The document describes sand flies and rat fleas. Sand flies are small, winged insects that transmit diseases like kala azar. The female sand fly bites and sucks blood. Rat fleas are flattened parasites that live on rats and transmit diseases like plague. The female rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis is well-segmented with a semi-circular spermatheca. Control methods for both sand flies and rat fleas include removal of harborage, cleaning areas, and use of insecticides.

1. SAND FLY
Dr. S. M. Mathur
Dr. Narottam
Dr.Samar

2. SAND FLY-EGG
• SIZE-0.4 mm * 0.12 mm
• SHAPE- Torpedo in shape, convex dorsally and
concave ventrally
• COLOUR- Dark yellow
• LARVA-Consists of head, neck and 12 body
segments elongated.
• Head highly chitinous and conspicious
• 4 hairs are seen at the head end, Body segment
has hairy spines

3. • Posterior end carries 2 pairs of very long caudal
hair, inner pair is longer.
• Yellow in colour and covered with fine hairs

4. SAND FLY- MALE:-
• Smaller than mosquito
• Whole body covered with profuse hair
• Abdomen is shorter and spindle shaped
• Legs are thin and long
• Eyes are very prominent
• Proboscis start from a projecting snout
• Palpi is longer than proboscis and curved
downwards
• Wings are kept vertical at wrist

5. • Posterior end of abdomen resembles the tail
of an aeroplane, because of external genital
• It doesn’t transmit any disease

6. SAND FLY-FEMALE:-
• Smaller than mosquito
• Whole body covered with profuse hair
• Abdomen is shorter and spindle shaped
• Legs are thin and long
• Eyes are very prominent
• Proboscis start from a projecting snout
• Palpi is longer than proboscis and curved
downwards
• Wings are kept vertical at wrist ( DOWNWARDS)

7. • Only the female bites and sucks blood
DISEASES-Vector
of Kala Azar
Tropical sore and sand fly fever

9. CONTROL MEASURES:-
• Removal of poultry and cattle from dwelling
house
• Cracks and cervices to be plastered
• Keep the place clean especially, the cow sheds
and surroundings
• Sulphur fumigation or formalin cresol or DDT
spray to kill adult fly (5% DDT in kerosene oil)
• Repellants like dimethyl-phthalate 1-5%

10. • Sleep under Sand fly net (45 mesh / inch)

12. RAT FLEA

13. XENOPSYLLA CHEOPIS FEMALE
BODY-
• Flattened laterally and well segmented
• Body covered with bristles
• No wings
• Both sexes bite
• Mesopleuron has a vertical thickening at the centre
FEMALE-
• Spermatheca is well marked and semi circular. The
head, body and tail of the spermatheca are of the same
width

14. • Public Health IMPORTANCE- Transmits plague,
endemic typhus ( Marine typhus)
• FLEA INDEX= No of fleas / No of rat
MORPHOLOGY-
• Body is divided into head, thorax and
abdomen covered with slerites
• Spermatheca in females and oedagus (coiled
penis) in males are distinguished points.
Pygium and antepygidial bristles are
distinguishable to xenopsella genus

17. TYPES-
• Rat flea: X.astia
X.braziliensis
X.cheopis
X.fasciatus
• Human Flea: Pulex irritants
• Dog Flea: Ctenophalides canis
• Cat Flea: Ctenophalides felis
• Sand Flea: Tunga penetrans

18. Diseases Transmitted are-
• Bubonic plague
• Endemic marine typhus
• Sometimes tapeworm (H.diminuta)
LIFE CYCLE-
• Pass through egg, larva, pupa and adult

19. FLEA INDEX-
• Ratio obtained by considering number of rats
examined and number of fleas found out (No.
of flea per rat)
SPECIFIC FLEA INDEX-
• Number of a particular flea found out, if this
index is below 1 there will be no danger at all.

20. CONTROL-
• DDT, BHC ,Malathion
• Repellents
• Rodent Control
• Fumigation of burrows with cyanogas
• Insufflation of rat burrows and rat harbourages
with 10% DDT suspension