In this presentation, we will discuss International Marketing Environment, the important factors that affect the environment, various trade barriers protecting domestic industries from foreign competitions and types of commodity agreement. Also state trading, role of GATT and other international trading aspects will be discussed in details.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
International Marketing Management - IntroductionSOMASUNDARAM T
Definition; scope and challenges; difference between international marketing and domestic marketing; the dynamic environment of international trade; transition from domestic to international markets orientation of management and companies; international marketing environment.
Country evaluation and selection - International Business - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Because companies lack the resources to take advantage of all international opportunities they identify, they must determine both the order of country entry as well as the rates of resource allocation across countries.
This chapter is an introduction to International marketing. It covers the need for International Marketing, Difference between Domestic and International Marketing, The EPRG frame work, Challenges for International Marketing.
International Marketing Management - IntroductionSOMASUNDARAM T
Definition; scope and challenges; difference between international marketing and domestic marketing; the dynamic environment of international trade; transition from domestic to international markets orientation of management and companies; international marketing environment.
Country evaluation and selection - International Business - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
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International Marketing Channels:
Topic:
Channel Distribution Structures
Distribution Patterns
Middleman Choices
Factors Affecting Choice of Channel
Internet and Logistic
International Marketing Channels:
Topic:
Channel Distribution Structures
Distribution Patterns
Middleman Choices
Factors Affecting Choice of Channel
Internet and Logistic
In this presentation, we will discuss about International Economic Cooperation and Agreement in detail, focusing on various International and domestic trade blocs, NAFTA, SAARC and numerous other international commodity agreement.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
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In today's increasingly competitive business environment, organizations are engaged in a rat race to retain customers, build up clientele and simultaneously ensure steady growth. Unfortunately, they often get caught in a web of issues which may not be easily controlled and affect performance. Here comes the play of Financial Accounting. Professional accountants have a vital role in commercial success by using their valuable knowledge to provide their organizations/clients a competitive advantage and an accurate picture of their financial position and performance.
British Aerospace Asset Management Case study will tech you how important is asset management for your business. lern from the experts about the Asset management.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Learning Objectives
What are the important environment
factors
Commodity agreements
State trading
Intra-regional trade
European Union
Role of GATT/WTO
Uruguay round and features
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
3. Introduction
It is the differences in the marketing
environment which may make the
international business strategy different
from the domestic one
Business environment is very important
determinant of business strategy
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
4. Economic Environment
The nations of the world are broadly
classified as developing countries and
developed countries
The developing countries fall into two
categories viz. low income countries
and middle income countries
Economic environment of different
countries are International Marketing
not similar
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
5. Social Environment
The social environment encompassing
the religious aspects; language;
customs, traditions and beliefs, tastes
and preferences, social stratification,
social institution , buying and
consumption habits etc.
Social environment of different markets
differ vastly
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
6. Demographic Environment
Size of population, population growth
rates, age composition, family size,
nature of the family, income levels etc
have very significant implications for
business
The size of the population is an
important determinant of demand for
many products
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
7. Political and Government
Environment
The political environment includes the
characteristics and policies of the
political parties, the nature of the
constitution and government system
and policies
Regulation of the quality, prices,
packaging labeling etc. is also very
common
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
8. International Trading
Environment – Trade Barriers
The main objective of imposing trade
barriers are to protect domestic
industries from foreign competition.
After the second world war, there was
a progressive liberalization of trade by
the developed countries.
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
9. Tariffs
Tariffs in international trade refer to the
duties or takes imposed on
internationally trade goods when they
cross the national borders
India has had one of the highest tariff
walls in the world
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
10. Non-Tariff Barriers
NTBs are new protection measures
There are tow categories
Licensing, quota etc. are used by
developing countries
Developed countries are using Voluntary
Export Restrains
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
11. Quotas
A quota on the export of a product from
a country may be imposed if the
government feels that exports in excess
of that will affect interests of the
domestic consumers
The aim of import quota, obliviously, is
to restrict the quantity of imports
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
12. Licensing
Quota regulations are generally
administered by means of licensing
Under the import licensing system, the
prospective importers are obliged to
obtain a license from the licensing
authorities: the possession of an import
license is necessary to obtain the
foreign exchange to pay for the imports
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
13. Voluntary Export Restraints
VERs are bilateral arrangements
instituted to restrain the rapid growth of
exports of specific manufactured goods
The exporting country voluntarily
restrains the export of the specified
product in order to either help the other
country to reduce its trade deficit or to
protect domestic industry
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
14. Administered Protection
Administration protection encompasses a
wide range of bureaucratic government
actions, which have grown in absolute as
well as relative importance over the last
decade or more
More recent VERs are in fact regarded as
the outgrowth of administered protection
actions
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
15. Customs procedures
Consular formalities
Government procurement
State trading
Monetary control
Environmental protection laws
Foreign exchange regulations
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
16. Impact of NTBs
Affects many exporting countries
Apparel exports is the most affected of
the developing countries because of
such barriers
Causes diversion of production and
exports
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
17. NTBs and India’s Exports
NTBs prevent the industry from making
full use of technological potential and
economies of scale for garment firms in
India.
The problem for NTBs for Indian
exports has increased recently
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
18. Commodity Agreements
International Commodity Agreements are
inter-governmental arrangements
concerning the production of , and trade
in, certain primary products with a view to
stabilizing their prices.
In its final act, the UNCTAD-I made a
comprehensive statement on the functions
international commodity agreements
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
19. Quota Agreements
International quota agreements seek to
prevent a fall in commodity prices by
regulating their supply
Quota agreements have already been
tried in case of coffee and sugar, and
commodities like tea and bananas have
been suggested as prospective
candidates for new agreements
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
20. Buffer Stock Agreements
International buffer stock agreements
seek to stabilize commodity prices by
maintaining the demand-supply balance
The buffer pool method has already
been tried in case of tin, cocoa, and
sugar, and commodities like rubber, tea
and copper has been suggested as
prospective candidates for new
International Marketing
agreements Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
21. Bilateral/Multilateral Contracts
Bilateral contract to purchase and sell
certain quantities of a commodity at
agreed prices may be entered into
between a major importer and exporter
of the commodity.
The best known example of this type of
commodity agreement is the
International Wheat Agreement
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
22. Cartels
International cartels are agreements
between producer located in different
countries or between governments of
countries to restrict competition.
Examples include the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
and International Air Transport
Association (IATA)
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
23. State Trading
State trading means import and export
transactions of a state owned or state
controlled agency involving purchase of
goods for commercial resale.
Recently ,developing countries have
significantly reduced the role of state
trading
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
24. State Trading in India –
Objectives
To help reduce the difficulties experienced
in expanding trade with centrally planned
countries
To help maintain quantitative regulations
of imports and some equilibrium in the
prices of commodities and indigenous
products
To provide developmental finance for
organized production and boost exports of
small scale sector Marketing
International
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
25. Canalisation
Canalisation means established of state
monopoly in foreign trade
Most of the objectives of state trading
mentioned earlier are also the
objectives canalisation
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
26. Trading Blocs and Growing
Intra-Regional Trade
An important trend in international
trade has been the growth of intra-
regional trade
Regional integration schemes tend to
increase intra-regional trade
There is a worldwide trend towards
forming new regional arrangements and
to strengthen the existing ones
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
27. Forms of Economic Integration
Free Trade Area
Customs Union
Common Market
Economic Union
Economic Integration
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
28. European Union
EU is the most successful of the
regional economic integration schemes
THE EEC which originally comprised sex
nations, namely, Belgium, France,
Federal Republic of Germany, Italy,
Luxembourg and Netherlands was
brought into being on 1st January,
1958,by the Treaty of Rome, 1957
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
29. The Treaty of Rome required every member
country to
Eliminate tariffs, quotas and other barrier on intra-
community trade
Devise a common internal tariff on imports from
rest of the world
All the free movement of factors of production
within the community
Harmonize their taxation and monetary policies
and social security policies
Adopt a common policy on agriculture, transport,
and competition in Industry
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
30. The Euro
Euro, the common currency of the EU,
was launched by 11 members of the
Union, on January 1, 1999.
The Monetary policy decisions for the
Euro are made by the European Central
Bank(ECB), which along with National
Central Banks(NCBs) of all EU
members.
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
31. Implications of Euro for India
The Euro land accounts for about one-
fifth of India’s foreign trade
Indian businessmen benefit, like their
counterparts in other countries , form
the benefits of a single currency instead
of many
Large opportunities are emerging in the
computer software field.
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
32. Indo-EU Trade
The EC, taken as a single unit, is India’s
largest partner.
The EEC accounts for more than a one-
fifth of India’s total foreign trade
The EC is a very potential market and
India should pay sufficient attention to
taking advantage of this enlarging
market International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
33. Other Regional Groupings
The European Free Trade
Association(EFTA),brought into being by
the Stockholm Convention , 1960
Latin American Free Trade Area-LAFTA
The Australia New Zealand Closer
Economic Relations Trade Agreement
North American Free Trade Agreement
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
34. Other Regional Groupings
Central American Common Market –
CACM
Gulf Cooperation Council
Preferential Trade Area
The Economic Community of Central
African States- CEEAC
The Association of South East Asian
Nations-ASEAN International Marketing
International Marketing
Chapter-2
Environment
35. SAARC
South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation
SAARC involves seven countries namely
, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal ,
Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Maldives.
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
36. SAPTA
SAARC Preferential Trading Agreement
Basic Principles
Overall reciprocity and mutuality of
advantages
Step-by-step negotiations and extension of
PTA
Inclusions of all types of products
Special and favorable treatment to Least
Development Countries
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
37. Indo-Lanka Free Trade
Agreements
India has offered to permit as much as
1000 items of zero duty from Sri Lanka
and Sri Lanka will allow duty free
imports of 900 items from India
As India is a very large market, the FTA
is likely to benefit Sri Lanka a lot an the
benefits to India
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
38. GATT/WTO and Trade
Liberalization
The desire of nations to liberalize trade
resulted in the establishment of the
General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade
As a result of Uruguay Round the GATT
was transformed into a World Trade
Organization (WTO) with effect from
January , 1995
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
39. India is one of the founder members of
the IMF, World Bank, GATT and the
WTO
The primary objective of GATT was to
expand international trade by
liberalizing trade so as to bring about
all-round economic prosperity.
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
40. GATT-Principles
1. Non-discrimination
2. Prohibition of Quantitative Restrictions
3. Consultation
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
41. 8th Uruguay Round
1. Reducing specific trade barriers and
improving market access
2. Strengthening GATT disciplines
3. Problems of liberalization of trade in
services, trade related aspects of
intellectual property rights(TRIPS) and
trade related investment
measures(TRIMs) Marketing
International
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
42. Differences between GATT and
WTO
GATT WTO
Ad hoc and provision Agreements are
Contracting parties permanent
Allowed existing domestic Has members
legislation to continue Does not permit this
even if it violated a GATT
agreement
Less powerful, dispute More powerful , dispute
settlement system was settlement mechanism is
slow and less efficient, it faster and more efficient,
ruling could be easily very difficult to block the
International Marketing
blocked Chapter-2 International Marketing
rulings
Environment
43. Functions of WTO
The WTO facilitate the implementation,
administration and operation and the
objectives of the Multilateral Trade
Agreements
Forum for negotiations among its
members concerning their multilateral
trade relations
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
44. Understanding on rules and procedures
governing the settlement of disputes
Administration of the ‘Trade Review
Mechanism’
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
45. Salient Features of UR
Agreements
Tariff Barriers
Expansion of tariff bindings
Reduction in the tariff rates
Expansion of duty-free access
Agricultural trade
Tariffication
Tariff binding
Tariff cuts
Reduction in subsidies and domestic support
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
46. General Agreement on Trade
in Services-GATS
Extends multilateral rules and
disciplines to services is regarded as
landmark achievement of the UR
The GATS defines services as the
supply of services
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
47. Coverage of GATS
Cross-border supply
Commercial presence
Consumption abroad
Movement of personnel
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
48. Trade Related Investment
Measures(TRIMS)
TRIMS refers to certain conditions or
restrictions imposed by a government in
respect of foreign investment in the
country.
Local content requirement
Trade balancing requirement
Trade and foreign exchange requirements
Domestic sales requirements
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
49. Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights(TRIPS)
Intellectual Property Rights may be
defined as “ information with a
commercial value”
IPRs may be legally protected by
patents, copy rights, industrial designs,
geographical indications, and trade
marks.
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
50. Coverage of TRIPS
Copyright and related rights
Trade mark
Geographical indications
Industrial designs
Patents
Layout designs
Undisclosed information
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
51. Indian Patent Law and UR
Agreement
There are significant differences between the
UR agreement on patents and the Indian
Patent Act, 1970
Under the Indian act, patentability of inventions
relating to substances intended for use as food,
drug or medicines, or substance produced by
chemical processes is limited to the methods or
processes of manufacture only.
While as per UR requires both product and
process patents
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
52. Anti-dumping Measures
A product is regarded as dumped when its
export price is less that the normal price in
the exporting country or its cost of
production plus a reasonable amount for
administrative , selling and any other costs
and for profits
Anti-dumping measure can be employed
only if dumped imports are shown to
cause serious damage to the domestic
industry in the importing country
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
53. Safeguard Actions
Members may take safeguard actions, i.e.
import restrictions to protect a domestic
industry from the negative effect of an un
unforeseen import surge, if a domestic
industry is threatened with serious injury
Safeguard measures would not be
applicable to developing countries where
their share in the member country's
imports of the product concerned is
relatively small
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
54. Implementation Issues
The developing countries are virtually
deceived in several cases as the UR
Agreement have not been implemented
in letter and spirit by the developed
countries .
They have resorted to covert measures
to deny the developing countries the
legitimate benefits of the proposed
International Marketing
liberalizations. International Marketing
Chapter-2
Environment
55. Doha Declaration
The Doha Declaration –comprising of a
main Declaration on TRIPS, Public
Health and a decision on
implementation of related issues and
concerns-launches the future work
program me of the WTO and includes
elaboration and timetables for the
current negotiations in agriculture and
services in aChapter-2 Internationalother issues
range of Marketing
International Marketing
Environment
56. United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development
To promote international trade
To formulate principles of and policies
on international trade and related
problems of economic development
To negotiate multinational trade
agreements
To make proposals for putting its
principles and International Marketing effect.
policies into
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
57. United Nations Industrial
Development Organization-UNIDO
Direct technical assistance to industries
and in-plant training programmes
whereby groups of technicians and
engineers from developing countries
facing a common industrial problem are
brought together to consider, how
industry in the more advanced countries
avoid or solves similar problems
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
58. International Trade Centre
ITC can advise developing countries on
their overall approach to marketing
communications , as well as on
individual information and publicity
activities
ITC in brief assistances in marketing
areas to member countries
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
59. International Legal
Environment
The legal systems that exist in different
countries can be classified into three
categories, viz, common law, civil law
and theocratic law
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
60. Settlement of Disputes
Disputes are not uncommon in
international trade. Disputes of certain
nature are settled by the WTO or in
accordance WTO principles
In other cases there are two avenues
Judicial dispute settlement
Extra-judicial dispute settlement
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
61. Laws of Foreign Countries
Regulations related products
Packing and labeling regulations
Regulation of price
Regulation of promotion
Regulation of trade practices
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
62. Summary
The environmental factors which affect
international business involved
economic , social, demographic, political
, government and technological
environments
Trade barriers , blocks and agreements
plays vital role in international trade
International Marketing
Chapter-2 International Marketing
Environment
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