both volume and weight. In this scenario, a HESM becomes even more necessary
as previous research has shown that while LIBs are capable of being cycled at high rates, they
degrade much more quickly [13] – necessitating the limiting the power to and from the battery to
be as minimal as possible. This limitation can be implemented through the introduction of
intelligent controls.
While this paper aims to address the need for a system level control for COTS devices, in order to
simulate the controller in MATLAB/Simulink, it is necessary to use a simplified model of a
HESM and its power converters. Other researchers have spent time modeling this system
mathematically such as [14], which presented a detailed small-signal mathematical model that
represents the dynamics of the converter interfaced energy storage system around a steady-state
operating point. Their model considered the variations in the battery current, supercapacitor
current, and DC load bus voltage as the state variables, the variations in the power converter’s
duty cycle as the input, and the variations in the battery voltage, supercapacitor voltage, and load
current as external disturbances. This paper will utilize MATLAB/Simulink’s SimPowerSystems
toolbox instead of a mathematical model and will be explained further in Section II.
The paper is organized as follows: Section II will provide a system description for the HESM
model being used in MATLAB/Simulink’s SimPowerSystems and the fuzzy logic controller
designed to accomplish the aforementioned tasks. Section III will present the simulation’s results
and Section IV will provide concluding remarks.
3. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.
2. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
2.1. Modeling the HESM
A generic schematic of a HESM is shown in Figure 1. In this schematic, a simple buck
converter is utilized in order to give the controller a method of bi
control. The load and the generator ar
system which the HESM augments can be seen as a generalized external power disturbance.
When mathematically modeling this s
capacitors for each direction of power flow, hold the state variables of the battery bus voltage and
the DC load bus voltage and L, the power inductor, holds the state variable of the power
converter current, and the combined current sourcing or sinking from the load and g
the external disturbance, denoted as
current than the load is drawing, but when
generation is producing.
Figure 1: Schematic of a gen
There are multiple equations to describe this circuit during operation, based on the state of the
switches. To demonstrate the variation of this system over time, the mathematical equations that
represent these states are shown below. For simplicity, the system will be evaluated in each
direction of power flow while treating the load ESD as an omitted independe
the circuit as V1 and V2.
1. State 1: When power flows from the battery towards the ultracapacitor and when S
and S2 is off,
2. State 2: When power flows from the battery towards the ultracapacitor and when S
and S2 is off,
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.6, No.1, January 201
A generic schematic of a HESM is shown in Figure 1. In this schematic, a simple buck
converter is utilized in order to give the controller a method of bi-directional voltage and current
control. The load and the generator are tied together as one variable current source/sink as the
system which the HESM augments can be seen as a generalized external power disturbance.
When mathematically modeling this system, in similar fashion to [14], C1 and C2, the output
ch direction of power flow, hold the state variables of the battery bus voltage and
the DC load bus voltage and L, the power inductor, holds the state variable of the power
converter current, and the combined current sourcing or sinking from the load and g
the external disturbance, denoted as ζ. For instance, when ζ>0, the generator is producing more
current than the load is drawing, but when ζ<0, the load is drawing more current than the
: Schematic of a generic battery/ultracapacitor HESM
There are multiple equations to describe this circuit during operation, based on the state of the
To demonstrate the variation of this system over time, the mathematical equations that
represent these states are shown below. For simplicity, the system will be evaluated in each
direction of power flow while treating the load ESD as an omitted independent variable, shown in
State 1: When power flows from the battery towards the ultracapacitor and when S
ܮ
݀݅
݀ݐ
ൌ ܸଵ െ ܸଶ
ܥଵ
ܸ݀ଵ
݀ݐ
ൌ ݅ െ ݅ଵ
ܥଶ
ܸ݀ଶ
݀ݐ
ൌ ݅ െ ݅ଶ െ ߞ
State 2: When power flows from the battery towards the ultracapacitor and when S
ܮ
݀݅
݀ݐ
ൌ െܸଶ
ܥଵ
ܸ݀ଵ
݀ݐ
ൌ െ݅ଵ
ܥଶ
ܸ݀ଶ
݀ݐ
ൌ ݅ െ ݅ଶ െ ߞ
2016
3
A generic schematic of a HESM is shown in Figure 1. In this schematic, a simple buck-boost
directional voltage and current
e tied together as one variable current source/sink as the
system which the HESM augments can be seen as a generalized external power disturbance.
], C1 and C2, the output
ch direction of power flow, hold the state variables of the battery bus voltage and
the DC load bus voltage and L, the power inductor, holds the state variable of the power
converter current, and the combined current sourcing or sinking from the load and generation is
>0, the generator is producing more
<0, the load is drawing more current than the
There are multiple equations to describe this circuit during operation, based on the state of the
To demonstrate the variation of this system over time, the mathematical equations that
represent these states are shown below. For simplicity, the system will be evaluated in each
nt variable, shown in
State 1: When power flows from the battery towards the ultracapacitor and when S1 is on
(1)
(2)
(3)
State 2: When power flows from the battery towards the ultracapacitor and when S1 is off
(4)
(5)
(6)
4. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.
3. State 3: When power flows from the ultracapacitor towards the
and S2 is on,
4. State 4: When power flows from the ultracapacitor towards the battery and when S
and S2 is off,
These mathematical equations are presented here to enforce the idea that this system is time
varying, with four different plant descriptions, depending on the state of 2
there are mathematical methods in which these equations could be combined to produce a time
average model in which the controller could be evaluated, it was decided that a more accurate
model could be created using MATLAB/Simulink’s SimP
evaluation in order to utilize the toolbox’s lithium ion battery model and additional component
values such as internal impedances. The block diagram for this model can be seen in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Block diagram of
Initial investigation into acquiring parts for hardware validations lead to the values chosen for this
simulation. This investigation occurred with the intention of validating this controller with real
hardware for future investigations. The values chosen for the simulation can be seen in Table 1.
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.6, No.1, January 201
State 3: When power flows from the ultracapacitor towards the battery and when S
ܮ
݀݅
݀ݐ
ൌ ܸଶ
ܥଵ
ܸ݀ଵ
݀ݐ
ൌ െ݅ଵ
ܥଶ
ܸ݀ଶ
݀ݐ
ൌ ݅ଶ െ ݅ െ ߞ
State 4: When power flows from the ultracapacitor towards the battery and when S
ܮ
݀݅
݀ݐ
ൌ ܸଶ െ ܸଵ
ܥଵ
ܸ݀ଵ
݀ݐ
ൌ ݅ െ ݅ଵ
ܥଶ
ܸ݀ଶ
݀ݐ
ൌ ݅ଶ െ ݅ െ ߞ
These mathematical equations are presented here to enforce the idea that this system is time
varying, with four different plant descriptions, depending on the state of 2 switches. Although
there are mathematical methods in which these equations could be combined to produce a time
average model in which the controller could be evaluated, it was decided that a more accurate
model could be created using MATLAB/Simulink’s SimPowerSystems toolbox for controller
evaluation in order to utilize the toolbox’s lithium ion battery model and additional component
values such as internal impedances. The block diagram for this model can be seen in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Block diagram of HESM experiment in SimPowerSystems toolbox
Initial investigation into acquiring parts for hardware validations lead to the values chosen for this
simulation. This investigation occurred with the intention of validating this controller with real
or future investigations. The values chosen for the simulation can be seen in Table 1.
2016
4
battery and when S1 is off
(7)
(8)
(9)
State 4: When power flows from the ultracapacitor towards the battery and when S1 is off
(10)
(11)
(12)
These mathematical equations are presented here to enforce the idea that this system is time
switches. Although
there are mathematical methods in which these equations could be combined to produce a time-
average model in which the controller could be evaluated, it was decided that a more accurate
owerSystems toolbox for controller
evaluation in order to utilize the toolbox’s lithium ion battery model and additional component
values such as internal impedances. The block diagram for this model can be seen in Figure 2.
Initial investigation into acquiring parts for hardware validations lead to the values chosen for this
simulation. This investigation occurred with the intention of validating this controller with real
or future investigations. The values chosen for the simulation can be seen in Table 1.
5. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.6, No.1, January 2016
5
Table 1: Simulation component values
Component Value
Lithium Ion Battery 36 Vnom, 15 Ahr, 50% SOC
Ultracapacitor 24 Vnom, 29 F, 44 m ESR
Load/Generation 5 seconds on, 1 second off, variable currents
Switches Ron = 100 m , fsw = 40 kHz
Inductor 3.4 mH, 1.5 m ESR
Discharge PI Controller
Voltage: kP = 0.2, kI = 10
Current: kP = 1, kI = 200
Recharge PI Controller
Voltage: kP = 0.028, kI = 1.5
Current: kP = 5, kI = 1
2.2. Designing the Fuzzy Logic Controller
When designing a HESM, one of the largest obstacles to overcome is the successful
implementation of system level control. Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) employs an if-then rule-base
with mathematical fuzzification and defuzzification in order to achieve an expert response with a
digital controller’s speed and efficiency. Fuzzy systems typically achieve utility in assessing more
conventional and less complex systems [15], but on occasion, FLC can be useful in a situation
where highly complex systems only need approximated and rapid solutions for practical
applications. FLC can be particularly useful in nonlinear systems such as this HESM which shifts
between 4 different operation states. One key difference between crisp and fuzzy sets is their
membership functions. The uniqueness of a crisp set is sacrificed for the flexibility of a fuzzy set.
Fuzzy membership functions can be adjusted to maximize the utility for a particular design
application. The membership function embodies the mathematical representation of membership
in a set using notation , where the functional mapping is given by ߤ
ሺݔሻ ∈ [0,1]. The symbol
ሺݔሻ is the degree of membership of element x in fuzzy set and ߤ
ሺݔሻ is a value on the unit
interval which measures the degree to which ݔ belongs to fuzzy set .
Two fuzzy input sets were defined as the DC bus voltage and the HESM current – these inputs
can be seen in Figure 3 and 4. The first input, the DC bus voltage, was a logical choice as
maintaining this voltage is critical to all three tasks of the HESM, which is to supply power under
all scenarios and to act as a power buffer to transients, as transients will cause deviations in the
DC bus voltage. The second input, HESM current, was chosen because of its proportional
relativity to the differential change in the bus voltage. The HESM current can be defined as,
݅ுாௌெ ൌ ݅ଶ + ݅ (13)
which leads to,
݅ுாௌெ െ ݅
ܥଶ
ൌ
ܸ݀ଶ
݀ݐ
(14)
where ܸଶ is the DC bus voltage. It is because of this proportional relationship that the HESM
current is able to give the controller sensory insight to the direction of the demand for power,
giving an increased ability to maintain the voltage of the DC bus, similar to what a traditional PID
controller would be able to offer.
6. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.6, No.1, January 2016
6
Figure 3: First input fuzzy membership functions
Figure 4: Second input fuzzy membership functions
The output fuzzy set was chosen to be the battery current limit as this gives a superb amount of
control over the HESM. The membership function describing this relationship can be seen in
Figure 5. With the battery being actively limited in the direction and magnitude, all remaining
HESM power must come from the ultracapacitor. This essentially gives full, albeit indirect,
control over the power flow to and from all ESDs associated with the HESM.
7. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.
Figure 5
The controller’s inputs and outputs are mapped together using a rule
given set of input conditions, there should be a relative output condition. Since it is possible for
values to lie in-between conditions, there may be times when multipl
In this case, the FLC determines the value by computing the centroid of mass
functions [16, 17]. The set of rules being used in this controller is seen in Table 2. The process of
relating these input values to a rule
Once the rule-base is in place, the controller’s input versus output can
Figure 6. The plateau area represents high discharge while the valley area represents
recharge. The process of relating the output membership function to a value is called
defuzzification.
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.6, No.1, January 201
Figure 5: Output fuzzy membership function
’s inputs and outputs are mapped together using a rule-base. That is to say that for a
given set of input conditions, there should be a relative output condition. Since it is possible for
between conditions, there may be times when multiple output conditions are met.
In this case, the FLC determines the value by computing the centroid of mass in the membership
]. The set of rules being used in this controller is seen in Table 2. The process of
a rule-base is called fuzzification.
Table 2: Fuzzy Logic Rule-Base
base is in place, the controller’s input versus output can be observed as seen in
. The plateau area represents high discharge while the valley area represents
recharge. The process of relating the output membership function to a value is called
2016
7
base. That is to say that for a
given set of input conditions, there should be a relative output condition. Since it is possible for
e output conditions are met.
in the membership
]. The set of rules being used in this controller is seen in Table 2. The process of
be observed as seen in
. The plateau area represents high discharge while the valley area represents high
recharge. The process of relating the output membership function to a value is called
8. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.6, No.1, January 2016
8
Figure 6: Fuzzy Logic Controller input vs. output relationship
2.3. Experiment Description
In order to test the controller an experiment was designed to mimic a typical naval pulsed power
load. In this case, a pulse train load profile of 5 seconds at high load power draw and 1 second of
low load power draw was simulated. To compare the FLC to a traditional type of state-machine
controller, the experiment introduces a shift in the power demand halfway through the test.
3. SIMULATION RESULTS
For comparison, Figure 7 shows the results of the experiment when using a simple if-then
controller and Figure 8 shows the results of the experiment when using the FLC. Positive currents
indicate that a device is sourcing energy and negative currents indicate that a device is sinking
energy.
Figure 7: Simulation results with if-then control
9. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.6, No.1, January 2016
9
Figure 8: Simulation results using Fuzzy Logic Control
By examination of Figure 7, it is clear to see that the controller operates satisfactory for the first
30 seconds, where it was designed to operate, but as soon as the system starts to exhibit behaviors
outside of a pre-determined need, the controller is no longer able to effectively maintain the DC
bus voltage. In addition to the presence of large voltage swings during the change in the pulsed
load power draw, there is an overall decay in voltage, which in a real system would lead to a
failure to maintain an effective power buffer and therefore lead to either a cascading power
failure throughout other components of the integrated power system from over demand, or a
larger sizing requirement to accommodate loads outside of pre-determined profiles.
Comparing the results in Figure 7 to Figure 8, it is clear to see that as the load/generation shifts to
a different region, the FLC is able to easily accommodate the change. There are certainly some
changes in the voltage swing through the pulsed power load profile, but this can be fixed through
more meticulous tuning of the FLC. A numerical representation of the results can be seen in
Table 3.
Table 3: Numerical experimental results - comparison of if-then control with FLC
If-Then
Voltage Swing during Pulse 1.77 V
Voltage Sag over final 30 seconds 1.84 V
FLC
Voltage Swing during Pulse 0.66 V (62% improvement)
Voltage Sag over final 30 seconds
0.00 V (100%
improvement)
4. CONCLUSIONS
ESDs are becoming more and more crucial as integrated power systems evolve. Their application
in naval settings are becoming more desirable and the challenges associated with individual ESDs
can be overcome by utilizing a HESM topology. This paper proposed one method of system level
control in this topology and has demonstrated through simulation that this is a viable technique.
One drawback of the FLC is that it is only as accurate as the knowledge of the expert creating it,
but through meticulous tuning, even this inadequacy can be overcome.
10. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.6, No.1, January 2016
10
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This material is based upon work supported by the US Office of Naval Research (ONR). The
authors would like to express thanks to ONR for their continued support. Any opinions, findings,
and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do
not necessarily reflect the views of the US Office of Naval Research.
REFERENCES
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Consortium, Tallahassee, 2014.
[2] L. Gao and R. A. Dougal, "Power Enhancement of an Actively Controlled Battery/Ultracapacitor
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11. International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.
Authors
Isaac J. Cohen was born in Miami, FL in 1988. He received the B.S. degree in
electrical engineering in 2013 from the University of Texas at Arlington, where he is
currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering.He served as Chair
of the Student Branch of IEEE at UTA in 2012, where he received several awards for
his outstanding service. He currently serves as Chair of the Young Professional
affinity group within the IEEE Fort Worth Section.His research interests include
applying control theories to power electronics in microgrid, energy storage, and pulsed
power settings.
David A. Wetz, Jr. was born in El Paso, TX, USA, in 1982. He received the
degrees in electrical engineering and computer
engineering, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
University, Lubbock, TX, USA, in 2003,
Post-Doctoral Fellow with the Institute
Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA, fro
Associate from 2007 to 2010. He joined the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at
the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA, as an Assistant Professor
in 2010. His current research interests in
system analysis.
Stepfanie Veiga Received the M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Villanova
University, Villanova, PA, USA, in 2013. She spent 4 years in private industry at
firms such as Specialty Minerals Inc., Bethlehem, PA, USA, and Bard, Rao +
Athanas Consulting Engineers, LLC, Philadelphia, PA, USA. She is currently with
the Machinery Technology Research & Development Group, Philadelphia Division,
Naval Surface Warfare Center, U.S. Navy, Philadelphia, PA, USA, where she has
been for 7 years. She also has prior experience in Shipboard Instrumentation and
System Calibration for the Machinery Information, Sensors, and Control Systems
division at Naval Surface Warfare Center, Philad
include power electronics, converter topologies, pulsed power system, high voltage power systems testing
and evaluation, and real-time power hardware in the loop architecture development and testing.
Qing Dong received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Temple
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA, in 2011. His thesis topic was titled Multi
Based Federated Control of Large
industry at firms such as Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ, USA, and Parker
Hannifin Corporation, Cleveland, OH, USA. He is currently with the Machinery
Technology Research & Development Group, Philadelphia Division, Naval Surface
Warfare Center, U.S. Navy, Philadelphia,
He has over a dozen peer-reviewed publications in journals and conference
proceedings. His current research interests include optimal control, large
control, agent-based control methods, and optimizat
John M. Heinzel received the bachelor’s degree
Newark, DE, USA, and the Ph.D. degree in chemical engineering from
University, Auburn, AL, USA.
He is currently a Senior Chemical Engineer
Naval Surface Warfare Center, U.S. Navy, Philadelphia, PA, USA. He also
as the lead on multiple Navy/DoD
a Multiphysics approach toward solving problem
into practical applications. His area
energy conversion research and development, in particular, advanced fuel cell and
energy storage systems, and other power gener
International Journal of Fuzzy Logic Systems (IJFLS) Vol.6, No.1, January 201
was born in Miami, FL in 1988. He received the B.S. degree in
electrical engineering in 2013 from the University of Texas at Arlington, where he is
currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering.He served as Chair
ch of IEEE at UTA in 2012, where he received several awards for
his outstanding service. He currently serves as Chair of the Young Professional
affinity group within the IEEE Fort Worth Section.His research interests include
ower electronics in microgrid, energy storage, and pulsed
born in El Paso, TX, USA, in 1982. He received the B.Sc.
ngineering and computer science, the M.Sc. degree in electrical
and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, TX, USA, in 2003, 2004, and 2006, respectively.He was a
Doctoral Fellow with the Institute for Advanced Technology, University of
Austin, Austin, TX, USA, from 2006 to 2007, where he was also a Research
He joined the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at
Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA, as an Assistant Professor
research interests include pulsed power, power electronics, energy storage, and
Received the M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Villanova
University, Villanova, PA, USA, in 2013. She spent 4 years in private industry at
ch as Specialty Minerals Inc., Bethlehem, PA, USA, and Bard, Rao +
Athanas Consulting Engineers, LLC, Philadelphia, PA, USA. She is currently with
the Machinery Technology Research & Development Group, Philadelphia Division,
.S. Navy, Philadelphia, PA, USA, where she has
been for 7 years. She also has prior experience in Shipboard Instrumentation and
System Calibration for the Machinery Information, Sensors, and Control Systems
division at Naval Surface Warfare Center, Philadelphia. Her current research interests
include power electronics, converter topologies, pulsed power system, high voltage power systems testing
time power hardware in the loop architecture development and testing.
eceived the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Temple
University, Philadelphia, PA, USA, in 2011. His thesis topic was titled Multi-Agent
Based Federated Control of Large-Scale Systems. He spent 16 years in private
Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ, USA, and Parker
Hannifin Corporation, Cleveland, OH, USA. He is currently with the Machinery
Technology Research & Development Group, Philadelphia Division, Naval Surface
nter, U.S. Navy, Philadelphia, PA, USA, where he has been for 12 years.
reviewed publications in journals and conference
proceedings. His current research interests include optimal control, large-scale system dynamics and
based control methods, and optimization theory.
received the bachelor’s degree from the University of Delaware,
and the Ph.D. degree in chemical engineering from Auburn
University, Auburn, AL, USA.
He is currently a Senior Chemical Engineer with the Carderock Division,
Center, U.S. Navy, Philadelphia, PA, USA. He also serves
as the lead on multiple Navy/DoD programs in these areas, and emphasizes
approach toward solving problems and transitioning new hardware
into practical applications. His area of cognizance is chemical systems related to
development, in particular, advanced fuel cell and
other power generation, directed energy, and thermal management areas.
2016
11
clude pulsed power, power electronics, energy storage, and power
include power electronics, converter topologies, pulsed power system, high voltage power systems testing
time power hardware in the loop architecture development and testing.
scale system dynamics and
ation, directed energy, and thermal management areas.