Each day, an average person makes use of goods and services of multiple origins—for instance, the Finnish mobile Nokia and the US toy-maker’s Barbie doll made in China but used across the world; a software from the US-based Microsoft, developed by an Indian software engineer based in Singapore, used in Japan; the Thailand-manufactured US sports shoe Nike used by a Saudi consumer.
international trade theory
,
why is free trade beneficial
,
what role does government have in trade
,
what is mercantilism
,
what is the heckscher-ohlin theory
,
how does the theory of absolute advantage work
,
is a current account deficit bad
,
what is smith’s theory of absolute advantage
,
what is the balance of payments
,
what is new trade theory
,
what is ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage
egional economic integration
,
levels of economic integration
,
free trade area b) customs union c) common marke
,
the political case for regional integration
,
the economic case for regional integration
,
mercosur
,
regional economic integration in europe
,
evolution of the european union
,
impediments to integration
,
the case against regional integration
,
the andean community
,
classroom performance system
,
the north american free trade agreement
,
asia-pacific economic cooperation
,
regional economic integration elsewhere
,
regional trade blocs in africa
,
political structure of the european union
,
enlargement of the european union
,
the single european act
,
the establishment of the euro
,
central american common market and caricom
> To define globalization and international business and show how they affect each other
> To understand why companies engage in international business and why international business growth has accelerated
> To discuss globalization’s future and the major criticisms of globalization
> To become familiar with different ways in which a company can accomplish its global objectives
> To apply social science disciplines to understanding the differences between international and domestic business
> To define globalization and international business and show how they affect each other
international trade theory
,
why is free trade beneficial
,
what role does government have in trade
,
what is mercantilism
,
what is the heckscher-ohlin theory
,
how does the theory of absolute advantage work
,
is a current account deficit bad
,
what is smith’s theory of absolute advantage
,
what is the balance of payments
,
what is new trade theory
,
what is ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage
egional economic integration
,
levels of economic integration
,
free trade area b) customs union c) common marke
,
the political case for regional integration
,
the economic case for regional integration
,
mercosur
,
regional economic integration in europe
,
evolution of the european union
,
impediments to integration
,
the case against regional integration
,
the andean community
,
classroom performance system
,
the north american free trade agreement
,
asia-pacific economic cooperation
,
regional economic integration elsewhere
,
regional trade blocs in africa
,
political structure of the european union
,
enlargement of the european union
,
the single european act
,
the establishment of the euro
,
central american common market and caricom
> To define globalization and international business and show how they affect each other
> To understand why companies engage in international business and why international business growth has accelerated
> To discuss globalization’s future and the major criticisms of globalization
> To become familiar with different ways in which a company can accomplish its global objectives
> To apply social science disciplines to understanding the differences between international and domestic business
> To define globalization and international business and show how they affect each other
Factors associated with Entry Mode
Timing of an Entry
FIRST MOVER ADVANTAGE
Scale of Entry & Strategic Commitments
ENTRY MODES
Explain exporting, turnkey projects and licensing entry modes with their advantages and disadvantages.
Explain franchising, joint venture and wholly owned subsidiaries with its advantages and disadvantages.
SELECTING ENTRY MODE
PROS & CONS OF ACQUISITION
PROS &CONS OF GREENFIELD VENTURES
What is strategic alliance?
What are the advantage and disadvantages of strategic alliance?
What are the factors contributing to the success of an alliance?
International economics deals with the economic relations among nations. The resulting interdependence is very important to the economic well-being of most nations of the world and is on the increase. The economic relations among nations differ from the economic relations among the various part of a nation. This gives rise to different problems, requiring somewhat different tools of analysis, and justifies International Economics as a distinct and separate branch of “Applied” Economics.
International economics deals with
1) The Pure Theory of Trade. This examines the basis for trade and the gains from trade.
2) The Theory of Commercial Policy. This studies the reasons for and the results of obstructions to the free flow of trade.
3) The Balance of Payments. This examines a nation’s total payments to and total receipts from the rest of the world. These involve the exchange of one currency with others.
4) Adjustment in the Balance of Payments. This deals with the mechanism of adjustment to balance of payments disequilibria under different international monetary systems.
Financial Services BPO and ITO OppertunitiesMadu Ratnayake
Sri Lankan Financial Services Outsourcing sector is growing. The opportunities for finance professionals to move in to knowledge services industry (IT/BPO) is rapidly expanding. This presentation highlights the growth of the global IT/BPO industry and Sri Lanka’s focus on Financial Services Outsourcing sector.
Factors associated with Entry Mode
Timing of an Entry
FIRST MOVER ADVANTAGE
Scale of Entry & Strategic Commitments
ENTRY MODES
Explain exporting, turnkey projects and licensing entry modes with their advantages and disadvantages.
Explain franchising, joint venture and wholly owned subsidiaries with its advantages and disadvantages.
SELECTING ENTRY MODE
PROS & CONS OF ACQUISITION
PROS &CONS OF GREENFIELD VENTURES
What is strategic alliance?
What are the advantage and disadvantages of strategic alliance?
What are the factors contributing to the success of an alliance?
International economics deals with the economic relations among nations. The resulting interdependence is very important to the economic well-being of most nations of the world and is on the increase. The economic relations among nations differ from the economic relations among the various part of a nation. This gives rise to different problems, requiring somewhat different tools of analysis, and justifies International Economics as a distinct and separate branch of “Applied” Economics.
International economics deals with
1) The Pure Theory of Trade. This examines the basis for trade and the gains from trade.
2) The Theory of Commercial Policy. This studies the reasons for and the results of obstructions to the free flow of trade.
3) The Balance of Payments. This examines a nation’s total payments to and total receipts from the rest of the world. These involve the exchange of one currency with others.
4) Adjustment in the Balance of Payments. This deals with the mechanism of adjustment to balance of payments disequilibria under different international monetary systems.
Financial Services BPO and ITO OppertunitiesMadu Ratnayake
Sri Lankan Financial Services Outsourcing sector is growing. The opportunities for finance professionals to move in to knowledge services industry (IT/BPO) is rapidly expanding. This presentation highlights the growth of the global IT/BPO industry and Sri Lanka’s focus on Financial Services Outsourcing sector.
China as an opportunity and a Challenge
Chinese manipulation of trade regulations: Implications for Businesses in Other Countries
India\'s Option to deal with Chinese manipulation of Trade regulations
Fiduciary or paper money is issued by the Central Bank on the basis of
computation of estimated demand for cash. Monetary policy guides the Central
Bank’s supply of money in order to achieve the objectives of price stability (or low
inflation rate), full employment, and growth in aggregate income.
A complete Presentation on the topic of globalization, about its history, dimensions, GATT, role of multinational incorporation, international trade and Evolution of trade theories....
Unit 1: Introduction to Globalization and International BusinessArjun Paudel
Introduction to Globalization and International Business
The History of Globalization
Beliefs which Shape Internationalization
Foreign Market Entry Modes
Future Trends in Globalization
Presentación: GLOBALIZACIÓN ECONÓMICA, 3º ESO. Bilingüe.
topic 5. A globalized world.
On several slides you will find some references to Homework in different pages, they refers to Santillana Richmond book, in which the presentation is based on.
international business
,
what is culture
,
values andnorms
,
culture
,
society
,
and the nation-state
,
hofstede’s cultural dimensions in dubai
,
spoken language
,
individuals and groups
,
cultural dimensions in germany
,
cultural dimensions in china
,
cultural dimensions in india
,
cultural dimensions in england
,
social structure
,
religious and ethical systems
,
islam
,
implications for managers
Volkswagen Hidden Advert - Gamification in Recruitment - Dr. Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
For more interesting case studies and updates about Gamification, visit my website
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm_r2ZYJJBwGJ2rAaRNTNBA/videos
Volkswagen was in need of skilled mechanics. So clearly, they should just jumped on the web and started advertising for open positions, right? Wrong. The best candidates may already be working somewhere else. Volkswagen chose a no less unusual place for their vacancy ads.
Swedish Armed Force - Who Cares? - Gamification in Recruitment - Dr. Manu Mel...manumelwin
For more interesting case studies and updates about Gamification, visit my website
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm_r2ZYJJBwGJ2rAaRNTNBA/videos
The Swedish Armed Forces are recruiting. They need young men and women for an occupation that in many ways is about giving up your own safety in order to help others. They wanted to activate the target group while simultaneously raising the question. Would people sacrifice their own freedom for someone they have no relation to? Are people prepared to show that they care in ways that don’t include sharing something on Facebook or tweeting a specific hash-tag?
IKEA - Assemble your career - Gamification in Recruitment - Dr. Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
For more interesting case studies and updates about Gamification, visit my website
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm_r2ZYJJBwGJ2rAaRNTNBA/videos
In an attempt to recruit a large number of workers for their new megastore in Australia, IKEA amusingly decided to include what they called ‘Career Instructions’ into each of their flat packs. Based on their traditional furniture instructions, all customers took home the witty application forms without realising. The clever initiative not only minimised the costs on advertising, but it also ensured IKEA fans were targeted.
Bletchley Park’s crossword - Gamification in Recruitment - Dr. Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
For more interesting case studies and updates about Gamification, visit my website
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm_r2ZYJJBwGJ2rAaRNTNBA/videos
One great historical example of gamification is the Daily Telegraph’s crossword, which British Intelligence agents created along with Alan Turing, to help them recruit new code breakers from the public.
Yates’ algorithm for 2n factorial experiment - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School o...manumelwin
In statistics, a Yates analysis is an approach to analyzing data obtained from a designed experiment, where a factorial design has been used. This algorithm was named after the English statistician Frank Yates and is called Yates' algorithm.
Factorial design - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management Studies, Cochin...manumelwin
In statistics, a full factorial experiment is an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or "levels", and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors.
Ducan’s multiple range test - - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management St...manumelwin
In 1955, Duncan devised a method to compare each treatment mean with every other treatment mean. The procedure is simple and powerful and has become very popular among researchers, especially in the plant science area.
Latin square design- Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management Studies, Coch...manumelwin
The Latin square design is used where the researcher desires to control the variation in an experiment that is related to rows and columns in the field.
Randomized complete block design - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management...manumelwin
A completely randomized design (CRD) is one where the treatments are assigned completely at random so that each experimental unit has the same chance of receiving any one treatment.
For the CRD, any difference among experimental units receiving the same treatment is considered as experimental error.
ANOVA - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management Studies, Cochin University...manumelwin
Analysis of Variance technique is used to test whether the mean of several samples differ significantly. An agronomist may like to know whether yield per acre will be the same if four different varieties of wheat are sown in different identical plots. A diary farm may like to test whether there is significant difference between the quality and quantity of milk obtained from different classes of cattle. A business manager may like to find out whether there is any difference in the average sales by four salesmen.
Design of experiments - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management Studies, C...manumelwin
Planning an experiment to obtain appropriate data and drawing inference out of the data with respect to any problem under investigation is known as design and analysis of experiments.
This might range anywhere from the formulations of the objectives of the experiment in clear terms to the final stage of the drafting reports incorporating the important findings of the enquiry
How information system is transforming business - - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - Sch...manumelwin
In 2010, American businesses will spend over $562 billion on information systems hardware, software, and telecommunications equipment. In addition, they will spend another $800 billion on business and management consulting and services—much of which involves redesigning firms’ business operations to take advantage of these new technologies.
Internet revolution - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management Studies, Coc...manumelwin
The computer networking revolution began in the early 1960s and has led us to today s technology. The Internet was first invented for military purposes, and then expanded to the purpose of communication among scientists. The invention also came about in part by the increasing need for computers in the 1960s. The Internet is bringing a revolution along with it. Access to information combined with global supply and demand is reshaping established conventions and destroying old world definitions.
Smart phone revolution - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management Studies, ...manumelwin
A smartphone is a handheld personal computer with a mobile operating system and an integrated mobile broadband cellular network connection for voice, SMS, and Internet data communication; most if not all smartphones also support Wi-Fi. Smartphones are typically pocket-sized, as opposed to tablets, which are much larger.Smartphones became widespread in the late 2000s. In the third quarter of 2012, one billion smartphones were in use worldwide. Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.
Definition of information system - Dr. Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management...manumelwin
An information system is a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization.
PESTEL Analysis - Manu Melwin Joy - School of Management Studies, Cochin Univ...manumelwin
Image result for pestel analysis
A PESTEL analysis is a framework or tool used by marketers to analyse and monitor the macro-environmental (external marketing environment) factors that have an impact on an organisation. The result of which is used to identify threats and weaknesses which is used in a SWOT analysis.
Oxytocin and Trust - Neuro Human Resource Management (NHRM) - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Neuro human resource management is a new field of human resource management which uses medical technologies such as functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to study the brain's responses to enhance employee experience. The term Neuro Human Resource Management (NHRM) was coined by noted HR expert Dr. Manu Melwin Joy in April 2017.
Industrial marketing (B2B) is the marketing of goods and services by one business to another. Industrial goods are those an industry uses to produce an end product from one or more raw materials.
Industrial marketing (B2B) is the marketing of goods and services by one business to another. Industrial goods are those an industry uses to produce an end product from one or more raw materials.
Green marketing is the of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe. It incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production process, sustainable packaging, as well as modifying advertising.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Prepared By
Manu Melwin Joy
Assistant Professor
Ilahia School of Management Studies
Kerala, India.
Phone – 9744551114
Mail – manu_melwinjoy@yahoo.com
Kindly restrict the use of slides for personal purpose.
Please seek permission to reproduce the same in public forms and presentations.
3. Global World
• Each day, an average person
makes use of goods and
services of multiple origins—
for instance, the Finnish
mobile Nokia and the US toy-maker’s
Barbie doll made in
China but used across the
world; a software from the
US-based Microsoft,
developed by an Indian
software engineer based in
Singapore, used in Japan; the
Thailand-manufactured US
sports shoe Nike used by a
Saudi consumer.
4. Definition
The IMF defines globalization
as “ the growing economic
and interdependence of
countries worldwide through
increasing volume and
variety of cross border
transactions in goods and
services and of international
capital flow and also through
the more rapid and
widespread diffusion of
technology”.
8. Movers of Globalization
1. Economic liberalization.
2. Technological breakthroughs .
3. Multilateral institutions.
4. International Economic Integrations.
5. Move towards free marketing system .
6. Rising R&D cost.
7. Advents in Logistics Management.
8. Emergence of global customer segment.
9. Economic Liberalization
• Economic liberalization, both
in terms of regulations and
tariff structure, has greatly
contributed to the
globalization of trade and
investment. The emergence of
the multilateral trade regime
under the WTO has facilitated
the reduction of tariffs and
non-tariff trade barriers. In the
coming years, the tariffs are
expected to decline
considerably further.
10. Technological breakthroughs
• The breakthroughs in science
and technology have
transformed the world virtually
into a global village, especially
manufacturing, transportation,
and information and
communication technologies.
11. Multilateral institutions
• A number of multilateral
institutions under the UN
framework, set up during the
post-World War II era, have
facilitated exchanges among
countries and became prominent
forces in present-day
globalization. Multilateral
organizations such as the GATT
and WTO contributed to the
process of globalization and the
opening up of markets by
consistently reducing tariffs and
increasing market access through
various rounds of multilateral
trade negotiations.
12. International Economic Integrations
• Consequent to World War II, a
number of countries across the
world collaborated to form
economic groupings so as to
promote trade and investment
among the members. The Treaty
of Rome in 1957 led to the
creation of the European
Economic Community (EEC) that
graduated to the European Union
(EU) so as to form a stronger
Economic Union. The US, Canada,
and Mexico collaborated to form
the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994.
13. Move towards free marketing system
• The demise of centrally
planned economies in Eastern
Europe, the former USSR, and
China has also contributed to
the process of globalization as
these countries gradually
integrated themselves with the
world economy. The
Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS)
countries—all former Soviet
Republics—and China have
opened up and are moving
towards market-driven
economic systems at fast
pace.
14. Rising R&D cost
• The rapid growth in market
competition and the ever-increasing
insatiable consumer
demand for newer and
increasingly sophisticated
goods and services compel
businesses to invest huge
amounts on research and
development (R&D). In order
to recover the costs of massive
investments in R&D and
achieve economic viability, it
becomes necessary to
globalize the business
operations.
15. Example
• For instance, software
companies such as
Microsoft, Novel, and
Oracle, commercial aircraft
manufacturers like Boeing
and Airbus, pharmaceutical
giants such as Pfizer, Glaxo
SmithKline, Johnson &
Johnson, Merck, and
Novartis, etc., can hardly be
commercially viable unless
global scale of operations
are adopted.
16. Advents in Logistics Management
• Besides these, the greater
availability of speedier and
increasingly cost-effective
means of transport,
breakthroughs in logistics
management such as
multimodal transport
technology, and third-party
logistics management
contributed to the faster
and efficient movement of
goods internationally.
17. Emergence of global customer segment
• Customers around the world
are fast exhibiting convergence
of tastes and preferences in
terms of their product likings
and buying habits.
Automobiles, fast-food outlets,
music systems, and even
fashion goods are becoming
amazingly similar across
countries. The proliferation of
transnational satellite
television and
telecommunication has
accelerated the process of
cultural convergence.
19. Factors restraining of globalization
1. Regulatory controls .
2. Emerging trade barriers.
3. Cultural Factors.
4. Nationalism.
5. War and civil disturbances.
6. Management Myopia .
20. Regulatory controls
• The restrictions imposed by
national governments by way
of regulatory measures in their
trade, industrial, monetary,
and fiscal policies restrain
companies from global
expansion. Restrictions on
portfolio and foreign direct
investment considerably
influence monetary and capital
flows across borders. The high
incidence of import duties
makes imported goods
uncompetitive and deters
them from entering domestic
markets.
21. Emerging trade barriers
• The integration of national economies
under the WTO framework has
restrained countries from increasing
tariffs and imposing explicit non-tariff
trade barriers. However, countries are
consistently evolving innovative
marketing barriers that are WTO
compatible. Such barriers include
quality and technical specifications,
environmental issues, regulations
related to human exploitation, such as
child labour, etc. Innovative technical
jargons and justifications are often
evolved by developed countries to
impose such restrictions over goods
from developing countries, who find it
very hard to defend against such
measures.
22. Cultural Factors
• Cultural factors can restrain
the benefits of globalization.
For instance, France’s
collective nationalism favours
home-grown agriculture and
the US fear of terrorism has
made foreign management of
its ports difficult and
restrained the entry of the
Dubai PortWorld.
23. Nationalism
• The feeling of nationalism often
aroused by local trade and
industry, trade unions, political
parties, and other nationalistic
interest groups exerts
considerable pressure against
globalization. The increased
availability of quality goods at
comparatively lower prices
generally benefits the mass
consumers in the importing
country but hurts the interests
of the domestic industry.
24. War and civil disturbances
• The inability to maintain
conducive business
environment with sufficient
freedom of operations restricts
foreign companies from
investing. Companies often
prefer to expand their business
operations in countries that
offer peace and security.
Countries engaged in prolonged
war and civil disturbances are
generally avoided for
international trade and
investment.
25. Management Myopia
• A number of well-established
business enterprises
operating indigenously
exhibit little interest in
expanding their business
overseas. Besides, several
other factors such as resource
availability, risks, and the
attitude of top management
play a significant role in the
internationalization of
business activities.
27. World is Flat
• The flat-world view is largely credited to
Thomas Friedman and his 2005 best seller,
The World Is Flat. Many people consider
globalization a modern phenomenon, but
according to Friedman, this is its third stage.
28. Globalization 1.0
• The first stage of global development, what
Friedman calls “Globalization 1.0,” started
with Columbus’s discovery of the New World
and ran from 1492 to about 1800. Driven by
nationalism and religion, this lengthy stage
was characterized by how much industrial
power countries could produce and apply.
29. Globalization 2.0
• “Globalization 2.0,” from about 1800 to 2000,
was disrupted by the Great Depression and both
World Wars and was largely shaped by the
emerging power of huge, multinational
corporations. Globalization 2.0 grew with the
European mercantile stock companies as they
expanded in search of new markets, cheap labor,
and raw materials. It continued with subsequent
advances in sea and rail transportation. This
period saw the introduction of modern
communications and cheaper shipping costs.
30. Globalization 3.0
• “Globalization 3.0” began around 2000, with
advances in global electronic interconnectivity
that allowed individuals to communicate as never
before. In Globalization 1.0, nations dominated
global expansion. Globalization 2.0 was driven by
the ascension of multinational companies, which
pushed global development. In Globalization 3.0,
major software advances have allowed an
unprecedented number of people worldwide to
work together with unlimited potential.
31. How the World Got Flat
• Friedman identifies ten major events that
helped reshape the modern world and make it
flat:
32. How the World Got Flat
• 11/9/89: When the walls came down and the
windows went up.The fall of the Berlin Wall
ended old-style communism and planned
economies. Capitalism ascended.
• 8/9/95: When Netscape went public. Internet
browsing and e-mail helped propel the
Internet by making it commercially viable and
user friendly.
33. How the World Got Flat
• Work-flow software: Let’s do lunch. Have your
application talk to my application. With more
powerful, easier-to-use software and improved
connectivity, more people can share work. Thus,
complex projects with more interdependent parts
can be worked on collaboratively from anywhere.
• Open-sourcing: Self-organizing, collaborative
communities. Providing basic software online for
free gives everyone source code, thus
accelerating collaboration and software
development.
34. How the World Got Flat
• Outsourcing: Y2K. The Internet lets firms use
employees worldwide and send specific work to
the most qualified, cheapest labor, wherever it is.
Enter India, with educated and talented people
who work at a fraction of US or European wages.
Indian technicians and software experts built an
international reputation during the Y2K
millennium event. The feared computer -system
breakdown never happened, but the Indian IT
industry began handling e-commerce and related
businesses worldwide.
35. How the World Got Flat
• Offshoring: When it comes to jobs leaving and factories
being built in cheaper places, people think of China,
Malaysia, Thailand, Mexico, Ireland, Brazil, and
Vietnam. But going offshore isn’t just moving part of a
manufacturing or service process. It means creating a
new business model to make more goods for non-US
sale, thus increasing US exports.
• Supply-chaining: Eating sushi in Arkansas. Walmart
demonstrates that improved acquisition and
distribution can lower costs and make suppliers boost
quality.
36. How the World Got Flat
• Insourcing: What the guys in funny brown shorts
are really doing. This kind of service collaboration
happens when firms devise new service
combinations to improve service. Take United
Parcel Service (UPS). The “brown” company
delivers packages globally, but it also repairs
Toshiba computers and organizes delivery routes
for Papa John’s pizza. With insourcing, UPS uses
its logistics expertise to help clients create new
businesses.
37. How the World Got Flat
• Informing: Google, Yahoo!, MSN Web Search. Google
revolutionized information searching. Its users conduct
some one billion searches annually. This search
methodology and the wide access to knowledge on the
Internet transforms information into a commodity
people can use to spawn entirely new businesses.
• The steroids: Digital, mobile, personal, and virtual.
Technological advances range from wireless
communication to processing, resulting in extremely
powerful computing capability and transmission. One
new Intel chip processes some 11 million instructions
per second (MIPS), compared to 60,000 MIPS in 1971.
38. Now
• These ten factors had powerful roles in making
the world smaller, but each worked in isolation
until, Freidman writes, the convergence of three
more powerful forces: (1) new software and
increased public familiarity with the Internet, (2)
the incorporation of that knowledge into
business and personal communication, and (3)
the market influx of billions of people from Asia
and the former Soviet Union who want to
become more prosperous—fast. Converging,
these factors generated their own critical mass.